浅析海洋管理理事会对海洋渔业的认证

世界渔业资源状况持续得不到有效改善,养护问题日益成为全球关注的热点之一。在此背景下,非政府组织通过对渔业认证,引导消费者的购买行为,以鼓励渔业的养护与可持续利用。作为一种非政府组织,海洋管理理事会自成立以来逐步形成了一套相对完善的认证体系。研究分析,近年来海洋管理理事会认证的渔业数量大幅度增加,已达近120个,未来还将继续增加;从数量上看,海洋管理理事会认证在发达国家认可度越来越高;但对已经衰退的渔业以及数据不充分的渔业、底拖网渔业等认证方面,海洋管理理事会仍需改善。对我国而言,国内渔业不可能申请海洋管理理事会认证,但其认证标准可为国内渔业管理提供参考。从事公海生产的远洋渔业企业,如我国金枪鱼公司,则可通过申请海洋管理理事会认证以进一步拓展和巩固发达国家市场。     

Governance in the Global Agro-food System: Backlighting the Role of Transnational Supermarket Chains

With the proliferation of private standards many significant decisions regarding public health risks, food safety, and environmental impacts are increasingly taking place in the backstage of the global agro-food system. Using an analytical framework grounded in political economy, we explain the rise of private standards and specific actors – notably supermarkets – in the restructuring of agro-food networks. We argue that the global, political-economic, capitalist transformation – globalization – is a transition from a Fordist regime to a regime of flexible accumulation (Harvey, 1989). We also argue that the standard making process of this new regulatory regime is increasingly moving from the front stage – where it is open to public debate and democratic decision-making bodies – to the backstage – where it is dominated by large supermarket procurement offices. We assert that transnational supermarket chains are increasingly controlling what food is grown where, how, and by whom. We also contend that the decision-making processes of transnational supermarket chains are typically “black-boxed.” The Euro-Retailer Produce Working Group (EUREP) is presented as a case of private governance by transnational supermarket chains. We conclude by examining the limitations and long-term efficacy of a system of private governance in the global agro-food system. Jason Konefal is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at Michigan State University. His interests include environmental sociology, food and agriculture, social movements, and science and technology studies. His dissertation research examines the political economic restructuring of the global agrifood system and the implications for social and environmental movements. Michael Mascarenhas is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at Michigan State University. His interests include political economy, the sociology of science and technology, environmental and rural sociology, and globalization and development. His current research involves a critical analysis of neoliberal water policy reform and indigenous inequalities. As of September 2005, Michael has taken a position in the Department of Sociology at Kwantlen University College in Surrey, British Columbia, Canada. Maki Hatanaka is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at Michigan State University. Her interests include food and agriculture, development, and gender. Much of her recent research focuses on standards and thirdparty certification and their social and environmental implications.     

跨国公司在华并购规制的成本收益分析

规制跨国公司在华并购既包括显性成本与直接收益,也包括隐性成本与间接收益,要达到跨国公司在华并购规制收益最大化目标,就必须健全规制制度、强化社会性规制、科学设计指标体系、完善国内与国际协调机制。     

股权集中度、债务约束与技术创新——基于战略性新兴产业上市公司的经验证据

基于对出口价值构成中行业增加值出口的形式、流向以及途径的区分，从价值链的视角改进了传统的显性比较优势指数，测算12个主要贸易大国1995~2011年制造业和服务业各行业的显性比较优势。结果表明：贸易格局的总体趋势表现为发达国家在巩固制造业高端环节优势的同时又将服务业特别是金融服务业、信息服务业以及商务网络等方面的优势渗透进来，建立起服务于全球的新体系，新兴市场国家则逐渐在不同要素密集度以及不同层次的制造业方面加紧布局。加强贸易与产业的结合，有助于我国通过增加值间接出口的方式参与国际竞争。     

非传统安全视角下的新疆跨国民族问题

伴随着全球化和经济一体化的发展,新疆及其周边地区以＂三股势力＂为代表的各类非传统安全问题成为近一二十年来威胁该区域安全稳定的主要因素,并对跨国民族问题产生多方面的影响和渗透。在实施跨越式发展和长治久安战略的新时期,从非传统安全的视角对跨国民族问题进行探讨,加强对相关问题的应对和治理,无疑对促进跨国民族的和平跨居具有一定的积极意义。     

Export agriculture,ecological disruption,and social inequity: Some effect of pesticides in Southern Honduras

Pesticides remain an integral part of development efforts to renew economic growth in Central America and lift the region out of a severe economic crisis. This paper analyzes the implications of the continued reliance on pesticides for heightening economic and ecological problems in the agrarian sector.Relying on a case study of export melon production in Choluteca, Honduras, the author argues that current development strategies, which rely heavily on pesticides, are generating ecological disruption that creates conditions biased against small producers. Lack of knowledge of the hazards inherent in the technology and the resulting emergence of pesticide resistant pests, crop losses, environmental contamination, and public health problems, pose serious obstacles to the survival of small-scale producers. Meanwhile transnational and other flexible, large scale operations often adapt to such conditions, and on occasion may even turn such problems to their benefit. The author concludes that economic growth may only be sustainable when questions of social equity and ecological viability are brought to the forefront of U.S. development strategies.     

论我国渔业协会与政府关系的演化路径

随着经济社会环境的变迁,我国渔业协会与政府关系的演化遵循着国家主义、国家法团主义、社会法团主义这一路径。在计划经济时代,渔业协会生存的空间狭窄,完全受政府掌控,为行政编制或事业单位编制,被整个纳入国家体制,基本上是作为政府的附属机构发挥作用,与政府的关系体现的是国家主义。在经济转型期,渔业协会获得了一定的自主性和较多的生存空间,承担了政府尝试让渡的一部分管理与服务职能,但仍处于受钳制型地位,政府不敢完全放开,仍然通过数量和种类的限制、领导人选择、代表性垄断等手段对渔业协会实施一定程度的强制性控制,两者的关系演化为国家法团主义。预期在成熟的市场经济阶段,渔业协会将获得相对独立型地位,承担的管理与服务职能进一步拓展与深化,与政府相互增权而不是对抗,但仍受到政府的非强制性控制,两者关系反映的是社会法团主义,而不是多元主义的镜像。     

我国远洋渔业高质量发展的思考

远洋渔业是战略性产业。我国远洋渔业起步较晚,经过30多年的发展,现在已经成为世界上主要的远洋渔业国家之一。进入新时代,我国远洋渔业发展面临着新形势和新任务,国家对推进远洋渔业高质量发展做出了总体安排,为此,本研究在总结和分析我国远洋渔业发展现状及其存在问题的基础上,分析了远洋渔业的产业特点,结合高质量发展的内涵,提出了我国远洋渔业高质量发展的概念及其产业要求,指出远洋渔业高质量发展要实现三大产业工程和建立三大保障体系,即现代化的远洋渔业捕捞船队、水产品质量控制与冷链系统工程、零废弃物的水产品综合利用工程,以及远洋渔业资源环境监测体系、远洋渔业生产与管理监控系统、全球远洋渔业治理研究中心。同时,从产业优化发展、科技持续创新、国际渔业治理、制度保障体系等四个方面提出了我国远洋渔业高质量发展建议与对策,研究结果对深入理解和促进我国远洋渔业高质量发展具有一定的指导作用。     

欧盟渔业法和共同渔业政策综述

欧盟渔业法包括基本法、次级渔业法和判例法。次级渔业法又分条例、决定和指令。欧盟共同渔业政策是涵盖资源利用与养护、结构政策与渔船管理、水产品共同市场、与第三国的渔业关系、渔业执法以及水产养殖等方面的所有规则和机制。虽然共同渔业政策在建设更紧密的欧洲、发展渔区经济、改善渔区人民的生活水平、促进水产品贸易标准化、保护消费者健康和环境、增强渔业行业的竞争力等方面发挥了积极的作用,但是在保护渔业资源方面却不是很成功。原因在于保护渔业资源不是渔业管理的唯一目标,共同渔业政策的设计者与决策者也要关注渔业行业的经济效益、水产品供给、就业和国家关系等问题。     

大数据环境下的微服务研究

自2012年起,大数据层出不穷,信息时代进入新的阶段即大数据时代。微时代伴随着大数据时代的到来而产生,与大数据伴随而至的还有微数据,微时代促使微服务的产生。笔者运用信息计量学的相关知识和方法,选取CNKI中有关微服务的文章1 200篇,从中提取关键词、年份、文献来源等字段,以ucinet为工具,对论文的时间分布、期刊分布、高频关键词等指标进行了分析,发现微服务在金融、图书馆学领域应用广泛,并不断向图书馆学领域推进。     

欧盟渔业法和共同渔业政策综述

欧盟渔业法包括基本法、次级渔业法和判例法。次级渔业法又分条例、决定和指令。欧盟共同渔业政策是涵盖资源利用与养护、结构政策与渔船管理、水产品共同市场、与第三国的渔业关系、渔业执法以及水产养殖等方面的所有规则和机制。虽然共同渔业政策在建设更紧密的欧洲、发展渔区经济、改善渔区人民的生活水平、促进水产品贸易标准化、保护消费者健康和环境、增强渔业行业的竞争力等方面发挥了积极的作用,但是在保护渔业资源方面却不是很成功。原因在于保护渔业资源不是渔业管理的唯一目标,共同渔业政策的设计者与决策者也要关注渔业行业的经济效益、水产品供给、就业和国家关系等问题。     

大数据时代下的高校图书馆信息咨询服务的探讨

大数据的到来,使图书馆信息环境从网络时代进入了大数据时代,图书馆的信息服务方式和手段也随之发生改变。本研究以本院信息咨询服务为例,探讨了在大数据时代图书馆如何开展信息咨询服务。     

中国新时代近海捕捞渔业资源养护政策研究

近年,近海捕捞资源呈衰退甚至枯竭之势,1978-2016年近海渔业资源整体恶化了1.57倍,“近海无鱼”成为社会焦点。研究了新时代加强近海捕捞渔业资源养护政策的紧迫性、现有政策及存在的问题、养护政策的方向与建议。结果表明：近海渔业资源持续衰退的主要原因是现有养护政策缺乏捕捞主体主动参与扩大增量、降低产量的激励相容机制;新时代从资源功能定位、实施重大工程、自然资源监管体制等为近海渔业资源养护政策指明了方向;未来养护政策应改革近海捕捞渔业产权制度（赋予排他权利、激励捕捞主体维护资源和防止外来者破坏的积极性）、推进渔民退捕工程（退捕者生态补偿、转产转业,非退捕者征收税费）、渔业资源自然保护区（改革资源保护监管体制,理顺三大关系）。该研究有利于改进现有养护政策和保护与恢复近海渔业资源,可为有关部门提供决策参考。     

Can catch shares prevent fisheries collapse?

Recent reports suggest that most of the world's commercial fisheries could collapse within decades. Although poor fisheries governance is often implicated, evaluation of solutions remains rare. Bioeconomic theory and case studies suggest that rights-based catch shares can provide individual incentives for sustainable harvest that is less prone to collapse. To test whether catch-share fishery reforms achieve these hypothetical benefits, we have compiled a global database of fisheries institutions and catch statistics in 11,135 fisheries from 1950 to 2003. Implementation of catch shares halts, and even reverses, the global trend toward widespread collapse. Institutional change has the potential for greatly altering the future of global fisheries.     

美国地区渔业管理委员会的决策机制探究

随着200海里渔业管辖权的主张得到了第三世界国家的广泛支持,迫于世界形势的发展,1976年美国宣布建立200海里渔业保护区,因渔业管理所需,遂在其沿海3~200海里内建立了8个地区渔业管理委员会。地区渔业管理委员会属于半官方机构,其成员主要是在渔业保护和管理、商业性或娱乐性捕捞方面具有丰富科学知识和实践的个人。该机构的建立,使得美国的渔业管理由政府管理为主的管理模式转向由政府和渔业利益相关者团体共同协商、共同参与的管理模式。本文对地区渔业管理委员会建立的历史背景、职能、组织和决策程序进行分析,并对其渔业决策方式进行探讨,最后根据我国实际情况进行讨论,提出我国应从建立科学规范的渔业决策程序、健全渔业决策科学支撑机制、建立保障公众参与渔业决策的途径这几个方面切实改进我国渔业管理决策机制。     

A forest of evidence: third-party certification and multiple forms of proof—a case study of oil palm plantations in Indonesia

In recent years, new forms of transnational regulation have emerged, filling the void created by the failure of governments and international institutions to effectively regulate transnational corporations. Among the variety of initiatives addressing social and environmental problems, a growing number of certification systems have appeared in various sectors, particularly agrifood. Most initiatives rely on independent third-party certification to verify compliance with a standard, as it is seen as the most credible route for certification. The effects of third-party audits, however, still need to be empirically investigated. This article provides a critical assessment of the notion of ‘evidence’ which is at the heart of auditing practices. It focuses on the case of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and fieldwork carried out in Indonesia, the world’s largest producer of palm oil. In this country, some non-governmental organizations decided to participate in the RSPO in order to use this platform to tackle the issue of land conflicts. They managed to include important clauses regarding indigenous and land rights in the RSPO standard. In practice, however, auditors rarely recognize as valid evidence the forms of proof put forward by local communities. As a result, the whole process risks compounding local power imbalances.     

Not in my port: The “death ship” of sheep and crimes of agri-food globalization

We examine crime that emerges from the global restructuring of agriculture and food systems by employing the case of the Australian “Ship of Death,” whereby nearly 58,000 sheep were stranded at sea for almost 3 months in 2003, violating the Western Australia Animal Welfare Act of 2002. This case demonstrates that the acceleration of transnational trade networks, in the context of agri-food globalization, victimizes animals and constitutes a crime. Herein, we examine this case in depth and show how economic restructuring, driven by a “logic of capital” orientation, can exert pressure on the state causing it to fail to enforce its own regulations and in this way engage in criminal actions. Wynne Wright is an Assistant Professor at Michigan State University specializing in agri-food systems and political sociology. Her current interests lie in social change in the agri-food system and it's influence farm families and rural community culture. Stephen Muzzatti is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Ryerson University in Toronto, Canada specializing in critical theory, crime, and the mass media. He is Vice-Chair of the American Society of Criminology’s Division on Critical Criminology.     

改革开放40年来中国渔业产业发展及十四五产量预测

改革开放以来,中国渔业发展取得了巨大成就,在世界粮食安全、社会经济发展等领域做出了重要贡献。认真总结改革开放40年以来取得的成绩,客观分析其产业发展与结构演变过程,预测未来发展趋势,是新时代渔业发展的重要研究课题。本研究根据1978-2017年我国渔业生产统计数据,利用灰色关联对中国渔业发展的不同阶段进行产业结构分析,并建立与比较灰色预测模型GM(1,1),对十四五中国渔业产量进行预测。研究认为,40年来渔业发展可分为五个阶段,即恢复发展期(1978-1984年)、快速发展期(1985-1994年)、扩量发展期(1995-2005年)、稳步发展期(2006-2011年)和转型发展期(2012年以来),每个阶段都有各自发展特点,不同渔业产业对渔业发展都发挥了重要作用。灰色预测模型认为,十四五期间中国渔业总产量稳定在6600-7100万吨,其中近海捕捞在1000-1080万吨,海水养殖为2120-2370万吨,淡水养殖为3040-3260万吨。研究认为,十四五期间中国渔业要坚持生态与渔业协调的发展理念,确立广大渔民的主体地位,制定与发展阶段相匹配的发展政策,建立与产业现状相适应的管理制度,开发与行业需求相适应的新兴技术,为世界渔业发展和生态文明建设做出贡献。     

美国农业经济学研究特点及对我国的启示

运用比较分析法,以美国农业经济学为案例,系统阐述了美国农学院教育体系与农业经济学科教育体系的内容与特点,从而反映出我国农业教育体系的缺陷与不足,为我国建设开放式教育奠定基础,并提供了现实的借鉴意义.