琼胶制造中石花菜预处理的研究

一、前言石花菜的预处理方法,对琼胶的颜色、凝胶强度、出胶难易和出胶率均有很大影响。我们用机械去杂质、连二亚硫酸钠、过氧化氢和次氯酸钠等几种预处理方法,且加以对比。同时也和以前进行过的酸预处理方法作了比较。证明用次氯酸钠加酸对石花菜进行预处理的方法最为理想。实验中我们注意到用不同预处理方法,所得胶浆的pH值分别稳定在5.6、6.0和6.6,对此,我们作了分析探讨。     

夹竹桃水浸液与化学试剂对沼蛤防控技术比较

化学试剂灭杀沼蛤(Limnopernafortunei)容易对水质产生二次污染,物理防控方法操作困难,利用植物的化感作用防控沼蛤效果好、生物毒性低、不会对水质造成二次污染。基于预实验筛选出对沼蛤具有化感作用的植物—夹竹桃(Nerium indicum),比较夹竹桃水浸液与化学试剂的防治效果,为沼蛤的防控技术提供理论依据。比较了5种常用试剂草甘膦、丹宁酸、高锰酸钾、次氯酸钠和氯胺对沼蛤的防治效果,观察沼蛤的死亡率、开壳率、粘附率和移动距离,筛选出防治效果较好的化学试剂,然后与前期筛选出夹竹桃水浸液进行沼蛤防治效果比较实验,确定他感植物对淡水壳菜的灭杀能力。结果表明,通过不同化学试剂防治效果比较实验,初步筛选出3种对沼蛤灭杀效果较好的次氯酸钠、高锰酸钾和氯胺,其沼蛤最高死亡率均大于50%,开壳率均在30%以下,而粘附率在50%以下且沼蛤基本未移动;通过夹竹桃水浸液与化学试剂的防治效果比较,次氯酸钠、高锰酸钾、氯胺和夹竹桃水浸液均具有较好的防控效果,其最佳投放浓度分别11mg/L、4mg/L、4mg/L和4mg/L,半致死时间分别为111h、109h、122h和82h。     

超声波辅助过氧化氢法降解坛紫菜多糖及其抗氧化活性的研究

该试验比较了超声波法、过氧化氢法、超声波辅助过氧化氢法降解坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)多糖的效果,最后以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率为指标,通过单因素和正交试验优化了超声波辅助过氧化氢法降解坛紫菜多糖的工艺。对比了降解前后多糖的抗氧化活性,并分析了其与分子量、结构特征及理化性质等的相关性。结果表明,在过氧化氢体积分数10%、温度65℃、超声波辅助2.5 h条件下,该多糖降解前后DPPH自由基清除率的半抑制浓度(Half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC50)由9.37 mg·mL^-1降为1.71 mg·mL^-1;凝胶渗透色谱结果显示分子量由大于670 kD降为235835 D;傅里叶红外光谱表明多糖特征吸收峰依旧存在;高效液相色谱分析发现单糖组成大致相同,糖醛酸质量分数有所降低;理化性质显示硫酸基质量分数增高,3,6-内醚半乳糖质量分数明显降低。因而超声波辅助过氧化氢法可较好地降解坛紫菜多糖,并可改善理化性质及结构特征进而增强抗氧化活性,为低分子量多糖的制备及构效关系分析提供依据。     

输水工程中沼蛤入侵的植物他感防治技术研究

从植物化感作用防治沼蛤（Limnoperna fortunei）的角度，基于前期的预实验筛选出对沼蛤具有化感作用的植物—夹竹桃(Nerium indicum)，化学试剂灭杀沼蛤容易对水质产生二次污染，物理防控方法操作困难，利用植物的化感作用防控沼蛤效果好、生物毒性低、不会对水质造成二次污染等优点，通过比较夹竹桃水浸液与化学试剂的防治效果，为沼蛤的防控技术提供理论依据。通过先比较5种常用试剂草甘膦、丹宁酸、高锰酸钾、次氯酸钠和氯胺对沼蛤的防治效果，观察沼蛤的死亡率、开壳率、粘附率和移动距离，筛选出防治效果较好的化学试剂，然后与前期筛选出夹竹桃水浸液进行沼蛤防治效果比较实验，确定他感植物对淡水壳菜的灭杀能力。结果表明，通过不同化学试剂防治效果比较实验，初步筛选出3种对沼蛤灭杀效果较好的次氯酸钠、高锰酸钾和氯胺，其沼蛤最高死亡率均大于50%，开壳率均在30%以下，而粘附率在50%以下且沼蛤基本未移动；通过夹竹桃水浸液与化学试剂的防治效果比较，次氯酸钠、高锰酸钾、氯胺和夹竹桃水浸液均具有较好的防控效果，其最佳投放浓度分别11 mg/L、4 mg/L、4 mg/L、4 mg/L，半致死时间分别为111 h、109 h、122 h、82 h。     

高锰酸钾氧化池塘藻毒素的研究

研究了高锰酸钾KMnO4对池塘微囊藻毒素(MC-LR)的去除效果,探讨反应影响因素(高锰酸钾质量浓度、温度、pH值、反应时间)对去除率的影响.结果表明,高锰酸钾能有效地去除水中的微囊藻毒素.高锰酸钾对MC-LR的去除率与高锰酸钾投加的质量浓度、温度、反应时间成正相关,其中高锰酸钾质量浓度对去除率的影响最大;其次为温度和pH,当温度为35℃时,去除率可达96.65%,当pH为3时,去除率也达到了95.1%;反应时间对去除率的影响不太显著.正交试验的结果也进一步证明了这一点.     

高锰酸钾氧化池塘藻毒素的研究

研究了高锰酸钾KMnO4 对池塘微囊藻毒素(MC - LR) 的去除效果, 探讨反应影响因素(高锰酸钾质量浓度、温度、pH 值、反应时间)对去除率的影响。结果表明, 高锰酸钾能有效地去除水中的微囊藻毒素。高锰酸钾对MC- LR的去除率与高锰酸钾投加的质量浓度、温度、反应时间成正相关, 其中高锰酸钾质量浓度对去除率的影响最大; 其次为温度和pH, 当温度为35e 时, 去除率可达96. 65%, 当pH 为3时, 去除率也达到了95. 1%; 反应时间对去除率的影响不太显著。正交试验的结果也进一步证明了这一点。     

3种药物对双叉薮枝虫水母成活率的影响

为研究高锰酸钾、硫酸铜和次氯酸钠对双叉薮枝虫水母的抑制杀灭效果,在水温(28.8±0.7)℃、盐度为(7.4±0.7)的条件下,分别进行了不同浓度高锰酸钾、硫酸铜和次氯酸钠对双叉薮枝虫水母作用3 h和24 h后致死试验。结果显示:当高锰酸钾浓度为2.0 mg/L时,3 h后双叉薮枝虫水母平均成活率为80.0%,24 h后成活率为40.0%,当高锰酸钾浓度为2.9 mg/L时,3 h后平均成活率为43.3%,24 h后平均成活率为0%;当硫酸铜浓度为0.3 mg/L时,3 h后平均成活率约为100%,24 h后平均成活率为56.7%,当硫酸铜浓度为0.6 mg/L时,3 h后平均成活率约为63.3%,24 h后平均成活率为0%;260 mg/L次氯酸钠浓度作用3 h后,双叉薮枝虫水母成活率仍然有93.3%,但当104 mg/L次氯酸钠浓度作用24 h后,成活率迅速降为36.7%。综合比较,硫酸铜终浓度为0.6 mg/L且作用24 h抑制杀灭水母效果最佳,生产上药物作用24 h后结合池底吸污操作,抑制去除育苗水体中水母效果好。本研究对培育鱼苗过程中如何抑制去除双叉薮枝虫水母具有一定指导意义。     

扑草净对四角蛤蜊抗氧化酶活性及组织细胞的影响

为探讨扑草净胁迫对四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)的毒性效应, 开展了不同质量浓度扑草净(0.2 μg/L、 1.0 μg/L、10 μg/L)对四角蛤蜊 21 d 胁迫及 15 d 净水释放实验, 测定不同时间点鳃、消化腺中超氧化物歧化酶 (superoxidedismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GPx)等抗氧化酶活性, 观察鳃组织细胞形态学变化。结果表明, 扑草净对四角蛤蜊 SOD、CAT、GPx 均有一定的诱导或抑制, 0.2 μg/L 对其氧化胁迫小于其他两组; 净水释放阶段 1.0 μg/L、10.0 μg/L 组酶活性不能完全恢复甚至活性丧失, 10.0 μg/L 扑草净对四角蛤蜊有不可逆氧化损伤。扑草净可引起鳃上皮细胞萎缩、纤毛脱落, 鳃丝内腔隙变大。随着扑草净浓度增高或胁迫时间延长, SOD、CAT 及鳃组织细胞形态变化存在明显浓度–效应和时间–效应, 高浓度扑草净对四角蛤蜊有明显毒性效应。结论认为, 四角蛤蜊鳃中 GPx 可作为扑草净污染的潜在生物标志物, 为海洋生态环境污染做出预警。     

中草药对虹鳟发眼卵霉菌感染的影响

虹鳟是我国重要的冷水性经济鱼类之一,但因其受精卵孵化温度较低、孵化时间较长而易于感染水霉,严重影响孵化率.为筛选抑制水霉生长的有效药物,国内外水产科技工作者利用孔雀石绿、福尔马林、高锰酸钾、过氧化氢等化学药物浸浴受精卵,一定程度上降低水霉病发病率,提高了孵化率.但孔雀石绿已成为渔用禁药,福尔马林易造成鱼体残留,高锰酸钾和过氧化氢对水霉的抑制效果较差,且存在不同物种的药敏性差异,研发新型药品势在必行.研究证明,中草药对水产动物细菌、病毒、真菌、寄生虫及代谢性疾病均有较好的防治功效.本文对比研究了中草药制剂药液和孔雀石绿对虹鳟发眼卵霉菌感染的影响,旨在为研发防治水霉菌的无公害新型药物提供基础数据.     

杀灭养鱼池中病源菌和病毒的方法

在养鱼工业中.多数要对进入和排出养鱼池的水进行杀菌.以控制水中的微生物含量.在鲑鱼孵化池内,对进入的水补充3%-6%的海水,以提高pH值的碱性和导电率,从而降低铝的毒性,并改善渗透性.为了尽量减少来自淡水的病菌,当水进入鱼池以前先进行灭菌处理.灭菌的方法可采用紫外线照射     

Toxicity of Four Chemotherapeutic Agents to Rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus

As aquaculture evolves from extensive pond culture to intensive tank and cage systems, chemical dips and baths are increasingly being used to treat a concomitant increase in ectoparasitic and bacterial infestations. Some of the main disease‐causing agents are ectoparasites on the skin and gills of fish. Consequently, application of chemotherapeutics is increasing in aquaculture industries in order to control outbreaks of parasitic infestations. However, the toxic effect of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents on specific aquacultured fish species is often unknown. The present work was performed to test the effect of four commonly used chemical treatments on rabbitfish, Siganus rivulatus. The lethal concentrations for 50% of population (LC₅₀) of formalin, copper sulfate, potassium permanganate, and hydrogen peroxide for S. rivulatus juveniles treated for 1 h were assessed. Formalin and potassium permanganate tolerance values were determined by calculating 72‐h LC₅₀ values through probit analysis. The 72‐h LC₅₀ values for the formalin toxicity tests were 551.0 and 1.68 mg/L, respectively. LC₅₀ of copper sulfate and hydrogen peroxide could not be determined from the concentrations tested but were found to be >3 and >700 mg/L, respectively. Accordingly, treatment concentrations of formalin and potassium permanganate used for other fish species could be lethal to S. rivulatus, but the species appears to be quite tolerant to copper sulfate and hydrogen peroxide.     

In vitro effects of fungicides on Haliphthoros philippinensis*

Abstract. Pure cultures of the fungus Haliphthoros philippinensis isolated from infected Penaeus monodon larvae were exposed for 24 h to varying concentrations of the antifungal agents Benlate, calcium hypochlorite, clotrimazole, copper sulphate, Daconil, formalin, Fungitox, Furanace, griseofulvin, hydrogen peroxide, malachite green, Mysteclin C, phenol, potassium permanganate, Resiguard, Tide, tolnaftate and Treflan. The efficiency of each compound in inhibiting sporulation and mycelial growth of the fungus was measured. The results establish mycostatic and mycocidal levels for each fungicide.     

Acute Toxicity of Several Chemicals to the Oligochaete Dero digitata

Proliferative gill disease (PGD) is a serious problem in the farm-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus industry. Interrupting the life cycle of the sporozoan causative agent by eliminating Dero digitata worms from culture ponds would be one method of controlling PGD. Eight chemicals—sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, formalin, potassium permanganate, liquid copper sulfate, chloramine-T, rotenone and Bayluscide—were tested for acute toxicity against D. digitata . Static, single compound acute toxicity tests were conducted using three replications (10 worm/replicate) of six chemical concentrations and a control. Spearman-Karber analysis was used to calculate 24- and 48-h LC50 concentrations based on active ingredient for each compound. Calculated 24-h LC50 values were: sodium chloride 6,800 mg/L, hydrogen peroxide 13.2 μL/L, formalin 23.3 μL/L, potassium perrnanganate 5.7 mg/L, copper sulfate 7.6 mg/L, chloramine-T 29.5 mg/L, rotenone 0.26 μL/L, and Bayluscide 0.24 mg/L. Formalin and hydrogen peroxide may be options for eliminating D. digitata populations in ponds with fish because their LC50 concentrations were consistent with safe concentrations for fish. Rotenone, Bayluscide, chloramine-T, formalin, and potassium permanganate may be useful as a pond sterilization strategy by treating fingerling ponds prior to stocking fish each year. However, the presence of substrate and organic matter in ponds could impact the efficacy of the chemicals and D. digitata's response to treatment. Treatments should be further evaluated to determine field efficacy, procedures for use, and effects on cost of production.     

Comparative effects of various antibiotics, fungicides and disinfectants on Aphanomyces invaderis and other saprolegniaceous fungi

Fifty-four isolates of various fish-pathogenic and saprophytic fungi were characterized in terms of their susceptibility to three antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin and oxolinic acid), three fungicides (malachite green, hydrogen peroxide and sodium chloride) and three disinfectants (an iodophore, sodium hypochlorite and a solution of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide). Aphanomyces invaderis, the fungus associated with the Asian fish disease epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS); other Aphanomyces isolates from the similar conditions redspot disease (RSD) and mycotic granulomatosis (MG); and the crayfish plague fungus, Aphanomyces astaci, were more sensitive to most of the chemical agents than the other fungi tested. Two compounds currently being considered for use in aquaculture, hydrogen peroxide and Proxitane 0510, are shown here to have some potential for fungicidal treatments and disinfection, respectively. The implications of this study with respect to the isolation, treatment and control of A. invaderis are discussed.     

消毒剂和抗生素对硝化细菌活性的影响

硝化细菌是一种在水产养殖中应用较为普遍的微生态制剂,对于养殖水体水质净化至关重要,养殖系统中消毒剂和抗生素的使用会对硝化细菌活性产生不同程度的影响.本研究选取4种消毒剂(高锰酸钾、硫酸铜、戊二醛和84消毒液)和2种抗生素(土霉素和磺胺),研究不同浓度条件下消毒剂和抗生素对硝化细菌菌剂活性的影响.结果表明,4种消毒剂中高...     

高效液相色谱法测定水产养殖底泥中呋喃唑酮残留量的研究

运用高效液相色谱建立了一种测定水产养殖底泥中呋喃唑酮残留量的方法。通过比较不同提取方法获得最佳的提取条件。结果表明,底泥样品用乙酸乙酯超声波法提取,无水硫酸钠去除水分,浓缩并用流动相溶解后上机检测,方法线性范围在0．01～1．00μg·mL^-1之间,相关系数为0．999,回收率为88．2％-92．6％,精密度（RSD）为0．88％～2．67％,检出限为1．0μg·kg^-1。该方法操作简便、提取快捷、准确性高、重复性强,可检测出泥样中痕量的呋喃唑酮,适用于水产养殖环境底泥中呋喃唑酮残留量的测定。     

Effect of Sanitizers on Planktonic Edwardsiella tarda Isolated from Asian Stinging Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch 1794)

Incidence of Edwardsiella tarda in Asian stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), and its sensitivity to antibiotics and sanitizers was studied. Five out of 10 representative lots of H. fossilis were positive for E. tarda. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of sanitizers (hydrogen peroxide, glutaraldehyde, benzalkonium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, and iodophor) on planktonic E. tarda varied with strains, suspending media (distilled water, physiological saline, pond water, and tryptic soy broth), and combination of factors. The time taken by the sanitizers to achieve 5-log reductions varied greatly between 1 min and 180 min at X and 2X MBCs of sanitizers. Benzalkonium chloride, glutaraldehyde, and sodium hypochlorite were effective in reducing the planktonic E. tarda at concentrations ranging from 3.13 ppm for glutaraldehyde to 25 ppm for sodium hypochlorite. Edwardsiella tarda strains were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin and exhibited varying degrees of resistance to other antibiotics.     

养殖水体中敌百虫的残留检测和降解分析

对养殖水体和不同pH值条件下,采用HLB小柱固相萃取处理水样,进行敌百虫残留的检测和降解分析。检测简化了前处理方法,最低检出限为0.1μg/L,回收率达到80%～110%。配制的250 mg/L、500 mg/L两种浓度的敌百虫水溶液,在中性的条件下24 h降解了15%,碱性条件下24 h降解了100%,pH值越高降解越快。在养殖河蟹的水体中,高浓度的敌百虫溶液比低浓度敌百虫溶液降解。