Effects of soil redistribution by tillage on subsequent transport of pesticide to subsurface drains

BACKGROUND

Tillage operations will change the distribution in soil for any pesticide residues still present from earlier applications. This redistributive effect of tillage has been neglected in the study of pesticide leaching behavior. This study reviews the literature to characterize this redistributive effect for different tillage operations and uses a pesticide leaching model to investigate the impact of redistribution on pesticide transport to subsurface drains which is a significant input route to surface water bodies.

RESULTS

Inversion ploughing moves the majority of any residues of pesticide present at or near the soil surface into the bottom two-thirds of the plough layer, whereas non-inversion ploughing has only a limited redistributive effect. Incorporating this redistributive effect into model simulations resulted in large changes (typically 5–10-fold difference) in both the maximum concentration and total mass of pesticide transported to drains over the winter following cultivation. More intense cultivation decreased subsequent leaching for relatively mobile compounds (Koc ≤1000 mL g⁻¹), but increased it for strongly sorbed pesticides (Koc ≥2000 mL g⁻¹).

CONCLUSION

The redistributive effect of soil tillage on pesticide residues can have a large effect on subsequent transport to subsurface drains. This effect has been neglected in the literature. Field research is required to validate the model simulations presented here, and consideration should be given as to whether the effect needs to be included within risk assessment procedures. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

The effect of root-absorbed PSII inhibitors on Kautsky curve parameters in sugar beet

The effects of the photosystem II inhibitors metamitron and terbuthylazine on the shape of the Kautsky (chlorophyll fluorescence induction) curve were investigated in sugar beet grown in hydroponic culture. The objective of the study was to trace recovery processes following herbicide injury using Kautsky curve parameters. Metamitron is used for selective weed control in sugar beet because it is metabolized in this crop. In contrast, terbuthylazine is toxic to sugar beet. Two hours after treatment, various fluorescence induction curve parameters, such as maximum quantum efficiency (F_V/F_m), the relative changes at the J step (F_vj) and area (the area between the Kautsky curve and maximum fluorescence, F_m), were affected by metamitron at concentration ranges of 70–280 mg active ingredient (a.i.) L^?1 in plants treated at the four‐true‐leaf stage. Shortly after herbicide application, F_v/F_m was more affected by the hydrophilic metamitron [log(K_ow) = 0.83] than by the lipophilic terbuthylazine [log(K_ow) = 3.21], but these differences between compounds were alleviated as metamitron was metabolized and terbuthylazine was not. Terbuthylazine at 1 mg a.i. L^?1 affected sugar beet at the four‐ and six‐true‐leaf stages to the same extent, whereas metamitron at a dose of 140 mg a.i. L^?1 affected much more at four‐ than at the six‐true‐leaf stage. Sugar beet recovered from metamitron injury even at high doses (140 and 280 mg a.i. L^?1). Fluorescence induction curve parameters were similarly affected by terbuthylazine and, although sugar beet recovered from terbuthylazine injury at low doses (<0.2 mg a.i. L^?1), the Kautsky curve was irreversibly affected at higher doses (1–10 mg a.i. L^?1), leading finally to plant death. Older plants were affected later, and recovered sooner, from both herbicides.     

Dissipation and movement of flumioxazin in soil at four field sites in Chile

BACKGROUND: Flumioxazin is a soil-applied herbicide recommended for broadleaf weed control in soybeans and peanuts, and was recently introduced for vineyard weed management. Considering the limited information available in relation to flumioxazin field soil behaviour, the main objectives of this study were to determine the persistence, adsorption and movement of flumioxazin in soil in four Chilean vineyard production areas. RESULTS: DT(50) values ranged from 10.6 +/- 1.0 to 32.1 +/- 3.1 days between localities, being correlated with rain events, time between herbicide application and first heavy rain event, and soil pH. Flumioxazin soil residue found at 90 days after application (DAA) varied from 9.6 to 24.9% of the initial amount applied, and depended on the total rainfall amount that occurred during the first 90 DAA. Herbicide leaching below 15 cm was approximately 45% of the flumioxazin detected at 90 DAA in the whole soil profile. Flumioxazin maximum leaching soil depth was 45 cm at all locations. K(d) values varied from 2.54 to 6.51 mg L(-1), depending on localities and soil profile depth, and correlated positively with organic carbon and clay content. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that flumioxazin is a herbicide with low environmental risk owing to its short DT(50), reduced soil residues 3 months after application and low effective dose.     

Effect of pesticide fate parameters and their uncertainty on the selection of 'worst-case' scenarios of pesticide leaching to groundwater

BACKGROUND: For the registration of pesticides in the European Union, model simulations for worst‐case scenarios are used to demonstrate that leaching concentrations to groundwater do not exceed a critical threshold. A worst‐case scenario is a combination of soil and climate properties for which predicted leaching concentrations are higher than a certain percentile of the spatial concentration distribution within a region. The derivation of scenarios is complicated by uncertainty about soil and pesticide fate parameters. As the ranking of climate and soil property combinations according to predicted leaching concentrations is different for different pesticides, the worst‐case scenario for one pesticide may misrepresent the worst case for another pesticide, which leads to ‘scenario uncertainty’. RESULTS: Pesticide fate parameter uncertainty led to higher concentrations in the higher percentiles of spatial concentration distributions, especially for distributions in smaller and more homogeneous regions. The effect of pesticide fate parameter uncertainty on the spatial concentration distribution was small when compared with the uncertainty of local concentration predictions and with the scenario uncertainty. CONCLUSION: Uncertainty in pesticide fate parameters and scenario uncertainty can be accounted for using higher percentiles of spatial concentration distributions and considering a range of pesticides for the scenario selection. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同外源添加物质对土壤磷素淋溶和迁移特征的影响

采用室内模拟淋溶土柱的方法,研究四种外源添加物质(土壤调理剂、砒砂岩、秸秆、生物炭)对土壤磷素淋溶和迁移特征的影响。结果表明:(1)不同外源添加物质均增加了淋溶液中总磷(TP)的累积量,淋溶浓度介于0.05~2.86 mg·L~(-1),其中生物炭和秸秆的效果显著;(2)添加生物炭的土柱淋溶液中总可溶性磷(TDP)的变化趋势与TP相似,整体上先升高后降低;添加秸秆减少了土柱淋溶液中可溶性反应磷(DRP)在TDP中所占的比例。(3)添加秸秆减少了土柱中速效磷(Olsen-P)含量,而添加生物炭的处理,随着添加比例的增大,分别比对照增加141%、290%、382%;(4)添加秸秆的各土层中土壤可溶性磷(CaCl_2-P)含量无明显差异,在其它处理中,呈现先减小后增大的趋势。添加生物炭的各土层中CaCl_2-P含量变化幅度大。综上,生物炭显著地增大了土壤中磷素的淋溶和迁移能力,秸秆可减少淋溶液中DRP的含量,阻止土壤中CaCl_2-P向下层迁移。     

Influence of dispersion length on leaching calculated with PEARL, PELMO and PRZM for FOCUS groundwater scenarios

Harmonisation of the assessment of pesticide leaching to groundwater for EU registration is desirable to minimise confusion in the decision-making process at EU level. Recently, the FOCUS groundwater scenarios have been developed for three chromatographic models (PEARL, PELMO and PRZM) to increase this harmonisation. This study investigates the role of dispersion parameterisation in explaining the cause of the differences in pesticide leaching calculated by these models. PEARL describes dispersion via a physical parameter, ie the dispersion length. PELMO and PRZM simulate dispersion via a numerical procedure which generates an effective dispersion length equal to 0.5 times the thickness of the numerical compartments. The hypothesis was tested that the difference in the dispersion length input parameter (ie 5 cm for PEARL and about 2.5 cm for PELMO and PRZM) is a major cause of the difference in calculated leaching. It was tested whether results of PEARL calculations with a dispersion length of 2.5 cm corresponded much better to results of PELMO or PRZM than results of PEARL calculations with a dispersion length of 5 cm. This was done by calculations for one substance and all nine FOCUS scenarios and by calculations for a range of substances and two FOCUS scenarios (Chateaudun and Sevilla). All calculations were for winter wheat and an application at 1 day before emergence. Both tests showed that reduction of the dispersion length from 5 to 2.5 cm in PEARL led to a much better correspondence between PEARL and either PELMO or PRZM. Hence the hypothesis was supported. It is likely that harmonisation of the dispersion length in the FOCUS groundwater scenarios would reduce the differences in calculated leaching between PEARL and PELMO or PRZM considerably for part of these scenarios.     

Influence of topsoil tilth and soil moisture status on losses of pesticide to drains from a heavy clay soil

Twelve lysimeters with a surface area of 0.5 m² and a length of 60 cm were taken over mole drains from a Denchworth heavy clay soil and divided into two groups with either a standard agricultural tilth or a finer topsoil tilth. The influence of topsoil tilth on leaching of the herbicide isoproturon and a bromide tracer was evaluated over a winter season. The effect of variations in soil moisture status in the immediate topsoil on leaching of isoproturon, chlorotoluron and linuron was investigated in the following winter season. Here, water inputs were controlled such that lysimeters received 50 mm at a maximum intensity of 2 mm h^?1 over a 4‐week period with herbicides applied on day 15. Three treatments received the water either all prior to application, all after application, or evenly spread over the 4‐week period. Leaching losses of the three herbicides were monitored for a subsequent drainage event. Analysis of covariance showed a significant effect of topsoil tilth and total flow on both the maximum concentrations (P = 0.034) and total losses (P = 0.012) of isoproturon in drainflow. Both concentrations and losses were c 35% smaller from lysimeters with the finer tilth. However, generation of the fine tilth in the field was restricted by a wet autumn and this is not considered a reliable management option for reducing pesticide losses from heavy clay soils. In the second experiment, variation in soil moisture content prior to and after application did not have any significant effect (P < 0.05) upon subsequent losses of the three herbicides to drains. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Differentiating between physical and chemical constraints on pesticide and water movement into and out of soil aggregates

A laboratory experiment comparing the movement of ³H₂O and [¹⁴C]isoproturon into and release from soil aggregates is described. Small aggregates (2.0–2.4 mm) were prepared from a clay topsoil and maintained at three different initial moisture conditions. A small volume of the radioisotope solution was introduced prior to bathing the aggregates in a 2 mM CaCl₂ solution to represent new rainwater. Whilst the ³H₂O was imbibed by the air-dry aggregates, the pesticide did not follow the water but remained on the surface of the aggregates. This may be related to its sorptive properties and an excess of sorption sites on the sorbent with respect to the sorbate. Increasing the length of exposure of the moist aggregates to [¹⁴C]isoproturon reduced the initial release of the compound into the bathing solution, probably due to diffusion (retarded by sorption) into the aggregates. The diffusion model described by Crank and a non-equilibrium desorption model were used to analyse the ³H₂O and [¹⁴C]isoproturon release curves. This showed that the release of ³H₂O from the dry aggregates was controlled by diffusion. The release of isoproturon was probably controlled by non-equilibrium sorption/desorption from air-dry aggregates and by a combination of non-equilibrium sorption/desorption and diffusion from wet aggregates. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

干旱区膜下滴灌配合暗管与竖井排水对棉田土壤盐分的影响

为研究干旱区棉田在滴灌淋洗配合协同排水下的土壤盐平衡变化规律及微生物群落丰度特征,在新疆典型干旱盐碱区（141团）进行野外排水试验,试验设置暗管与竖井双因素协同排水,X轴方向五水平（距离竖井0、15、30、45 m和60 m,记为T1、T2、T3、T4和T5）,Y轴方向三水平（距离暗管0、5 m和7.5 m,记为P1、P2和P3）,分析土壤电导率与地下水位、土壤微生物之间的关系。结果表明,进行淋洗试验后,0~700 cm土层土壤电导率整体降低,200~400 cm土层脱盐最明显,最低达到0.9254 dS·m^-1,全生育期平均脱盐率为70%,在距离暗管5 m、距离竖井45 m处的土壤脱盐效果最佳。此外,全生育期地下水埋深呈现先减小后增大的趋势,下降最大幅度达到2 m,且地下水位对土壤盐分的影响具有滞后性,土壤中微生物Chao1指数、多样性指数和丰富度指数均随土壤电导率降低而上升。研究表明,滴灌淋洗配合暗管与竖井排水有利于降低土壤深层盐分、控制地下水位、提升土壤微生物群落多样性,有利于推进干旱区盐渍化农田改良及恢复废弃耕地。     

不同灌水量对阿拉尔垦区棉田土壤硝态氮淋失量的影响

以阿拉尔垦区棉田为试验地点,在棉花全生育期分别设8 100、6 600、5 100、3 600 m3/hm2 4个灌水水平,5次灌水,测定棉田0～100 cm土壤NO3--N含量变化和灌水后105 cm处渗漏液NO3--N浓度.结果表明,灌水对硝态氮淋失有明显的影响,在4～9月整个种植周期内,土壤浅层硝态氮浓度都呈下降趋势,深层硝态氮浓度缓慢上升;灌水量越大,深层土壤硝态氮浓度越高.在种植期间渗漏水硝态氮浓度变化趋势为:NO3--N基本上呈现低-高-低的变化趋势,且变化幅度较大;NO3--N淋失量为2.18～21.23 kg/hm2,与灌水量呈对数相关.     

保护地低压节点渗灌水肥处理对番茄灌水量、产量和品质的影响

在保护地低压节点渗灌条件下,采用2因素3水平完全组合设计,研究了灌水上限和施肥量的耦合效应对番茄灌水量、产量和品质的影响。研究表明:提高灌水上限,可减少水分的无效损耗,进而影响番茄的水分利用效率;施肥量对番茄产量影响最大,灌溉上限与施肥的交互作用次之,灌溉上限的影响最小;同一施肥水平下,大量灌水引起番茄Vc、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比降低;不同施肥水平仅对番茄糖酸比影响达极显著。综合考虑节水、增产和品质等多种因素,以肥料纯N 75.0 kg/hm2、纯K2O 75.0 kg/hm2处理,灌溉上限和灌溉下限土壤水吸力分别为15.8 kPa和30.0 kPa,番茄产量最高,品质较佳。     

不同覆膜方式对陇东旱塬玉米田土壤温度的影响

在海拔1 700 m以下的陇东旱塬选择年降雨量和年平均积温相近的3个试验点,以玉米为栽培作物,进行秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培、春季顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培、播前全膜双垄沟播栽培、半膜平铺和不覆膜5种栽培模式试验,分别测定地表5 cm、10 cm、15 cm、20 cm的土层地温,以探索全膜双垄沟播栽培技术对土壤地温的影响。结果表明,在玉米生长的每一个生育期,不同的土壤深度的地温和有效积温均是A.秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培>B.春季顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培>C.播前全膜双垄沟播栽培>D.半膜平铺>E.不覆膜。并且在海拔1 700 m以下区域,秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培、春季顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培、播前全膜双垄沟播栽培、半膜平铺的有效积温均能满足玉米正常生长所需的积温。不覆膜的有效积温不能满足玉米正常生长所需的积温。