大熊猫保护的法制建设

多年来,国家十分重视以大熊猫为代表的野生动物保护立法工作,先后制定了一系列法律法规,大熊猫保护的法律体系逐步建成,使大熊猫保护管理工作做到了有法可依,步入了法制轨道。立法工作回顾大熊猫保护是我国野生动物保护工作的重要组成部分     

东山县林地保护与利用的探讨

阐述了东山县保护与利用林地的重要性,分析了林地保护利用的现状和存在的问题,提出了林地保护与利用的技术要点和林地保护管理措施。     

浅析柘荣县林地的保护与利用

文章分析了柘荣县林地保护的现状及利用的程度,提出了林地保护利用的目标,对林地保护利用进行了分区规划,提出了实施规划的措施。     

浅论浙江省保护小区的经济学价值

从浙江省现有的3.33万hm2自然保护小区出发,探索了保护小区的保护地位、经济价值组成和保护小区的类型,总结了浙江省自然保护小区的经济学价值,并就保护小区的发展提出了意见.     

云南省极小种群野生植物保护的优先度分析

我国于1997～2003年完成第1次全国重点保护野生植物资源调查后,为加强珍稀濒危和重点保护野生植物的保护,提出了“极小种群野生植物”的概念。随着极小种群野生植物概念和保护方法的完善,保护行动取得了显著进展,并陆续提出了各种不同的极小种群野生植物名录。本文在总结2005～2013年间云南省和国家林业局提出的所有极小种群野生植物名录基础上,分析了各极小种群野生植物名录的起源和关系,并对保护名录中的物种进行逐个比较。最后,结合国家和省的保护需求,将云南省77种极小种群野生植物分成5级,按优先度实施保护行动：第一批优先保护10个物种,第二批优先保护13个物种,第三批保护15个物种,第四批保护10个物种,第五批保护29个物种,为云南省极小种群野生植物保护提供了指导和参考。     

我国名人故居保护与利用的回顾与展望

指出了名人故居保护与利用是当前我国历史文化建筑保护的重要内容,通过对我国名人故居研究现况和保护阶段的梳理,从特征内涵、保护传承和开发利用3个方面归纳了我国现有名人故居保护的基本内容与特点。以此为基础,探讨了对名人故居保护利用研究的趋势与展望。     

古树管理保护措施的运用及保护策略

指出了玉溪九龙池公园内古树资源丰富,在多年的古树管理保护工作中建立了古树档案,对古树进行了细致观察,对出现问题的古树采取措施进行了拯救、保护,积累了相应的经验。总结了古树管理保护经验,以期为今后古树保护工作提供参考。     

野生动物保护教育的主要教育形式

野生动物保护科普教育工作(保护教育)在增加公众的保护知识、激发公众的保护理念及保护行为等方面发挥着非常重要的作用。保护教育已经成为我国动物园等迁地保护机构的重要工作之一。结合国内外相关文献及著名案例论述了保护教育的各类教育形式,包括单向式的信息宣传、互动式的体验项目、拓展型校内课堂教育及展馆设计展示的隐性教育作用。同时,讨论了多种教育形式的有效结合及我国保护教育的未来工作内容。     

我国森林生物多样性保护存在的问题及对策

阐述了生物多样性保护的意义,分析了我国森林生物多样性保护存在的问题,提出了生物多样性保护的对策。     

古树名木保护工作的现状及对策

指出了古树名木保护对于保护森林资源,提高全社会的生态环境保护意识,促进经济社会可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。分析了广德县古树名木资源保护现状和存在的问题,从宣传教育、提高全民保护古树名木的意识、落实责任到单位和个人、大资金投入、后备资源培育等方面探讨了古树名木的保护的对策。     

Designing old forest for the future: Old trees as habitat for birds in forests of Mountain Ash Eucalyptus regnans

Old trees are one of many habitat attributes associated with old forests. They are known to be required by many wildlife species including cavity-dependent birds. Forest managers need to select strategies for retaining and regrowing old trees to maintain suitable numbers over time at appropriate configurations in the forest landscape. This paper presents data from wet forests in south-eastern Australia to help elucidate the effects of different strategies on forest birds as one element of biodiversity that needs to be conserved in these forests.     

热带次生林经营研究文献分析

热带次生林面积巨大且在热带森林资源中的作用越来越重要,因而拥有巨大的经营潜力和生态功能。次生林演替过程中的主要研究成果如下：土壤贮存的种子对次生林的再生非常重要,光投射的强度增加和温度提高将刺激种子萌芽,而残余植被群落强烈影响次生林种子的散布,食种子动物影响次生林的成林;次生林群落植物种类数量一般随演替的进程而增加;随着演替的进程,次生林内阳生树种趋于衰亡,耐荫树种不断增加;次生林的树种数量能接近原生林水平的时间过程更随着林分种类、过去土地的利用强度和利用种类,以及环境条件的不同而异;在一定环境中,人工林树种通过人工林树种改变光、温度和土壤表层的湿度,能够促进发芽和种子生长,改善林地和林下植被的状况,从而加速次生林演替。大多数食草动物喜欢在次生林中取食,因为次生林中先锋树种很少或没有机械和化学保护,且林内许多树种产生大量可食用的果实;环境和火对次生林演替有一定影响;在早期的演替过程中,更多的生物量分配到资源需求旺盛的组织（如叶和细根）,在演替晚期阶段,更多的生物量则分配到结构组织中（如木质部和根端）。次生林在15至20年内能迅速积累生物量,然后积累逐渐减慢;次生林被砍伐或火烧后,森林土壤的结构被破坏,导致土壤有机质和氮减少。     

热带森林与次生林经营研究

文章综述了世界热带地区的森林资源分布、基本类型、主要特征,以及世界次生林的经营现状和主要经营方式。这些经营方式包括建立自然保护区、生态公益林经营、"采掘主义"、限制采伐和伐后更新、"砍三留七"法、"扶持"式育林法、"抑制"式育林法、整体培育法、专门培育法、带状皆伐法、开发欠知名树种、自然更新和封山育林。同时提出了森林分类经营,即按照经营的主要目的将其划分为商品林、公益林和多功能林等基本类型的方法。此外,分析了热带次生林存在的问题,并提出解决这些问题的措施。     

中国热带次生林生产潜力与经营模式研究

在完成对中国热带地区次生林现状、经营情况的相关资料分析和重点地区的实地调查后认为：从目前次生林的生态效益来看,对比人工林,次生林在涵养水源、保持水土、维持地力等方面表现出较好的效益;与原始林比较,次生林在吸收CO2和释放O2和改良土壤的功能相对强,而固土效益和蓄水效益则较低。在经济效益方面,通过样地的调查分析,由于缺乏经营,次生林的木材生产能力相当低,单位面积平均蓄积量约仅78m^3／hm^2,为世界平均森林蓄积水平的68％左右。通过经营,中国次生林有较大的生态和经济潜力开发空间。由于中国经济仍然比较落后,特别是在农村,环境保护和生存问题都很突出。因此,要保护和发展次生林,只有选择生态和经济效益同时兼顾的经营模式,才能实现其可持续性。通过一年的调研,根据中国的经营传统和结合现实状况,归纳出目前在中国可以普遍推广的三个主要经营模式,即：社区综合经营模式、天然林的恢复与重建模式和经济物种套种经营模式。     

Land cover and conservation in the area of influence of the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve,Mexico

Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in areas around conservation areas have been an important element for discussion in the conservation and policy-making community. In this paper, we evaluate land cover change processes around one of the most important tropical dry forest reserves in the Americas: the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. The analysis is conducted at three scales: regional scale (coast of the State of Jalisco), proximity to the reserve (via a 30-km buffer zone analysis), and inside the Biosphere Reserve. The proximity analysis is complemented by a unique data set that represents the extent and boundaries of Ejidos (local land management units) in the region. Results indicate that areas surrounding the reserve have low deforestation, with Ejidos and buffer areas having more forest cover as they get closer to the reserve. The nature of this important phenomenon is discussed in the context of the socio-economic conditions of the local communities. Our work suggests that the creation of a network of “Ejidos’ Conservation Areas”, in the context of an approach that will recognize payments for environmental services provided to local communities, could contribute to the conservation and maintenance of the rich biodiversity in a region that has one of the highest levels of endemism in the world.     

Comparison of Forest Biomass Across a Human-Induced Disturbance Gradient in Nepal's Schima-CastanopsisForests

Abstract

This paper presents estimations of aboveground tree biomass (combined for boles and branches) in Nepal's Schima-Castanopsisdominated warm-temperate forests. The biomass estimations are presented for five forest stands purposively sampled in a larger study to represent different harvesting intensities. Two categories of biomass estimates are provided: (1) for living trees that are standing, and (2) for cut trees that have been removed. Biomass of standing trees were estimated by using diameter at breast height (dbh) and total height measurements as predictor variables in appropriate regression models. Biomass of cut trees were estimated in two steps: measurements of stump diameters and heights were used first to predict dbh and total heights of cut trees; these values were then regressed to obtain biomass estimates for the missing trees. Data were gathered from 2,361 live trees and 2,962 stumps in 170 sample plots across the five forest stands. Estimates of mean standing-alive biomass ranged from a minimum of 16 ton/ha in the severely disturbed forest to a maximum of 479 ton/ha in a relatively undisturbed (reference) forest. Estimates of mean cut biomass ranged from a minimum of 24 ton/ha in a second reference forest to a maximum of 183 ton/ha in the severely disturbed forest. The biomass estimates in the relatively-undisturbed, reference forests are well above the 95% upper confidence interval of the global mean. Similar findings of high productivity have been reported for temperate forests of the Central Himalaya in India and Eastern Himalaya in Sik-kim. The findings of this study in the Nepalese Central Himalaya support the conclusion that productivity potential is high in the temperate Himalayan forests. The study's findings and methodology should be useful for preliminary development of guidelines in the region to regulate forest biomass growth, yield, and harvest.     

不同强度间伐对长白山天然林林下植物多样性的影响

对吉林森工集团松江河林业局辖区内的阔叶红松林、杂木林和杨桦林采取30%～40%（T1）、20%（T2）株数强度的均匀间伐处理,以不间伐处理为对照（CK）,对间伐2 a后林下植物木本、草本植物进行调查,采用Simpson、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行植物多样性分析,探讨不同强度间伐对3个林型林下植物多样性的影响。研究结果表明：T1间伐后3个林型的物种丰富度均有增加（杂木林木本植物例外）,T2间伐后杨桦林木本植物丰富度降低,草本植物丰富度增加。两种间伐处理均增加阔叶红松林木本植物多样性,T1处理尤为明显。T1处理增加杂木林和杨桦林木本植物多样性,而T2间伐处理有较弱的降低作用。两种间伐处理均降低阔叶红松林和杂木林草本植物多样性,与强度无明显关系。随着间伐强度的增加杨桦林草本植物多样性增大。在长白山天然林中,较大间伐强度T1（30%～40%）能够有效提高植物多样性。     

论混交林的优越性

从4个方面论述了混交林的优越性。     

中国热带次生林分布、类型与面积研究

热带林的保护问题已受到世界各国的高度重视,由于占世界热带林面积约三分之一的热带次生林,其经济和生态效益通常较差,处于相对被忽视的状态,因此也往往被进一步破坏。将次生林经营纳入可持续经营的轨道,是实现热带林可持续经营目标的重要战略。通过对中国热带森林研究、经营和统计资料的分析,结合本项目实施过程的实地调研取得的结果,文章对中国热带地区次生林分布、面积和类型作了阐述。热带森林主要分布在海南、广东、广西、云南、台湾,以及福建和西藏的部分地区,包括124个县市的全部和50个县市的部分地区。据可认可的资料统计,中国热带林地面积（不含台湾省）约1125．66万hm^2。其中有林地面积1074．49万hm^2,次生林面积544万hm^2。次生林占热带地区林地面积的48．33％,占有林地总面积的50．63％。中国热带林地和次生林的实际数字估计要比这一数值大6％以上,因为中国这几年高度重视林业建设,森林植被特别是热带森林植被恢复得很快,林地和次生林一直在不断增加。热带森林类型主要有：热带雨林（包括湿润雨林、山地雨林）;热带季雨林（包括半常绿季雨林、落叶季雨林、石灰岩季雨林）;南海珊瑚岛植被;海岸红树林等。从森林经理的角度,中国热带次生林的类型可分为：（1）次生阔叶林,包括次生常绿阔叶雨林、次生季雨林和次生季风常绿阔叶林;（2）次生灌木林;（3）次生针叶林;（4）次生红树林及次生珊瑚岛林等四大类型。     

Novel dry forests in southwestern Puerto Rico

We report results of new research on (1) community composition of novel subtropical dry forests developing on abandoned pastures and agricultural fields in both private and protected public lands and (2) seed germination and growth rates of plantings of native tree species on degraded soils. We found that novel dry forests were dominated by introduced species, which accounted for 59 percent of the Importance Value (IV) of stands. These forests had high species dominance, with the most dominant species averaging 51 percent of the IV but reaching values as high as 92 percent. The floristic similarity between novel and mature native forests was low (5.6 percent) compared with the similarity among novel forest stands (26 percent). Collectively, the emerging novel forests had relatively high species richness (39 species/1.2 ha). After 45-60 years of growth and development, novel forests lagged mature native forests in basal area, tree density, and species richness, and lagged stands of similar age and past land use inside a protected area. Novel forest stands inside the protected Guánica Forest had higher species richness than those located outside in private lands. Most regeneration was from seed (67 percent of the new stems were single stems). The results from the germination and planting experiment show that seeds of 17 of 21 native tree species germinated in the laboratory and grew successfully in abandoned pastures when planted and watered for a period of 13 months. Our research shows that after the initial invasion and dominance of introduced species on degraded sites, the stands diversify with native species thus evolving towards new forest types with novel species combinations.