三七超窄行气吸式精密排种器设计与试验

三七播种行株距均为50 mm左右,属于密集型精密播种。为实现三七超窄行精密播种,设计一种超窄行气吸式精密排种器。通过理论计算与数值模拟,确定主要结构参数;以云南文山三七种子为播种对象,基于EDEM离散元软件,对水滴形窝眼孔加工倾角影响充种性能进行仿真模拟试验,得出较佳加工倾角为50°;以吸孔负压、排种轮转速和种层高度为影响因素,以合格指数、重播指数、漏播指数和各行排量一致性变异系数为试验指标,进行三因素二次回归正交旋转组合试验。试验结果表明:影响合格指数的主次顺序为吸孔负压、排种轮转速、种层高度;当种层高度为50 mm、排种轮转速为34～48 r/min、吸孔负压为560～660 Pa时,合格指数大于93. 0%,重播指数小于3. 5%,漏播指数小于3. 5%,各行排量一致性变异系数小于3. 0%,满足三七播种要求。     

弹性气吸嘴式玉米滚轮排种器排种性能参数优化与试验

针对西北旱区玉米铺膜种植特点,为提高气吸式玉米滚轮播种器的排种性能,利用弹性橡胶对气吸式排种器的吸种盘进行了结构改进。对吸种盘吸种过程进行受力分析,得到影响吸种能力的3个因素:吸种盘转速、气吸室负压、吸种盘上吸种垫吸孔直径。基于自制的弹性气吸嘴式玉米滚轮排种器试验台,根据响应曲面法的Central Composite Design试验设计原理,以播种机吸种盘转速、气吸室负压、吸种盘上吸种垫吸孔直径为因素,以单粒合格指数为主要评价指标,兼顾重播指数和漏播指数,对台架试验结果进行多元回归拟合和方差分析。结果表明,单粒合格指数、重播指数的2个回归模型可靠;气吸室负压对单粒合格指数影响极显著,气吸室负压和吸种盘上的吸种垫吸孔直径对重播指数影响极显著。由参数优化结果可知:当播种机吸种盘转速20 r/min、气吸室负压5 k Pa、吸种盘上的吸种垫吸孔直径4 mm时,单粒合格指数为95. 54%,漏播指数为0. 50%,重播指数为3. 96%。在同等条件下田间试验得到的单粒合格指数为96. 3%、漏播指数为1. 3%、重播指数为2. 4%,优化达到预期的效果。     

气吸滚筒式棉花精密排种器流场分析

为分析气吸滚筒式精密排种器充种性能的影响因素和负压腔流场分布规律,建立了充种过程种子在气流场中的力学模型,利用Gambit软件建立滚筒负压腔仿真简化模型,运用Fluent软件对影响充种性能的吸孔形状、吸孔直径及滚筒负压腔流场分布进行了数值模拟。采用正交试验的方法设计试验方案,研究滚筒转速、吸孔直径及气室负压对排种性能指标的影响,结果表明:滚筒转速为12r/min、吸孔直径为3.5mm、气室负压为4.8k Pa时,排种效果最佳,合格指数为9 3%,漏播指数为2%,重播指数为5%,满足棉花种植农艺要求。     

气吸滚筒式棉花精密排种器流场数值模拟与试验

针对气吸式精密排种器充种、携种阶段存在充种精度不高的问题,从提高排种器充种性能和精度出发,以气吸滚筒式精密排种器为研究对象,建立流场模型,利用Fluent软件对影响充种性能的滚筒负压腔负压与吸孔直径进行数值模拟,探究不同影响因素对排种器内部压力场与速度场变化规律的影响。通过试验对仿真进行验证,并以滚筒转速、吸孔直径、负压为影响因素,对排种器合格指数、漏播指数和重播指数进行试验研究,结果表明:在滚筒转速15.38r/min、吸孔直径3.59mm、负压5.04kPa时,排种器的排种合格指数为93.3%,漏播指数为2.58%,重播指数为4.25%,排种效果最好。     

气吸垂直圆盘式水稻精量排种器设计与试验

为满足水稻大田精量直播机械化需求,设计了一种气吸式垂直圆盘排种器。阐述了该排种器的工作原理,根据农艺要求和实际试验确定了其吸种孔的布置方式,通过理论计算确定了其主要结构及工作参数。开展了吸孔直径、排种盘转速和吸种负压对排种性能影响的试验研究,结果表明:影响排种性能的主次因素依次为气室真空度、排种盘转速、气室真空度与排种盘转速的交互项;最优工作参数组合为吸种孔直径1.4 mm、转速40 r/min、气室真空度1.8 kPa,在此条件下排种合格指数为82.91、重播指数为11.56、漏播指数为5.53,满足水稻的精密播种要求。      

内充气力式棉花高速精量排种器设计与试验

针对现有气力式棉花排种器高速作业下充种性能不佳、排种精度低的问题,结合内充种式排种器结构特点,设计了一种内充气力式棉花高速精量排种器,该排种器利用内充与气流吸附方式进行双重充种,经清种装置作用后,采用二次投种方式完成排种过程。构建了种子充填与吸附力学模型,确定了关键部件主要结构参数,并对影响排种器工作性能的主要因素进行了试验研究。以清种距离为影响因子进行了单因素试验,基于最优清种效果,采用三因素三水平Box-Behnken中心组合设计试验分析吸孔直径、前进速度与负压对排种性能的影响规律,获得了最佳工作参数组合,并进行了高速条件下排种性能对比试验。结果表明：清种距离为2.0 mm时,排种器清种效果最优;影响排种合格指数与漏播指数的主次因素分别为负压、前进速度、吸孔直径;最佳参数组合为吸孔直径2.9 mm、前进速度8.4 km/h、负压1150 Pa。经台架试验验证,其性能指标为合格指数均值96.48%、重播指数均值2.41%、漏播指数均值1.11%;在作业速度8~12 km/h范围内,内充气力式排种器排种合格指数均大于91%、漏播指数小于7%,且排种效果优于垂直圆盘气吸式排种器,满足棉花精量直播农艺要求。     

气吸滚筒阵列式棉花精密排种器设计与试验

针对气吸式棉花精密排种器输气管路结构复杂、能耗大以及排种单体只能实现单行播种等问题,采用阵列吸孔吸种、侧向气吹清种等方式,设计了一种气吸滚筒阵列式棉花精密排种器,确定了该排种器关键零部件的结构参数,建立了充种过程的力学模型。以棉花种子为播种对象,以滚筒转速、吸孔直径、气室负压为影响因子,以合格指数、漏播指数和重播指数为排种性能指标,进行二次旋转正交组合试验,建立各影响因子与排种性能指标之间的回归模型,分析了各因子对排种性能的影响规律。采用多目标优化方法,确定最佳参数组合:滚筒转速为15.5 r/min,吸孔直径为3.5 mm,气室负压为4.2 k Pa,此时排种器的合格指数为93.5%、漏播指数为2.0%、重播指数为4.5%。经试验验证,试验结果与优化结果基本一致,满足棉花精密播种的要求。在此基础上进行了排种适应性试验,试验对象为几何特性存在一定差异的新陆早48号、新陆早52号、新陆早60号3种棉花种子,结果表明:合格指数均大于92%,漏播指数均小于3%,重播指数均小于5%,说明该排种器对不同品种的棉花种子具有一定的排种适应性。     

气吸滚筒式棉花精密排种器的设计与试验

针对气吸滚筒式排种器能耗大、吸孔易堵塞等问题,采用气流清种、隔压板隔开气室减小负压气室空间及滚轮式清堵装置对吸孔进行清理等方式,设计了一种基于气流吸种的滚筒式精密排种器,对其工作原理与主要部件结构参数进行了介绍,并进行了相关台架试验。试验以滚筒转速、吸孔直径、负压大小为影响因子,进行正交试验,并通过极差分析与方差分析确定了影响排种性能的主次因素与最佳参数组合。试验验证表明:滚筒转速10 r/min、负压-4.5kPa、吸孔直径3.5mm时、合格率为93.2%,漏播率为2.1%,重播率为4.7%,排种性能最好,满足棉花精密播种的种植要求。     

气吸式藜麦穴播精量排种器设计及试验性能

针对气吸式排种器进行藜麦播种过程中,排种盘对种子吸附性能不稳定、株距合格率低、播种性能较差的问题,通过优化排种盘、种子室结构及作业参数,以提高藜麦排种器作业性能。以真空度、排种盘转速及吸种片上吸孔数量为试验因素,穴粒数合格指数、穴距合格指数、空穴率及穴距变异系数为试验指标进行单因素试验,结果表明：真空度范围为0.8～1.2kPa、排种盘转速范围为10～15r/min、吸种片上的吸孔数量为3～5时,排种效果较好。结合单因素试验结果,进行三因素三水平正交试验,结果表明：影响穴距合格指数的非常显著因素为吸种片上吸孔数量,显著因素为排种盘转速;当真空度为-1.2kPa、排种盘转速为15r/min、吸种片上的吸孔数量为4时,排种性能最优,穴粒数合格指数、穴距合格指数、空穴指数及穴距变异系数分别为97.3%、91.3%、0.33%、6.3,均满足行业标准及农艺要求。     

负压式谷子穴播排种器设计及正交试验研究

谷子的机械条播方式不仅浪费种子,且需要人工间苗,用工成本高。为解决此难题,设计了一种负压式谷子穴播排种器,排种盘的吸种孔采用组孔的结构形式。通过JPS-12排种器综合试验台对谷子排种器进行了正交实验,采用三因素三水平试验方案,运用极差分析和方差分析得出了排种盘吸种孔径、排种器转速和气室负压值对穴粒数合格指数、穴距合格指数、空穴指数及穴距变异系数的影响显著水平。确定了各因素最优组合:吸种孔径2.0mm、气室负压值-0.8k Pa、排种器转速30r/min。优化定型后排种器的综合试验性能指标分别为:穴粒数合格指数86.67%,穴距合格指数89.33%,空穴指数1.33%,穴距变异系数13.74%,符合谷子精量穴播及农艺要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。