新疆野杏生物量与氮磷钾生殖配置研究

以新疆野杏为研究对象,采用野外调查和室内测定方法,对整个生殖季节新疆野杏各器官生物量和氮磷钾的生殖配置变化进行研究。结果表明,新疆野杏生殖器官生物量在花期逐渐增加,花谢时逐渐减小,果实成熟期再次迅速增加至最大,整个生殖季节生物量平均生殖配置为43.42%。开花期间生殖器官氮磷钾含量高于营养器官,尤其是钾含量明显高;幼果初期生殖器官氮磷钾含量低于营养器官,随着果实长大成熟,生殖器官氮磷钾含量表现出升高趋势。在时空资源有限的条件下,新疆野杏较高的生殖配置有利于种群自身生存发展。     

Variation patterns of fine root biomass,production and turnover in Chinese forests

China’s forests cover 208.3 million ha and span a wide range of climates and a large variety of forest types including tropical,temperate,and boreal forests.However the variation patterns of fine root(2 mm in diameter biomass,production,and turnover from the south to the north are unclear.This study summarizes fine root biomass(FRB),production(FRP)and turnover rate(FRT)in Chi na’s forests as reported by 140 case studies published from 1983 to 2014.The results showed that the mean values o FRB,FRP and FRT in China’s forests were 278 gm~(-2)366 gm~(-2)a~(-1),and 1.19 a~(-1),respectively.Compared with other studies at the regional or global scales,FRB in China’s forests was lower,FRP was similar to estimates a the global scale,but FRT was much higher.FRB,FRP,and FRT in China’s forests increased with increasing mean annual precipitation(MAP),indicating that fine root vari ables were likely related to MAP,rather than mean annua temperature or latitude.This is possibly due to the smal variation in temperature but greater variation in precipitation during the growing season.These findings suggest that spatiotemporal variation in precipitation has a more profound impact on fine root dynamics in China’s forests,and this will impact carbon and nutrient cycles driven by root turnover in the future.     

Temporal patterns of storage and flux of N and P in young Teak plantations of tropical moist deciduous forest,India

Teak(Tectona grandis Linn.f.) ranks among the top five tropical hardwood species and is being promoted for use in plantations in its non-native range due to its high economic value.However,there is a general lack of data on ecosystem functioning of teak plantations.We aimed at understanding storage and flux of nutrients related to young plantations of teak.Cycling of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) in a chronosequence of plantations(1,5,11,18,24 and 30 years) was studied in the Moist Deciduous Forest Region of North India with the objective of investigating the nutrient cycling pattern at younger age since the current trend of harvesting age of the species in several tropical countries is being drastically reduced for quick return from this high value crop.Standing state,nutrient uptake,nutrient return and nutrient retranslocation in these plantations were estimated by tree harvesting and chemical analysis methods.The range of total standing nutrient across all these plantations was 20.3 to 586.6 kg·ha-1 for N and 5.3 to 208.8 kg·ha-1 for P.Net uptake of N ranged from 19.4 to 88.9 kg·ha-1·a-1 and P from 3.8 to 18.1 kg·ha-1·a-1.Retranslocation of N and P among all the stands ranged from 8.7 to 48.0 kg·ha-1·a-1 and 0.01 to 3.5 kg·ha-1·a-1,respectively.Range of total nutrient return was 25.8 to 91.3 kg·ha-1·a-1 for N and 2.7 to 10.1 kg·ha-1·a-1 for P.N and P use efficiency was between 107.4 and 192.5 g dry organic matter(OM) g-1 N,and 551.9 and 841.1 g OM g-1 P,respectively.The turnover time ranged from 2.04-13.17 years for N and between 2.40-22.66 years for P.Quantity of N and P in the soil nutrient pool ranged from 2566.8 to 4426.8 kg·ha-1 and 372 to 520 kg·ha-1,Storage and flux of components in different plant parts of different aged plantations were assessed and depicted in compartment models.Percentage storage in soil,litter and vegetation ranged from 82% to 99%,0.6% to 2.4% and 0.5% to 15% for N,respectively,and from 63% to 98%,0.5% to 2% and 1% to 35% for P,respectively.This information could be useful in managing external nutrient manipulation to crops of different ages for optimum biomass production or carbon sequestration.     

落叶松人工林凋落物分解及其N、P、K养分归还

采用埋袋法研究了落叶松(17 a生)两种不同来源凋落物(地下部分死亡的细根和地上部分凋落叶片)的分解。结果表明,细根的年分解量为207.4 kg.hm-2,占凋落物年分解总量的32.3%。细根N、P、K养分归还量分别是凋落物总归还量的32.4%9、.3%、19.5%。细根在林地C和养分循环中占重要地位。     

Variation in vegetation composition,biomass production,and carbon storage in ridge top forests of high mountains of Garhwal Himalaya

Abstract

The present study was aimed to anticipate how forest composition, regeneration, biomass production, and carbon storage vary in the ridge top forests of the high mountains of Garhwal Himalaya. For this purpose five major forest types—(a) Pinus wallichiana, (b) Quercus semecarpifolia, (c) Cedrus deodara, (d) Abies spectabilis, and (e) Betula utilis mixed forests—were selected on different ridge tops in the Bhagirathi Catchment Area of the Uttarkashi District of Garhwal Himalaya. The highest species richness (10 species) and stand density (804 ± 184.5 stems ha^?1) were recorded in Abies spectabilis forests, whereas lowest species richness (4 species) and species density (428 ± 144.7 stems ha^?1) were found in Quercus semecarpifolia forests. The total basal cover (TBC) values were maximum (91.1 ± 24.4 m² ha^?1) in Cedrus deodara forests and minimum (26.5 ± 11.7 m² ha^?1) in Pinus wallichiana forests. The highest total biomass density (TBD) (464.2 ± 152.5 Mg ha^?1) and total carbon density (TCD; 208.9 ± 68.6 Mg C ha^?1) values were recorded for Cedrus deodara forests; however, lowest TBD (283.4 ± 74.8 Mg ha^?1) and TCD (127.5 ± 33.7 Mg C ha^?1) values for Quercus semecarpifolia forests. Our study suggests that Abies spectabilis-dominated forests should be encouraged for biodiversity enrichment and reducing carbon emissions on ridge top forests of high mountains.     

Space-time dynamics of fine root biomass of six forests in the Maoershan forest region, northeast China

The Maoershan forestry centre is situated in the Zhangguangcai Mountain of the Changbai mountain range. The main forest types in the Maoershan region are plantation (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Pinus koraiensis and Larix gmelinii) and natural secondary forests (Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus mongolica and Populus davidiana). Fine roots have enormous surface areas, growing and turning over quickly, which plays an important role in terms of substance cycling and energy flow in the forest ecosystem. This study deals with the dynamics of live, dead, and total fine roots (≤ 5 mm) biomass in the 0–30 cm soil layer using the soil core method. Differences between the six stands in the Maoershan region showed the following results: 1) the fine root biomass in the various stands showed obvious differences. The total fine root biomass of six stands from high to low were F. mandshurica (1,030.0 g/m²) > Q. mongolica (973.4 g/m²) > Pinus koraiensis (780.9 g/m²) > L. gmelinii (718.2 g/m²) > Populus davidiana (709.1 g/m²) > Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (470.4 g/m²); 2) except for L. gmelinii, the development of live fine root biomass agreed with the trend of total fine root biomass. The maximum biomass of live fine roots in Pinus koraiensis or L. gmelinii stand appeared in May, others in June; in the F. mandshurica stand, the minimum biomass of live fine roots occurred in September, others in July or August; 3) the proportions of dead fine root biomass varied in different stands; 4) the vertical distribution of fine roots was affected by temperature, water, and nutrients; the proportion of fine root biomass was concentrated in the 0–10 cm soil layer. The fine root biomass of six stands in the 0–10 cm soil layer was over 40% of the total fine root biomass; this proportion was 60.3% in F. mandshurica. Space-time dynamics of the various stands had different characteristics. When investigating the substance cycling and energy flows of all forest ecosystems, we should consider the characteristics of different stands in order to improve the precision of our estimates. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(6): 13–19 [译自: 林业科学]     

Spatial heterogeneity of fine root biomass of Pinus massoniana forests in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China

Environmental heterogeneity is a constant presence in the natural world that significantly affects plant behavior at a variety of levels of complexity. In order to estimate the spatial pattern of fine root biomass in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the spatial heterogeneity of fine root biomass in the upper layer of soils (0-10 cm) in three Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) stands in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China, was studied in 30 m × 30 m plots with geostatistical analysis. The results indicate that 1) both the live and dead fine root biomass of stand 2 were less than those of other stands, 2) the spatial variation of fine roots in the three stands was caused together by structural and random factors with moderate spatial dependence and 3) the magnitude of spatial heterogeneity of live fine roots ranked as: stand 3 > stand 1 > stand 2, while that of dead fine roots was similar in the three stands. These findings suggested that the range of spatial autocorrelation for fine root biomass varied considerably in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, while soil properties, such as soil bulk density, organic matter and total nitrogen, may exhibit great effect on the spatial distribution of fine roots. Finally, we express our hope to be able to carry out further research on the quantitative relationship between the spatial heterogeneous patterns of plant and soil properties.     

杉木、观光木混交林群落细根N、P养分现存量动态变化

通过对杉木、观光木混交林和杉木纯林细根的养分现存量动态进行研究 ,结果表明 ,混交林细根N、P养分现存量分别是纯林的 1.3和 1.2倍 ;年归还量分别是纯林的 1.2 3倍和 1.14倍 ,且分别占混交林凋落物N、P养分年归还量的 38.3%和 6 7.4 % ;年分解量分别是纯林的 1.2 6和 1.2 3倍 ,而年累积量分别是纯林的 1.2 3和 1.14倍 ,可见混交林细根具有比纯林更高的养分累积和周转能力。混交林和纯林群落中林下植被细根在群落细根N、P养分循环中占有重要地位 ,而杉木和观光木 <0 .5mm径级细根则是其细根养分循环功能的主体。混交林和纯林杉木活细根N养分现存量动态变化呈单峰型 ,P则呈双峰型 ;死细根N、P养分现存量动态变化均呈倒“S”型。混交林中观光木细根的N、P养分现存量动态变化与杉木的较相似 ,但其活细根P养分现存量动态变化呈单峰型。混交林与纯林中林下植被活细根N、P养分现存量动态变化均呈双峰型 ,而死细根的动态变化则呈单谷型     

韶关市小坑林场山杜英林N和P储量及分配格局

对韶关市小坑林场山杜英人工林的N和P含量、储量及其分配格局进行了研究,以便为山杜英人工林的养分循环和科学经营提供依据。采用标准样地法,对样地内的乔木层按照叶、枝、干和根取样,灌木层和草本层分地上和地下部分取样,凋落物层用样方法取样。各组分的样品各取300 g,带回实验室分析研究。结果表明:1)山杜英人工林乔木层各组分的氮和磷含量为叶片>树枝>树根>树干,人工林垂直结构的氮含量呈现凋落物层>草本层>灌木层>乔木层,而磷含量为灌木层>凋落物层>草本层>乔木层。2)山杜英人工林养分储量为0.25 t/hm^2,其中乔木层、灌木层、草本层和凋落物层的养分储量分别为0.149、0.012、0.046和0.049 t/hm^2,分别占林分养分储量的58.2%、4.7%、18.0%和19.1%。3)乔木层各器官营养元素含量排序为叶>枝>根>干,储量为枝>干>根>叶。4)山杜英乔木层的C/N、C/P、N/P分别为52.86、688.80和13.03。     

Responses of Acer saccharum canopy trees and saplings to P, K and lime additions under high N deposition

Heavy atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has been associated with altered nutrient cycling, and even N saturation, in forest ecosystems previously thought to be N-limited. This observation has prompted application to such forests of non-N mineral nutrients as a mitigation measure. We examined leaf gas-exchange, leaf chemistry and leaf and shoot morphological responses of Acer saccharum Marsh. saplings and mature trees to experimental additions of non-nitrogenous mineral nutrients (dolomitic lime, phosphorus + potassium (P + K) and lime plus P + K) over 2 years in the Haliburton region of central Ontario, which receives some of the largest annual N inputs in North America. Nutrients were adsorbed in the mineral soil and taken up by A. saccharum trees within 1 year of fertilizer application; however, contrary to expectation, liming had no effect on soil P availability. Saplings and canopy trees showed significant responses to both P + K fertilization and liming, including increased foliar nutrient concentration, leaf size and shoot extension growth; however, no treatment effects on leaf gas-exchange parameters were detected. Increases in shoot extension preceded increases in diameter growth in saplings and canopy trees. Vector analysis of shoot extension growth and nutrient content was consistent with sufficiency of N but marked limitation of P, with co-limitation by calcium (Ca) in saplings and by Ca, Mg and K in canopy trees.     

Root activity patterns in an Amazonian agroforest with fruit trees determined by 32P, 33P and 15N applications

In a multi-strata agroforestry system in the central Amazon near Manaus, we studied the root activity distribution of different fruit trees and a legume cover crop in comparison to monocultures and a secondary forest site. Uptake of applied ³²P, ³³P and ¹⁵N from 0.1, 0.6 and 1.5 m depth was compared in both the dry and wet season. The results obtained with ³²P were similar to those with ¹⁵N but showed a higher variability, probably due to the lower mobility of P than N in soil and thus the labeling of a smaller soil volume with ³²P. During the dry season, topsoil root activity measured with ¹⁵N was around 80% for all species with the exception of the palm tree Bactris gasipaes Kunth., which had a higher uptake from 0.6 m (50%) than from 0.1 m (30%). The subsoil (1.5 m) root activity was higher, when Bactris was not regularly cut for heart of palm harvest but grown for fruit production. Additionally, relative subsoil root activity of Theobroma increased and topsoil root activity of both Bactris and Theobroma decreased when intercropped in comparison to the monoculture. During the rainy season, the topsoil tree root activity slightly increased attributable to increasing water availability near the soil surface. The lowest isotope enrichment was noted for the secondary forest trees despite their low above ground biomass. The magnitude of the isotope enrichment was related to the foliar P and less pronounced to the foliar N contents, indicating higher nutrient cycling for nutrient-rich plant species. Despite the significant subsoil root activity (1.5 m) there was little evidence that large amounts of nutrients below 1 m depth can be recycled by the investigated tree species. More important may be a rapid recycling of nutrients from 0–1 m depth.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

杉木人工林凋落物C,N,P归还量对氮沉降的响应

为探讨亚热带森林对氮沉降增加的响应,在12年生的杉木人工林中开展4种水平的模拟氮沉降试验,分N0(对照),N1,N2,N3等4种处理,氮沉降量分别为0,60,120,240kg·hm-2a-1。模拟氮沉降2年后,4种不同氮沉降水平杉木人工林的年凋落量分别为1008.83,1164.10,1147.30和976.47kg·hm-2,表明低中氮处理(N1,N2)在一定程度上增加森林凋落物量,而高氮处理(N3)则表现出一定的抑制作用。叶凋落物中C,N元素含量随氮沉降水平的增加而增加,而C/N则呈不断下降的趋势。经不同氮沉降处理后,凋落物C元素的归还量分别为474.70,544.07,538.55和474.02kg·hm-2,N元素的归还量分别为7.21,8.56,9.03和9.04kg·hm-2,P元素的归还量分别为1.17,1.24,1.32和1.09kg·hm-2,说明与N0处理相比,氮沉降显著提高N元素的归还量,而N1,N2处理提高C,P元素归还量,N3处理对C归还量影响不明显,但降低P的归还量。     

广西扁桃适生区土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

为探究广西扁桃适生区土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征及其对环境因子的响应,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对广西南宁、百色等扁桃适生区的土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)及环境因素进行研究.结果表明,广西扁桃适生区土壤有机质的矿化作用慢,但土壤P表现为净矿化,具有较高的有效性.土壤C︰...     

板栗叶片中氮、磷、钾年周期变化规律研究

通过对板栗叶片中N、P、K不同生育期含量变化的研究表明：春季叶片中N、P、K含量最高，此后随着树体生长的逐渐加快，叶片中N、P、K含量逐渐降低。叶片中N含量最高，K最低。     

复合肥有机肥全量氮磷钾分析方法的探讨

采用水扬酸 -硫酸 -锌粉还原 ,双氧水作消化加速剂处理复合肥有机肥样品 ,测定N、P、K含量 ,结果与其它分析方法差异很小 ,回收率较高 ,是一种方便、快速测定复合肥、有机肥和其它肥料全量N、P、K的测试方法     

第二代杉木人工林氮、磷、钾的吸收、积累和迁移

通过定位观测获得数据,对11年生第2代杉木人工林中N、P、K的吸收、积累和迁移作了系统研究.杉木各器官中N、P、K吸收量高低顺序为N＞K＞P.杉木林中N、P、K总贮量为43.054 g*m-2,其中N为25.718 g*m-2,P为2.627 g*m-2,K为14.709 g*m-2.N、P、K元素的年吸收量为7.262 g*m-2a-1;年积累量为4.837 g*m-2a-1,其中N为2.901 g*m-2a-1,P为0.295 g*m-2a-1,K为1.641 g*m-2a-1, 年归还量为2.425 g*m-2a-1,占年吸收量的33.39%.N、P、K元素的周转期分别为19 a、28.9 a、15 a,流动能力以K＞N＞P为序;富集率N为1.36,P为1.22,K为1.47,迁移速度以K＞P＞N为序.与同龄第1代杉木林相比,第2代杉木林中N、P、K元素的迁移、循环速率较慢.     

The lateral spread of tree root systems in boreal forests: Estimates based on N uptake and distribution of sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal fungi

In nutrient poor environments, such as boreal forests, many of the most important interactions between plants take place belowground. Here, we report the results of two approaches to obtain estimates of the lateral spread of tree roots.     

Distribution patterns of tree,understorey, and detritus biomass in coniferous and broad-leaved forests of Western Himalaya,India

Forest biomass pools are the major reservoirs of atmospheric carbon in both coniferous and broad-leaved forest ecosystems and thus play an important role in regulating the regional and global carbon cycle. In this study, we measured the biomass of trees, understorey, and detritus in temperate (coniferous and broad-leaved) forests of Kashmir Himalaya. Total ecosystem dry biomass averaged 234.2 t/ha (ranging from 99.5 to 305.2 t/ha) across all the forest stands, of which 223 t/ha (91.9–283.2 t/ha) were stored in above- and below-ground biomass of trees, 1.3 t/ha (0.18–3.3 t/ha) in understorey vegetation (shrubs and herbaceous), and 9.9 t/ha (4.8–20.9 t/ha) in detritus (including standing and fallen dead trees, and forest floor litter). Among all the forests, the highest tree, understorey, and detritus biomass were observed in mid-altitude Abies pindrow and Pinus wallichiana coniferous forests, whereas the lowest were observed in high-altitude Betula utilis broad-leaved forests. Basal area has showed significant positive relationship with biomass (R² = 0.84–0.97, P < 0.001) and density (R² = 0.49–0.87). The present study will improve our understanding of distribution of biomass (trees, understorey, and detritus) in coniferous and broad-leaved forests and can be used in forest management activities to enhance C sequestration.     

核桃叶片中氮、磷、钾含量及年动态变化规律研究

以早实核桃辽宁1号和晚实核桃礼品1号为例，分别测定早实核桃和晚实核桃叶片中不同生育期N、P、K的含量，结果表明，核桃叶片中N、P、K含量在幼龄叶中最高，整个生育期内核桃叶片中N、P、K含量总体上呈逐渐降低。早实核桃的N、P含量比同期的晚实核桃高，且差异极显著；而K含量无差异。     

N,P,and K characteristics of different age groups of temperate coniferous tree species in northwestern China

This study chose dominant tree species including Picea crassifolia,Pinus armandii and Pinus tabuliformis which are distributed in Qilian Mountains,Xiaolongshan Mountains,and Bailongjiang River.According to the different tree species,ages and components,we sampled leaves,branches,stems,and roots,and measured the contents of Nitrogen,Phosphorus,Potassium,along with soil fertility.The changes of N,P,and K contents in the different tree species were studied,and the relationship between nutrient content and environmental factors was analyzed.The results indicated that the content of P in all three species was the lowest(0.039–0.28 g kg~(-1)),while N content was the highest(0.095–1.72 g kg~(-1)).As the terminal organ of nutrient transport,the nutrient content of leaves was the highest.P.armandii(0.45 g kg~(-1)) had a higher nutrient concentration than P.tabulaeformis(0.19 g kg~(-1)) and P.crassifolia(0.29 g kg~(-1)).The nutrient content of each species was highest in a young forest,but lowest in a mature forest.The nutrient content of all three tree species was significantly affected by soil nutrient content,and negatively correlated with available soil nutrients.