鸡球虫田间混合种和柔嫩艾美球虫单一种的抗药性试验

用上海某鸡场分离的球虫田间混合种及从其中分离纯化的4株柔嫩艾美球虫（Eimeria tenella)单一种对常用抗球虫药的抗药性进行检测，发现该球虫田间种对氯羟吡啶（clopidol)，马杜拉霉素（maduramicin)，莫能菌素（monensin), 氨丙啉（amprolium)4种抗球虫药已产生完全抗药性，对氯苯胍（robenidine)轻度抗药，对地克珠利（diclazuril)无抗药性，4株柔嫩艾美球虫单一种对氯羟吡啶，马杜拉霉素，莫能菌素，氨丙啉的抗药谱与该球虫田间混合种基本一致。     

2株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对5种抗球虫药的抗药性

选择130只21日龄雏鸡，研究了柔嫩艾美耳球虫（E.tenella)南京株和凤阳株对地克珠利（Diclazuril)、马杜霉毒（Maduramicin)、氯羟吡啶（Clopidol)、氯苯胍（Robenidine)和氨丙啉（Amprolium)的抗药性。试验鸡随机分成13组，其中每株球虫均设5个感染用药组，1个感染不用药组，另设1个不感染不用药组，每组10只鸡。以POAA，RLS，ROP，ACI作为指标。结果表明，2株柔嫩艾美耳球虫均对氨丙啉轻度抗药，对地克珠利敏感或轻度抗药，对氯羟吡啶中度抗药。对马杜霉和氯苯胍中度抗药或安全抗药。提示：目前在凤阳地区可合理地使用地克珠利和氨丙啉，对氯羟哟啶应慎用，对马杜霉素和氯苯胍须减少或暂停使用。     

广东省鸡球虫的抗药性研究进展

文章分析了广东省不同地区分离的柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Eimeria tenella) 对球净，地克珠利，氯羟吡啶，球痢灵，氯苯胍和氨丙啉等6种化学合成抗球虫药和马杜拉霉素，盐霉素，拉沙霉素和森杜拉霉素等4种抗生素类抗球虫药的抗药性的现状，80％以上虫株仅对1种或2种药物敏感；各虫株至少对2种药物抗药，且80％以上虫株同时对4种或4种以上药物抗药。E.tenella野外分离株对抗生素类抗球虫药的抗药性要比对化学合成类药物的抗药性相对严重得多，部分虫株对早期上市的一些化学药物如氯苯胍，球痢灵等敏感，说明如果基于药物敏感性试验，有限制地使用这些药物会取得较好效果，在此基础上，重点对我省球虫病的药物防制对策进行了讨论并提出了合理用药原则和方案。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫扬州分离株对8种抗球虫药的抗药性

将柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)扬州分离株感染14日龄苏禽黄羽肉鸡,设立8个用药组、1个感染不用药对照组和1个不感染不用药对照组,以相对卵囊产量、病变记分减少率、最适抗球虫百分数和抗球虫指数为指标对该虫株对盐霉素、马杜拉霉素、球痢灵、氯羟吡啶、氨丙啉、尼卡巴嗪、甲基三嗪酮、地克珠利等8种常用抗球虫药的抗药性进行了综合评定,分析了该地区球虫的抗药性及对策。结果表明,该虫株对甲基三嗪酮敏感,对氨丙啉具有中度抗药性,对盐霉素、马杜拉霉素、球痢灵、氯羟吡啶、尼卡巴嗪、地克珠利等其他6种药物具有完全抗药性。提示目前在扬州地区甲基三嗪酮抗球虫疗效最好,氨丙琳效果稍差,应合理使用,盐霉素等其他6种药物应慎用、减少或暂停使用。     

安徽3株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对5种抗球虫药的耐药性检测

采用鸡体试验法,以抗球虫指数、最适抗球虫活性百分率、病变记分减少率和相对卵囊产量4项指标综合判定,安徽庐江县、青阳县和肥西县3个地区鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫对磺胺氯吡嗪钠、马杜拉霉素、氨丙啉、妥曲珠利、地克珠利的耐药性。结果显示,庐江株对氨丙啉和妥曲珠利敏感,对磺胺氯吡嗪钠和地克珠利完全耐药,对马杜拉霉素中度耐药;青阳株对地克珠利和妥曲珠利敏感,对磺胺氯吡嗪钠和马杜拉霉素完全耐药,对氨丙啉中度耐药;肥西株对磺胺氯吡嗪钠敏感,对妥曲珠利中度耐药,对地克珠利、马杜拉霉素和氨丙啉完全耐药。     

介绍新抗球虫药——氯嗪苯乙腈和甲基三嗪酮

目前在养禽业上用来预防鸡球虫病的常用抗球虫药有氨丙啉、莫能霉素、盐霉素（优素精）、马杜拉霉素（加福）、氯羟吡啶（克球粉），二硝基甲苯酰胺（球痢灵）、尼卡巴嗪（球虫净），氯苯胍、常山酮（速丹）等，这些药物由于长期单一使用，有的已产生了极为明显的耐药性，...     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫YL株抗药性研究

用柔嫩艾美耳球虫杨凌株 ( YL t)对 1 4日龄雏鸡进行感染 ,检测了该虫株对 4种常用抗球虫药 (马杜拉霉素、地克珠利、克球粉和氯苯胍 )的敏感性。以最适抗球虫活性百分率、抗球虫指数、相对卵囊产量和病变记分减少率为指标 ,进行综合评定 ,其抗药程度分为无抗药性、轻度抗药性、中度抗药性和完全抗药性 4个等级。结果表明 ,该虫株对马杜拉霉素有轻度抗药性 ,对地克株利有完全抗药性 ,对克球粉和氯苯胍无抗药性。     

抗鸡球虫药物的合理使用

鸡球虫病是养鸡业中一种严重多发，而且防治困难的疾病之一，其死亡率达40％～50％。使用药物预防和治疗鸡球虫病是目前应用最频繁最有效的方法之一。目前市面上用于防治球虫病的药物繁多，如氨丙啉、氯苯胍、氯羟吡啶、磺胺类、呋喃类、马杜拉霉素、地克珠利、盐霉素、尼卡巴秦等。但是在使用过程中存在的不合理性，导致抗药性的产生过快，     

秦皇岛株和唐山株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对5种抗球虫药的抗药性检测

目的为检测柔嫩艾美耳球虫秦皇岛株和唐山株株对氯羟吡啶、氨丙啉、马杜霉素、地克珠利和尼卡巴嗪等5种抗球虫药的抗药性。方法选择280只14日龄雏鸡,随机分成14组,其中每株球虫均设5个感染用药组,1个感染不用药组,1个不感染不用药组,每组20只,以POAA、RLS、ROP、ACI作为指标。结果秦皇岛株对所选的5种抗球虫药物均产生不同程度的抗药性,而唐山株对氯羟吡啶、马杜霉素和地克珠利有不同程度的抗药性,对氨丙啉和尼卡巴嗪无抗药性。其中在这5种抗球虫药物中,秦皇岛株和唐山株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对地克珠利均呈现完全抗药性。结论目前地克珠利在秦皇岛和唐山两地区须减少或暂停使用。     

鸡球虫广东清远分离株对七种药物的抗药性试验

为了了解广东清远某鸡场球虫抗药性的产生程度,并制定出合理的用药方案,给延长药物的使用周期提供科学的依据,我们从该鸡场现场采集了新鲜粪便,实验室分离和繁殖卵囊,并在实验室进行球虫的抗药性研究.经检测粪中含堆型艾美耳球虫(E.acervulina)和变位艾美耳球虫(E.mtvati)共81.3%,柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)18.7%.试验选择目前常用的7种抗球虫药物,分别为球佳(地克珠利Diclazuril)、杜球(马杜拉霉素Madu-ramicin)、欲可胖(莫能菌素Monensin)、球安(拉沙里霉素Lasalocid)、氨丙啉(Amprolian)、球克(海南霉素Hainan-mycm)、氯苯胍(Robenidine).试验设7个药物组和感染不用药、不感染不用药2个对照组,每组10只鸡.在15日龄,除不感染不用药组外,每组接种孢子化卵囊12×104个.以抗球虫指数(ACI)、病变记分减少率(RLS)、相对卵囊产量(ROP)、最适抗球虫活性百分率(POAA)为试验指标,进行综合评定.结果显示鸡球虫广东清远株对球佳为轻度抗药,对杜球、欲可胖、球安、氨丙啉为完全抗药,对球克、氯苯胍为中度抗药.     

A survey of sensitivity to anticoccidial drugs in 60 isolates of coccidia from broiler chickens in Brazil and Argentina

Coccidia were isolated from 90 broiler farms in 15 poultry-producing areas in Brazil and Argentina. Sixty isolates were tested for sensitivity to 7 anticoccidial drugs. The common species were: a) Eimeria tenella, 47 isolates; b) E. maxima, 49 isolates; c) E. acervulina, 44 isolates; d) E. mitis, 26 isolates; and e) E. brunetti, 12 isolates. Isolates were considered sensitive to drugs if intestinal lesion scores of medicated broilers were reduced by at least 50% compared with unmedicated infected broilers or if weight gain was at least 75% of that of uninfected birds in a 6-day laboratory test. According to lesion scores, there was evidence of resistance or seriously reduced sensitivity to monensin in 20 isolates, narasin in 29, salinomycin in 11, maduramicin in 1, clopidol in 36, amprolium in 40, and nicarbazin in 1. According to broiler weight gain, there was resistance to monensin in 36 isolates, narasin in 32, salinomycin in 28, maduramicin in 2, clopidol in 28, amprolium in 50, and nicarbazin in 4. These results suggested incomplete cross resistance of coccidia to polyether ionophorous drugs. The degree of resistance might be explained by previous patterns of use of these drugs.     

Sensitivity of field isolates of Eimeria tenella to anticoccidial drugs in the chicken

Thirty isolates of Eimeria tenella obtained from broiler and breeder farms were examined for their sensitivity to anticoccidial drugs. All were sensitive to robenidine, 28 were sensitive to methyl benzoquate, 25 to clopidol and 21 to nicarbazin. Most isolates were resistant or partly resistant to amprolium and dinitolmide.     

5株柔嫩艾美耳球虫对4种抗球虫药的抗药性

选择260只19日龄雏鸡，随机分成26组，每组10只，研究柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E．tenella)南京株、凤阳株、扬州株、宣城株和蒙城株对地克珠利(Diclazuril)、马杜霉素(Maduramicin)、氯羟吡啶(C1opido1)、氯苯胍(Robenidine)的抗药性。每株球虫均设4个感染用药组、1个感染不用药组，另外设1个不感染不用药组。以POAA、RLS、ROP、ACI作为指标，判定5株球虫对4种药物的抗药性。结果表明凤阳株、扬州株和蒙城株分别仅对马杜霉素、氯苯胍、地克珠利敏感，南京株和宣城株对该4种药物均已产生不同程度的抗药性。提示目前在凤阳、扬州和蒙城地区可分别合理地使用马杜霉素、氯苯胍和地克珠利，对其它药物须减少或暂停使用。     

Efficacy of some anticoccidial drugs for treating coccidial enteritis of the common carp caused by Goussia carpelli (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae)

In this study, nine anticoccidial drugs commonly used in poultry were tested for efficacy for the prevention and treatment of Goussia carpelli (Apicomplexa) infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). To establish experimental infection with G. carpelli, paratenic host oligochaetes of the genera Tubifex and Limnodrilus were infected with oocysts, and laboratory-cultured parasite-free common carp fingerlings were infected by feeding to them oligochaetes containing sporozoites. The anticoccidial drugs (amprolium, narasin, maduramicin, salinomycin Na, lasalocid Na, diclazuril, robenidine HCl, monensin Na and toltrazuril), mixed in the food of the fish in a dose of 200 mg/kg, were fed for 12 days. Common carp fingerlings fed diclazuril, lasalocid, robenidine HCl or maduramicin and killed on day 14 after exposure were free from infection, while other groups treated with amprolium, toltrazuril, monensin Na, narasin or salinomycin Na harboured oocysts in the mucus and epithelium of the gut.     

The efficacy of anticoccidial products against Eimeria spp. in northern bobwhites

To determine whether chemotherapeutic compounds available for use in domestic poultry are effective at controlling coccidiosis in northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus), we tested 13 chemotherapeutic anticoccidials including amprolium (250 parts per million [ppm]), clopidol (125 ppm), diclazuril (1 ppm and 2 ppm), decoquinate (30 ppm), lasalocid (120 ppm), monensin (90 ppm), narasin/nicarbazin (36/36 ppm), robenidine (33 ppm), roxarsone (50 ppm), sulfadimethoxine/ ormetoprin (125/75 ppm), salinomycin (60 ppm), semduramicin (25 ppm), and zoalene (125 ppm and 150 ppm). Three tests were conducted using two replicates of 10 birds each: Infected, unmedicated controls and medicated birds were challenged with 1 x 10(6) oocysts of a field isolate consisting primarily of Eimeria lettyae. Subsequently, we tested clopidol, lasalocid, salinomycin, diclazuril (1 ppm), and monensin against mixed-species field isolates containing E. lettyae, E. dispersa, E. colini, or all. Weight gain, gross intestinal lesions, severity of diarrhea, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) 6 days postinfection were recorded. Lesion score, as previously reported, was unreliable as a measure of severity of infection in comparison with weight gain, fecal scores, and FCR. Excellent to good efficacy was found in clopidol, decoquinate, diclazuril (1 ppm and 2 ppm), and in lasalocid, narasin and nicarbazin, robenidine, sulfadimethoxine/ormetoprin, and zoalene (150 ppm). Marginal protection was found using monensin, salinomycin, semduramicin, or a roxarsone/semduramicin combination. Amprolium, roxarsone, and zoalene (125 ppm) were ineffective at controlling coccidia. Two of the six isolates tested against diclazuril 1 ppm and clopidol demonstrated a high degree of resistance, but none of the six isolates was resistant to lasalocid. Four of the eight isolates showed mild to moderate, and moderate to high, resistance against monensin and salinomycin, respectively. These findings indicate that several available compounds are effective at controlling coccidiosis in bobwhites.     

Higher incidence of Eimeria spp. field isolates sensitive for diclazuril and monensin associated with the use of live coccidiosis vaccination with paracox-5 in broiler farms

Twenty European Eimeria spp. field isolates were subjected to an anticoccidial sensitivity test (AST). The anticoccidial drugs tested were diclazuril (Clinacox) and monensin (Elancoban). The assay was performed in a battery cage trial. Infected medicated birds were compared with an unmedicated control group. Coccidial lesion scores and oocyst shedding were used as parameters. The results of the AST show that resistance is common amongst coccidiosis field isolates, especially Eimeria acervulina (68% and 53% resistance for diclazuril and monensin, respectively). Resistance is less frequent amongst Eimeria maxima (38% and 50% resistance for diclazuril and monensin, respectively) and Eimeria tenella isolates (23% and 38% resistance for diclazuril and monensin, respectively). A highly significant influence of the coccidiosis prevention program (live coccidiosis vaccination with Paracox-5 vs. anticoccidial drugs in feed) on the sensitivity patterns of Eimeria spp. field isolates for both diclazuril (P= 0.000) and monensin (P= 0.001) was found. Further, when looking at the single species and each anticoccidial drug level, significantly more sensitivity of E. acervulina for monensin (P= 0.018), E. maxima for diclazuril (P = 0.009), and E. tenella for diclazuril (P = 0.007) was found in isolates originating from vaccinated flocks. Moreover, for E. acervulina and diclazuril, E. maxima and monensin, and E. tenella and monensin a trend toward higher sensitivity of isolates for these products was found when live coccidiosis vaccination was applied. The present study shows that sensitivity for the anticoccidial drugs diclazuril and monensin is more frequent in Eimeria spp. field isolates originating from broiler farms where a coccidiosis vaccination policy is followed.     

巨型艾美耳球虫和柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株对8种抗球虫药的敏感试验

为检测巨型艾美耳球虫和柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株对常用抗球虫药的敏感性,选用地克珠利、氯苯胍、二硝托胺、癸氧喹酯、尼卡巴嗪、马杜米星、盐霉素和拉沙洛西等8种抗球虫药进行鸡体试验,通过抗球虫活性百分比（percent of optimum anticoccidial aetivity,POAA）、病变记分减少率（reduction of lesion scores,RLS）、相对卵囊产量（relative oocyst production,ROP）和抗球虫指数（anticoccidial index,ACI）4项指标进行综合评价。结果表明,巨型艾美耳球虫早熟株对8种药物敏感;柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株对盐霉素轻度敏感,对地克珠利、氯苯胍、二硝托胺、癸氧喹酯、尼卡巴嗪、马杜米星和拉沙洛西敏感。本研究结果可为对球虫早熟株疫苗的开发与应用提供实验依据。     

Response of 21 Canadian field isolates of chicken coccidia to commercial anticoccidial drugs

Coccidia were isolated from 30 broiler farms in major poultry-producing provinces of Canada; 21 mixed-species isolates were tested for sensitivity to anticoccidial drugs. Eimeria acervulina was identified in 20 samples, E. maxima in 15, and E. tenella in 10 of the mixed-species isolates. On the basis of weight gain after infection, 3 isolates were judged sensitive to amprolium, 5 to monensin, 9 to salinomycin, 14 to lasalocid, 19 to halofuginone, and 20 to nicarbazin. Similar trends in sensitivity/tolerance were identified from the percent reduction of intestinal lesion scores of medicated birds compared with scores of unmedicated, infected controls. These results were consistent with the previous pattern of use of anticoccidial drugs in commercial poultry in Canada.