Paraoxon: effects on rat brain cholinesterase and on growth hormone and prolactin of pituitary

Cholinesterase activity of brain and content of growth hormone and prolactin in the pituitary were compared after short-term (3 days) and long-term (14 days) treatment with paraoxon in male and female rats. Within 3 days cholinesterase activity was reduced to between 5 and 15 percent of that in controls. The content of growth hormone in the pituitary was increased in long-term experiments by 50 percent. This increase in paraoxon-treated animals-suggests a possible role of a cholinergic mechanism in the regulation of growth hormone secretion.     

Retrograde amnesia: effects of handling and microwave radiation

Rats that were irradiated with microwaves immediately after the training trial in a one-trial shock-avoidance learning task retained the conditioned avoidance response 24 hours later. However, rats that were handled a few minutes each day for 3 days before the experiment did not retain the response, although they were capable of learning in a later test.     

Escape and avoidance learning in newly hatched domestic chicks

Under the conditions specified, chicks fail to learn either to escape or to avoid shock on the day of hatching. Chicks trained for the first time on the day after hatching quickly learn to escape but do not learn to avoid shock. Avoidance learning first appears on the third day of life, and from that time the number of chicks learning to avoid increases with age, so that by the fifth day of life the majority are able to do so.     

Electroshock effects on brain protein synthesis: relation to brain seizures and retrograde amnesia

The effects of electroshock on brain seizure activity and brain protein synthesis were studied in male mice. A significant but short-lasting inhibition of brain protein synthesis and an increase in the amount of free leucine were produced by electroshock at intensities above the brain seizure threshold. Electroshock at intensities below the brain seizure threshold did not affect brain protein synthesis.     

Tetrodotoxin: effects on brain metabolism in vitro

A 3-micromolar concentration of tetrodotoxin completely inhibits the stimulation of respiration of rat brain cortex that takes place upon application of electrical impulses. It also inhibits increase in the rate of the respiration that occurs when calcium ions are omitted from the incubation medium. No effect of tetrodotoxin on brain respiration takes place when stimulation is brought about by the addition of 100 millimolar potassium chloride. Tetrodotoxin prevents the fall in the rate of oxidation of cerebral acetate that occurs during electrical stimulation but does not affect the increased rate of the oxidation that occurs in the presence of an increased concentration of potassium chloride. The data indicate that oxidation of cerebral acetate is diminished by influx of sodium ions, which is prevented by tetrodotoxin, and is increased by influx of potassium ions, which is unaffected by tetrodotoxin.     

Growth hormone-releasing factor: direct effects on growth hormone, glucose, and behavior via the brain

Intracerebroventricular administration of human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor caused a dose-dependent inhibition of growth hormone secretion, elevated plasma glucose concentrations, and produced marked behavioral and motor effects. Immunoneutralization with antiserum to somatostatin did not reverse the suppression of growth hormone. These findings suggest that hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor may regulate its own neurosecretion through an "ultrashort-loop" negative feedback mechanism and may have important neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory functions in the brain.     

Nerve trophic function: in vitro assay of effects of nerve tissue on muscle cholinesterase ctivity

The effects of tissue explants and nerve homogenates on cholinesterase activity of muscle of the newt Triturus in organ culture were measured. Sensory ganglia, ganglia separated from muscle by a Millipore filter, spinal cord, liver, and nerve homogenates produced greater activity of muscle cholinesterase than occurred in untreated muscle cultured for the same period of time. Boiled ganglia, kidney, oviduct, and spleen were ineffective. This procedure serves as a convenient bioassay for a neurotrophic process and indicates that the trophic effect is mediated by a diffusible chemical substance produced by nerves.     

基于迁移学习和卷积神经网络的生菜鲜重估测

为提高设施生产中对各生长阶段生菜鲜重的无损估测精度进而更好地指导生产,提出一种利用生菜冠层图像为输入,基于迁移学习技术和卷积神经网络估测鲜重的方法,对比分析AlexNet、VGG-16、GoogLeNet和ResNet-18模型迁移学习后在生菜鲜重估测任务上的效果;同时,对比不同迁移学习方法对模型性能的影响,通过冻结卷积层和减少全连接层改善模型的参数量和训练速度。结果表明:1)AlexNet和VGG-16两种模型能较好的实现生菜鲜重的估测,AlexNet模型的决定系数R²为0.928 0,标准均方根误差NRMSE为19.08%,VGG-16模型的R²为0.938 0,NRMSE为17.71%,但VGG-16模型存在参数量大训练慢的问题,综合考虑选取AlexNet模型迁移学习后作为生菜鲜重估测模型;2)与全新学习方法相比,在预训练模型基础上对生菜鲜重数据集进行迁移学习,可以明显提升生菜鲜重估测模型的训练速度和准确度;3)冻结卷积层能显著加快模型的训练速度,训练时间可减少18%,减少全连接层在保持精度的前提下能大幅度减少模型的参数量。基于迁移学习的卷积神经网络模型可用于生菜鲜重的快速估测,该方法也可以拓展应用到其他叶类蔬菜的鲜重估测中。     

Oxytocin: effects of degradation on radioimmunologic and biologic activity

Incubation with thioglycollate destroyed biologic activity of oxytocin, but left immunologic activity intact. Incubation with plasma of pregnant women at term or with placental extract destroyed biologic and immunologic activities. Dissociation of biologic from immunologic sites is suggested.     

Puromycin and cycloheximide: different effects on hippocampal electrical activity

Abstract. Mice were injected in the temporal region of the brain with cycloheximide or puromycin; both agents markedly inhibit protein synthesis in the brain. Recordings of electrical activity were made in the hippocampal region 5 hours after injection of these drugs. The amplitude and frequency observed in records from mice injected with cycloheximide were indistinguishable from those injected with saline alone. Records from puromycin-injected mice were strikingly abnormal. This finding may contribute to the differences in behavioral effects of intracerebral injections of the two inhibitors of protein synthesis studied.     

Cycloheximide: its effects on activity are dissociable from its effects on memory

Cycloheximide, when injected subcutaneously or intracerebrally, produces changes in the activity level of mice. Isocycloheximide, injected intracerebrally, produces identical effects on activity, but it does not produce inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis or amnesia. Amphetamine, in doses that can antagonize the amnesic action of cycloheximide, does not antagonize the effect of cycloheximide on activity. Effects of cycloheximide on activity do not appear to be responsible for its amnesic action.     

Rat brain: effects of environmental enrichment on wet and dry weights

Wet weight of rat cerebral cortex was increased by exposure to an enriched environment, as compared with standard colony or impoverished conditions. Dry weights and wet weights were compared and both yielded identical percentage differences between brains of animals experiencing enrichment and those experiencing impoverishment.     

Imprinting: lasting effects on uracil incorporation into chick brain

On the first day after hatching, domestic chicks were trained for 20, 60, 120, or 240 minutes with an imprinting stimulus. On the second day, they were all retrained for 60 minutes. The greater the chicks' experience on the first day, the lower the rate of incorporation of tritiated uracil into macromolecules in the anterior part of the forebrain roof on the second day. Such effects were not found in other brain regions, nor in any brain region of chicks that received similar treatment on the first day but were not retrained on the second.     

语言测试对语言教学的反拨作用

测试对教学具有反拨作用,正面作用可促进学生刻苦学习和老师改进教学工作;负面作用容易引起教与学的目的偏向。应提高测试的积极反拨作用,降低它的消极作用。测试应明确目的性,以正确的理论作指导,采取直接测试与间接测试相结合的方法,尽量减少客观试题,加大主观性试题。     

Sleep: effects on incorporation of inorganic phosphate into brain fractions

During sleep there is a two- to threefold increase in the incorporation of inorganic orthophosphate-(32)P into a chemical fraction of the brain of the 20-day-old rat. This increase is not in the lipids or nucleic acids, but is associated with an acid-labile phosphate entity of the tissue residue after extraction of these fractions and phosphorus-containing substances of low molecular weight.     

Monosodium glutamate: lack of effects on brain and reproductive function in rats

Monosodium glutamate was injected subcutaneously in infant rats of both sexes. The lateral preoptic and arcuate nuclei and median eminence were examined by light and electron microscopy for possible monosodium glutamate effects. As adults, treated animals showed no adverse monosodium glutamate effects on the reproductive system and neural morphology.