中文农业信息资源整合平台的设计与实现

结合中国目前农业信息资源的发展现状分析了构建中文农业信息资源整合平台——专业农业搜索引擎的必要性;介绍了农业专业搜索引擎的发展状况和趋势;描述了“中国农娃中文农业搜索引擎”的整体架构,重点论述了实现中文农业搜索引擎的农业网站捕获、网页抓取机器人（Spider）、网页自动分类（文本聚类）、网页索引和检索等关键技术和应用。     

基于同一度的亲本分类方法研究

将集对分析理论与模糊聚类原理相结合,提出了一种新的亲本分类分析方法。运用这种方法,对20个亲本进行了分类。结果表明,这种方法对于指导杂交组合配制,培育作物新品种具有重要意义。10个小麦新品种培育成功的事实,从育种实践的角度证明了这种方法的可行性和可靠性。在此基础上,讨论了这种方法的应用前景及其优点和尚需     

双氰胺对马铃薯农田土壤铵态氮、硝态氮转化的影响

通过田间试验,研究双氰胺(DCD)对块茎类蔬菜马铃薯各个生长时期农田土壤铵态氮、硝态氮转化的影响。结果表明：加入双氰胺后,土壤中铵态氮含量均显著提高（p＜0.05）,硝态氮含量显著降低（p＜0.05）。     

带状留茬间作减轻旱作农田土壤风蚀的生态效应研究

针对阴山北麓农牧交错带干旱少雨,风大风多,风蚀沙化严重的现状,深入分析了影响农田风蚀沙化的各种因素,研究提出了防沙型带状留茬间作轮作技术。结果表明:采用带状留茬间作轮作技术,冬春风蚀季节可以降低留茬带风蚀量幅度基本为68.5%～88.7%,由于留茬带的保护作用,降低间作裸露带风蚀量幅度为42.4%～68.3%。在减轻风蚀的同时,带状留茬间作轮作保持了由于秋季耕翻松土的多蓄降水作用,降低了冬春季节近地面风速和水分蒸发,同时还拦截了冬雪,播种时有留茬带保护的间作裸露带0～1m土层贮水量提高15～41.5mm。由于带状留茬间作轮作的集水、保墒和边际效应,增产作用明显,增产幅度为12%～75%。     

甜瓜幼苗不同叶位SPAD值与叶绿素含量的变化规律及相关性

甜瓜两叶一心期是幼苗植株对低温弱光敏感时期。明确该时期甜瓜不同叶位SPAD值与叶绿素含量的变化规律与相关性,可以为SPAD值无损预测甜瓜叶绿素含量、鉴定甜瓜耐低温弱光特性科学选择测量叶。以甜瓜自交系P148两叶一心期幼苗为试材,测量自下而上3片新叶(Y1、Y2和Y3) SPAD值和叶绿素含量,利用SPSS 13. 0软件OneWay-ANOVA程序和Correlation程序,分析甜瓜两叶一心期3片新叶叶绿素a、b和a+b含量的变化规律和与SPAD值的相关性;最后使用Regression程序,选择SPAD值与叶绿素含量相关系数最大的叶位,建立SPAD值与叶绿素含量回归方程,以此叶位作为甜瓜两叶一心时期利用SPAD值预测叶绿素含量的测量叶。结果表明,甜瓜两叶一心期叶片SPAD值和叶绿素含量随着叶位升高而增加,Y3的叶绿素含量极显著地高于Y1和Y2; 3个叶位叶绿素含量与SPAD的相关性随着叶位升高而降低,Y1的Chla+b含量与SPAD值的相关性最高,建立回归方程:y(Chla+b)=0. 032x(SPAD)-0. 141,决定系数(R~2)=0. 699; Y3的叶绿素含量与SPAD值无显著相关性。最终选择该时期第一片新叶作为利用SPAD值无损预测甜瓜叶绿素含量的测量叶,为批量筛选甜瓜耐低温弱光材料提供可操作方案。     

Male and female genetic linkage map of hops, Humulus lupulus

A male and female linkage map of hop has been constructed using 224 DNA polymorphisms (106 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), three random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), one RAPD‐sequence‐tagged‐site (STS), and three microsatellite (STSs) segregating in an F₁ population of the English cultivar ‘Wye Target’‐the German male breeding line ‘85/54/15’. Linkage between these loci was estimated using JOINMAP Version 2.0. The final map for the female parent consisted of 110 loci assigned to eight linkage groups covering a distance of 346.7 cM. For the male map, 57 loci could be mapped on nine linkage groups spanning over 227.4 cM. One of these male linkage groups (Gr09‐M) presumably represents the Y chromosome, since all markers assigned (10 AFLPs, three RAPDs and one STS) were closely linked to the male sex (M). Because of their sex‐specific segregation, 10 doubly heterozygous AFLPs spanning a distance of 18.7 cM could be identified as markers describing the X chromosome, which is part of the male and female map. Three STMSs, which had already proved useful in hop genotyping, could be integrated as codominant locus‐specific markers and thus allowed to produce reliable allelic bridges between the female and male counterparts.     

DNA typing of hops (Humulus lupulus) through application of RAPD and microsatellite marker sequences converted to sequence tagged sites (STS)

Summary Both random amplified polymorphic DNA and microsatellite repeat sequences were investigated as DNA markers for distinguishing hop cultivars. Microsatellite sequences converted to STS markers proved to be most successful. The relative abundance of microsatellite repeat sequences in the hop genome varied depending on the sequence class. Of the repeat types investigated the dinucleotide repeats (GA)_n and (GT)_n are the most highly represented in the hop genome. Microsatellite repeat sequences in hops have been shown to be highly polymorphic and are very informatives as STS molecular markers. A DNA typing system using sequence-tagged microsatellite site markers has been developed which will not only be useful for hop cultivar identification but also marker assisted breeding and quality control purposes.     

Genetic relationships in cultivars of hop, Humulus lupulus L., determined by RAPD analysis

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to evaluate the genetic variability and relationship of 65 hop cultivars from all the major hop-growing regions in the world. Twenty-eight selected random primers used in the RAPD reaction generated an average of 38.6%) polymorphic fragments, which was sufficient to produce 47 different RAPD profiles among the cultivars examined. The level of genetic variability was much higher than previously reported. Genetic similarity was estimated and UPGMA cluster analysis was performed using the RAPD data. Cluster analysis separated the cultivars into genetically related RAPD groups which were compared with pedigree data and grouping of the hop cultivars by essential oil type. The RAPD groups, strongly supported by pedigree data, gave more precise information on the level and distribution of genetic variability within hop cultivars than characterization by essential oils. Cultivars were divided into American and European groups, supporting the distinction between two geo-graphically distinct hop germplasms. Five genetically distinct groups revealed differences within the European germplasm, reflecting past hop breeding practices which have been adopted in different regions. The use of RAPD markers for hop germplasm characterization and genetic diversity study is discussed.     

Genetic structure and differentiation in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) as inferred from microsatellites

A set of 67 wild and cultivated hop accessions, representative of hop diversity, was genotyped with 29 SSR markers in order to investigate the population structure and genetic diversity among hop genotypes. A total of 314 alleles was detected, with an average of 10.8 alleles per locus and an average PIC content of 0.607. Model-based clustering placed the accessions into five germplasm groups. A distance-based tree showed good agreement with five germplasm groups, and additionally assigned accessions omitted from model-based analysis into two additional germplasm groups. The 67 hop accessions were thus subdivided in seven germplasm groups, with three corresponding to major breeding groups and four to wild hops. This finding is in accordance with two biogeographically separated hop germplasms (European and North American origin) and with the known history of the accessions. North American hop germplasm was partitioned into native and cultivated germplasm groups. European germplasm was divided into two groups of hop cultivars representing distinguishable European germplasms and three new groups of native hops, which were differentiated for the first time by this analysis. Admixture analysis showed shares of various ancestries in hop cultivars, mostly congruent with pedigree data, and the introgression of various ancestries in some native hops. The above results have so far given the most detailed insight to date into the population structure of hop diversity, which is important for its effective use in hop breeding.     

Molecular cytogenetics in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) and identification of sex chromosomes by DAPI-banding

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) waskaryotyped by Fluorescence In SituHybridization (FISH) with probes 18S-25Sand 5S rDNA as well as DAPI banding andmeasurements of lengths of chromosome.Irrespective of the sex of the plants theseprobes revealed one signal near thetelomere of chromosome 6 and two signalseach on chromosomes 2 and 5.The shortest chromosome in a metaphaseplate of a male plant was designated to bechromosome Y. It displayed neither signalswith FISH nor DAPI bands. A middle sizedmetacentric chromosome with no telomericbut with an interstitial DAPI band on theshort arm was designated as X. Allautosomes displayed telomeric DAPI-positivebands. For the first time all mitotic hopchromosomes including the sex chromosomeswere identified by methods of molecularcytogenetics.     

Artificially induced polyploidization in Humulus lupulus L. and its effect on morphological and chemical traits

Chemically induced polyploids were obtained by the colchicine treatment of shoot tips of Humulus lupulus L. ‘Sybilla’. Flow cytometry revealed that most of the treatments resulted in the production of tetraploids. The highest number of tetraploids was obtained when explants were immersed in 0.05% colchicine for 48 h. A field experiment was conducted to compare diploid and tetraploid plants and assess the effect of genome polyploidization on the morphological and chemical characteristics. Tetraploids showed significant differences in relation to diploids. They had thinner and shorter shoots. The influence of chromosome doubling was also reflected in the length, width and area of leaves. The length of female flowers in the tetraploids was significantly shorter than that observed in diploids. Tetraploids produced a diverse number of lupuline glands that were almost twice as large as those observed in diploids. The most distinct effect of genome polyploidization was a significant increase in the weight of cones and spindles. Contents of major chemical constituents of hop cones was little affected by ploidy level. Total essential oils were significantly lower than those in diploids. However there was a significant increase in the proportion of humulene, caryophyllene and farnesene, oils desired by the brewing industry.     

Application of inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphism for detection of sex-specific molecular markers in hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

Summary Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is dioecious species with female plants of commercial value. During breeding process it is desirable to identify the sex of hop plants at the stage of seedling. Twenty two inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were screened on female and male hop genotypes of Russian and European origin. Two ISSR primers revealed fragments specific for male plants of hop. Based on the sequences two pairs of primers were designed. These male specific sequence tagged site (STS) markers were tested on male hop accessions of Russian origin and female hop accessions of Russian, European and American origin. A high homology of male specific hop DNA sequences to expressed sequences from EMBL plants EST database was found, most of which code cell wall glycoproteins. The applicability of ISSR-PCR analysis for development of sex molecular markers in hop is discussed.     

Flow cytometric identification of sexually derived polyploids in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) and their use in hop breeding

The New Zealand hop breeding programme is based solely on the development of seedless triploid cultivars. This relies on the use of tetraploid parents. While a sexually derived tetraploid parents have been used successfully, sexually derived tetraploids offer a useful alternative. They may have a higher level of heterozygosity and are easier to obtain. Methods for the identification of tetraploids from seedling populations by flow cytometry are described. Two studies were conducted; one on field-grown plants, the other on plants grown in a glasshouse. Approximately 15%of seedlings in the two studies were identified as tetraploids (2n = 4x = 40). Between 70 and 80% were identified as either diploid (2n =2x = 20) or triploid (2n = 3x = 30). Remaining plants were haploid, pentaploid or probably aneuploid. Within triploid and tetraploid populations from 40to 50% of seedlings were female, 30 to40% were monoecious, with the remainder being males and non-flowering plants. Sexually derived tetraploid parents have been used successfully in the breeding programme, from which several promising triploid selections have subsequently been made. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.