台湾《茶道介绍》续

(之五)茶具茶巾:用于揩干水滴或茶壶的保养。茶扒:以竹制品为佳,又名叉子,用来扒清壶中茶渣。茶盘:木质茶盘,朴雅细致。但不如塑胶茶盘、不锈钢茶盘,价格低廉,使用方便。     

利用分级式冲击磨制备超细全脂大豆粉

采用LNI-610-30分级式冲击磨粉碎设备,在干法状态下分别使用陶瓷和不锈钢2种打击轨道粉碎全脂大豆。结果表明:国产设备有能力制备平均粒度为7.5μm的超细全脂大豆粉;试验得到样品的粒径分布和粒度大小与标准样品相近,且试验设备产量大、效率高,能耗约为气流粉碎设备的三分之一;但是豆粉溶解度和生成产品的口感不理想,粉碎温度偏高,设备内部粘附现象严重。     

二氧化硫处理麦草易于消化

把剁成20毫米长的麦草(小麦)置于密闭的不锈钢容器内,每公斤麦草用40克二氧化硫气体处理,70℃恒温下、72小时.处理后的麦草经过氨化后,在含氮量为1.45%,pH值为5,干物质含量占50%的情况下进行饲喂试验.供试公绵羊随机分两组,一组喂二氧化硫     

CTC齿辊微机数控加工机床反其切削工艺

CTC是目前国内外红碎茶加工设备,其中齿辊是关键的部件。齿辊材料国内目前大多采用lCr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢,工件外形为Φ200×600的圆柱体,在其外圆柱表面上有200道节距为3mm的环形槽,齿槽形状和精度要求见图1。目前国内有关单位在加工和修整齿辊环形槽时,大多还是在400mm普通车床上进行人工车削加工修整,这种传统的加工方式,工人劳动强度大,生产效     

茶儿茶素的高效液相色谱测定方法

应用高效液相色谱法;研究分离测定茶儿茶素的结果表明,采用茶样沸水浴振荡浸提20分钟,SEP-PAK C_(18)小柱净化试样的前处理方法和μBondapak C_(18)不锈钢柱,二甲基甲酰胺、甲醇、醋酸和水4成分系统流动相,流量、浓度线性梯度洗脱,柱温30℃等色谱条件。能使儿茶素组分在25分钟内得到理想的分离。应用紫外检测器(280nm)检测各儿茶素,最低检出限在5.7×10~(-8)g以下,添加回收试验,回收率在85.13%—97.56%之间。5种儿茶素组分回归方程的相关系数为0.9995—0.999     

缝裂层孔菌深层发酵时间、pH变化与菌丝生长的研究

目的考察发酵时间p H值变化与菌丝生长的关系,为放大生产积累数据。方法种子罐规格:500L、2000L、15T;材质:304不锈钢;菌株:虫草菌种(PL-12);制备工艺:生物发酵。结果菌丝体经缓慢生长期,快速生长期,稳定期p H值呈下降趋势,随着发酵时间延长,p H值回升,判定菌丝生长进入衰退期,终止发酵。结论制备工艺稳定、可控,可得理想菌丝体。     

连续分蜜机用不锈钢激光打孔筛网

用由世界各地儿个组织长达7年所进行的试验得出的结果进行了回顾,将不锈钢激光打孔(SSL)分蜜机筛网与普通软镍筛网进行了比较。测定数据包括最终糖蜜纯度、分蜜能力、筛网寿命以及筛网的抗张强度的分析等等。所有这些自从SSL筛网首次出现以来所进行的试验表明,SSL筛网在许多情况下都是镍筛网一种划算的替代品。     

连续分蜜机用不锈钢激光打孔筛网

用由世界各地几人组织长达7年所进行的试验得出的结果进行了回顾，将不锈钢激光打孔(SSL)分蜜机筛网与普通软镍筛网进行了比较。测定数据包括最终糖蜜纯度、分蜜能力、筛网寿命牲及筛网的抗张强度的分析等等。所有这些自从SSL筛网首放出现以来所进行的试验表明，SSL筛网在许多情况下都是镍筛网一种划算的替代品。     

球磨机高通量提取甘蔗叶片DNA研究

简便快速地获得高质量、高纯度的DNA模板是进行分子遗传学研究和大批量分子检测的基础。常用的液氮手工研磨提取DNA方法存在着耗时、费力、污染等诸多不足。利用从美国引进的球磨机,根据甘蔗叶片的特点,采用国产钢珠,通过优化实验步骤,建立了一种高通量制备甘蔗叶片DNA的方法,其中,叶片快速研磨使用不锈钢珠的直径为4 mm,对叶片进行液氮预冻,时间为30～45 min,叶片用量为50～100 mg,打磨时间为30～40 s。这种方法缩短了提取DNA的时间,提高了效率,而DNA质量与经典方法相当,能够满足分子生物学研究的需要。     

不锈钢和碳钢材料机械制茶效果比较

随着材料工业的发展,茶叶加工机械选材越来越广泛,中国绿茶加工除揉捻工序以外基本上都是热加工过程,在选用工作部件的材料时,除了要注意符合食品卫生安全标准外,还要考虑材料的传热性能,提高热效率和工作效率。笔者使用在茶叶加工机械中应用较为广泛的两种材料进行对比试验,以说明茶叶加工机械的选材对制茶效果的影响。 一、试验材料和方法 １．试验原料 龙井群体种,秋季适制龙井茶鲜叶。 ２．试验机具 ６ＣＭＤ－４０型电脑控制龙井茶炒制机。 ３．试验方法 用１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢材料的５槽锅和普通碳素钢冷轧材料（简称…     

Fatty acid and amino acid composition of groundnut mutants

Groundnut mutants TG-8, TG-9, TG-17 and TG-18 induced by -irradiation differed in fatty acid composition from their parent Spanish Improved. All the mutants had lower linoleic and higher oleic than Spanish Improved. TG-18 had lower oleic and higher linoleic as compared with TG-8, TG-9 and TG-17. Palmitic acid in TG-18 and Spanish Improved was higher than other mutants. Oil stability as judged by oleic to linoleic ratio was substantially higher for mutants as compared with their parent.Amino acid composition of groundnut mutant proteins differed from Spanish Improved. In general mutants had higher contents of lysine, histidine, proline, phenylalanine and tryptophan and lower contents of threonine, serine and methionine. The first limiting amino acid was tryptophan in Spanish Improved, threonine in TG-8, TG-9 and TG-17 and Valine in TG-18. Essential amino acid contents for all except methionine, valine and threonine per grain flour were higher in all the mutants as compared with their parent.     

Organic acid,amino acid,and ascorbic acid content of potatoes as affected by storage conditions

A study of the changes in organic acids and amino acids occurring during storage of tubers at 70 and 55 F was made on several varieties grown in 1965 and 1966. Citric acid tended to increase and malic acid usually decreased. Pungo potatoes showed decreases in aspartic and glutamic acids and increases in several other amino acids. Increases or decreases in both organic and amino acids were usually greater in potatoes stored at 70 F than those stored at 55 F. Temperature of storage appeared to have a greater effect on organic and amino acids than would be in-dicated by results of previous workers. Considerable amounts of pyro-glutamic acid were found in some potato varieties. There were significant decreases in ascorbic acid in potatoes stored at both 70 F and 55 F.     

Physical properties of zein films containing salicylic acid and acetyl salicylic acid

Zein films containing salicylic acid (SA) and acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) between 2 and 10% (initial zein weight basis) with or without glycerol were evaluated for structure, mechanical and dissolution properties. The random coils, α helices and β sheets mainly governed the secondary structure of zein, depending on glycerol and level of model molecules. Adding ASA resulted in an increase in α helices whereas β sheets increased at the expense of α helices when SA was used. Including SA or ASA decreased the tensile strength and the stiffness of films containing glycerol indicating the synergistic effect of SA and ASA. The strain at failure decreased with increasing content of SA but increased with increasing level of ASA. The dissolution properties were glycerol and drug dependent. ASA release in comparison to SA was quite low. The release was only observed above 10% ASA whereas it was detected in all films containing SA. The possible interactions between active components and proteins are discussed together with their implications on the physical properties of zein films.     

Ballistic-resistant stainless steel mesh compound nonwoven fabric

The energy of impact must decay and be transmitted after a bullet is shot through a ballistic-resistant cloth with a laminate structure. A rigid net structure transmits the impact stress to reduce the breakage of the material in the direction perpendicular to the fabric after the impacting of a projectile. This work combines the rigid net structure of stainless steel mesh with two layers a needle-punched polyamide nonwoven fabric to create a sandwich-like laminate structure. A compound fabric that is composed of a stainless steel mesh and polyamide nonwoven fabrics is placed in multi-layer Kevlar fabrics, and the buffer effect is measured by performing a dropping weight impact test and a bullet-shooting test. The specifications of the stainless steel mesh and the order of placement of the compound fabrics are varied to show the effect of these parameters on the energy of fracture propagation and the buffer effect of the multi-layered Kevlar compound fabric that includes a layer of compound fabric that is made of stainless steel mesh and polyamide nonwoven fabrics. In this study, the compound fabric replaces several layers of Kevlar unidirectional fabric, to be used to reduce the cost of bulletproof vests without reducing ballistic resistance.     

Improvement of toughness for the hyaluronic acid and adipic acid dihydrazide hydrogel by PEG

New applications call for many new requirements. In order to improve the toughness of aldehyde hyaluronic acid (A-HA) and adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) hydrogel, the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was added. PEG content and molecular weight have little effect on the gelation time, and the composite hydrogels can form in situ within 20 seconds at room temperature. The press test showed that the hydrogels containing PEG possessed a better compression resistance, after pressed more than five times, the composite hydrogels could restore. Rheological properties were measured to evaluate the working ability and the effect of PEG on hydrogels. By analyzing the shear viscosity (η _γ=0.01), yield stress (σ ₀) and threshold shear stress (σ _c ), the addition of PEG can make the structure of composite hydrogels get loose and improve the shear resistance. Especially, PEG800 can enhance the antishear ability obviously. The amplitude sweep tests showed a broad linear viscoelastic region, indicating a wide processing range. In the meanwhile, we also found that PEG can improve the optical transmittance of xerogel evidently.     

Comparison of the conformational and nutritional changes of deamidated wheat gliadin by citric acid and hydrochloric acid

Deamidated wheat gliadins were prepared using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and citric acid (HDWG and CADWG), respectively. Their secondary structure, protein molecular interaction, thermal properties and nutritional changes were compared by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectrum, atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and amino acid analysis, respectively. Secondary structures and molecular vibration model showed slight difference between HDWG and CADWG, but significant difference between control gliadin and deamidated wheat gliadins. HDWG and CADWG had different shapes on the mica surface that the former showed some extent of linear aggregates and fibrils while the latter mainly exhibited globular aggregates. This result was further supported by thermal characteristics that CADWG had higher denaturation temperature than control gliadin and HDWG. Citric acid deamidation could increase the Lysine content and better maintain the total essential amino acids of in vitro digests of gliadin compared with HCl.     

Abscisic acid and jasmonic acid are involved in drought priming-induced tolerance to drought in wheat

Drought stress is a limiting factor for wheat production and food security.Drought priming has been shown to increase drought tolerance in wheat.However,the underlying mechanisms are unknown.In the present study,the genes encoding the biosynthesis and metabolism of abscisic acid(ABA)and jasmonic acid(JA),as well as genes involved in the ABA and JA signaling pathways were up-regulated by drought priming.Endogenous concentrations of JA and ABA increased following drought priming.The interplay between JA and ABA in plant responses to drought priming was further investigated using inhibitors of ABA and JA biosynthesis.Application of fluridone(FLU)or nordihydroguaiaretic acid(NDGA)to primed plants resulted in lower chlorophyll-fluorescence parameters and activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase,and higher cell membrane damage,compared to primed plants(PD)under drought stress.NDGA+ABA,but not FLU+JA,restored priming-induced tolerance,as indicated by a finding of no significant difference from PD under drought stress.Under drought priming,NDGA induced the suppression of ABA accumulation,while FLU did not affect JA accumulation.These results were consistent with the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of ABA and JA.They suggest that ABA and JA are required for priming-induced drought tolerance in wheat,with JA acting upstream of ABA.     

Fatty acid,carbohydrate and amino acid composition of pistachio (pistacia vera) Kernels

The fatty acid, carbohydrate and amino acid composition of dried pistachio kernels was determined. On a dry weight basis they contained about 55% oil. The unsaturated fatty acids oleic and linoleic constituted about 80% of this oil. Carbohydrate analysis of a hydrolysed sample showed the predominant sugar to be glucose followed by galactose and mannose with traces of fucose, arabinose and xylose. The total amino acid content was about 25% by weight. Nine essential amino acids were present with only cystine in a limiting amount and with a high level of lysine.     

激素IAA和ABA对小球藻（Chlorella sp.）生长和油脂积累的影响

从北部湾地区淡水水域分离得到一株高含油量小球藻藻株,将其培养在高碳培养基TAP上,研究不同浓度IAA和ABA对其生物量和油脂积累的影响。结果表明：添加10μmol/L IAA对藻株的生长有明显的促进作用,其最大生物量比对照组增加了58.24%,但其油脂含量却比对照组降低了34.71%;而当增加IAA浓度为20μmol/L时,对藻株的生长表现出明显的抑制作用,其最大生物量比对照组减少了53.60%,但其油脂含量与对照组相比显著增加,增加了95.46%。添加2μmol/L ABA对藻株生长的抑制作用极其明显,其生物量比对照组降低了57.52%,但其油脂含量与对照组相比显著提高,提高了121.49%。同时添加IAA（20μmol/L）和ABA（2μmol/L）的实验藻种的蛋白质和总糖的含量较对照组有所降低,此外也使叶绿素含量和光合效率降低。       

Analysis of free phytosterols/stanols and their intact fatty acid and phenolic acid esters in various corn cultivars

The contents and the compositions of free sterols/stanols, steryl/stanyl fatty acid esters and steryl/stanyl phenolic acid esters were determined in 25 corn cultivars grown at the same location and in the same year. The lipid extracts obtained from the flours of whole kernels were subjected to solid-phase extraction for the isolation and separation of the sterol classes, followed by capillary gas chromatography. The study provides for the first time information on the variability of individual steryl/stanyl fatty acid esters in corn cultivars. The analysis revealed pronounced differences in total contents of each sterol class. The levels of free sterols/stanols ranged from 298 to 433 μg/g dry matter flour, those of steryl/stanyl fatty acid esters from 430 to 1187 μg/g and those of steryl/stanyl phenolic acid esters from 46 to 240 μg/g. Free sterols/stanols were mainly composed of sitosterol and campesterol; up to 11% were made up of stanols. Steryl/stanyl esters of C18-fatty acids were dominating, with sitosteryl linoleate as the most abundant ester (44.7–53.5% of total fatty acid esters). Among the three investigated sterol classes, the distribution patterns of steryl/stanyl phenolic acid esters showed the greatest variability between the cultivars, even though trans-sitostanyl ferulate was the dominating ester in all samples.