Estimating off-rate pesticide application errors resulting from agricultural sprayer turning movements

Pesticide application is an essential practice on many U.S. crop farms. Off-rate pesticide application errors may result from velocity differential across the spray boom while turning, pressure fluctuations across the spray boom, or changes in boom-to-canopy height due to undulating terrain. The sprayer path co-ordinates and the status (on or off) of each boom control section were recorded using the sprayer control console which provided map-based automatic boom section control. These data were collected for ten fields of varying shapes and sizes located in central Kentucky. In order to estimate potential errors resulting from sprayer turning movements, a method was developed to compare the differences in application areas between spray boom control sections. The area covered by the center boom control section was considered the “target rate area” and the difference in these areas and the areas covered by remaining control sections were compared to estimate application rate errors. The results of this analysis conducted with sprayer application files collected from ten fields, many containing impassable grassed waterways, indicated that a substantial portion of the fields (6.5–23.8%) could have received application in error by more than ±10% of the target rate. Off-rate application errors exceeding ±10% of the target rate for the study fields tended to increase as the average turning angles increased. The implication of this is that producers may be unintentionally applying at off-label rates in fields of varying shapes and sizes where turning movements are required.     

油气管道漏磁检测中提离值影响的三维仿真计算

运用有限元软件ANSYS对油气输送管道内腐蚀缺陷的漏磁信号进行三维有限元模拟,分析了不同形状缺陷的漏磁信号分布规律,研究了不同形状、尺寸缺陷模型传感器提离值与漏磁信号之间的关系。结果表明:缺陷漏磁场分布不仅与缺陷的严重程度(缺陷深度)有关,而且与缺陷的三维形状有较大关系,不同形状缺陷适合设定的提离值不同;提离值减小到某一值后,提离值越小,探头检测到的缺陷漏磁信号量越大,由提离值波动导致的误差相应减小。     

基于AO组件实现农用地面积分类统计方法的研究

农用地面积和利用类型是土地管理中最重要的基本信息之一,也是土地管理部门和统计部门非常关心的信息.传统的统计方法效率低、精度差、容易出现错误和遗漏等情况,而且对于复杂形状和呈区域地块统计起来非常困难.本文以某工程为例,以AO组件库为开发平台,详细介绍和阐述了实现农用土地分类面积快速统计步骤和方法,该统计方法在实际工程应用中取得了非常好的效果.     

非满载罐体液体冲击等效机械模型参数确定

为了获得指定罐体形状和充液比条件下的钟摆模型参数值,采用类比分析方法推导了钟摆摆线长度参数和液体冲击频率的关系;采用假设和类比分析相结合的方法推导了钟摆小球质量参数和液体冲击力的关系.在此基础上,借助不同仿真条件下的液体自由振荡FLUENT软件仿真结果拟合得到钟摆模型参数关于罐体形状和充液比的多项式函数.FLUENT仿真和钟摆模型数值计算获得的液体冲击力绕罐体上某点的力矩表明：本文提出的方法能够获得精确的钟摆模型参数值,模型参数的拟合值与实际值的误差均在±4%范围内.     

Observation of stable shapes and conformal diffusion in genus 2 vesicles

The observed equilibrium shapes of phospholipid vesicles of topological genus 2 (shapes with two holes) are found to be in agreement with theoretical predictions on the basis of a minimization of the elastic curvature energy for fluid membranes under the constraints of constant area, volume, and area difference (between the inner and outer layers of the membrane). For some particular geometrical characteristics, the shapes of the vesicles change continuously and randomly on a slow time scale (tens of seconds) and thus exhibit conformal diffusion. This phenomenon is a reflection of the conformal degeneracy of the elastic curvature energy. Its observation sets a limit (three constraints) on the number of physical constraints relevant to the determination of the shapes of vesicles.     

可拓策略生成系统及其应用

可拓策略生成系统是利用可拓学的理论与方法研究解决矛盾问题的策略生成的计算机实现系统。以可拓学的理论和方法为指导,寻找策划过程中解决矛盾问题的规律,从而建立可拓模型,并且最终解决矛盾问题。     

激光传感器在喷雾靶标检测中的研究应用

树木尺寸、形状等特征信息的获取,是现代化农业中重要的环节,为农林管理中的变量精密喷雾提供依据。为了实现对树木靶标信息的精确测量,搭建了基于UTM-30LX型激光传感器的室内滑台靶标检测系统,实现对规则物体、仿真树的扫描检测,通过编写的C++程序,实时读取数据信息并存储于控制计算机中。利用MATLAB软件对存储的数据信息进行后期的离线分析,重构物体三维图像,通过最大相对误差、轮廓相似度两个参数,分析激光传感器检测得到靶标目标尺寸、重构目标三维图像的精确度。以长方体柜子、圆柱体泡沫、2棵仿真树为试验对象,按照选取的3个检测距离和4个检测速度分别对4个试验对象进行检测与数据分析。试验结果显示,多次试验下,与人工测量尺寸比较而言,激光传感器测得的长方体柜子长度、宽度和高度尺寸最大相对误差分别为6.76%、6.86%和3.92%,圆柱体泡沫的高度、直径尺寸最大相对误差分别为4.25%和7.33%,仿真树1高度、宽度尺寸最大相对误差分别为4.06%和5.91%,仿真树2高度、宽度尺寸最大相对误差分别为3.24%和4.00%;仿真树1、2的激光扫描重构图像与对应实物轮廓相似度最小值分别为0.928 8和0.932 6。研究表明,UTM-30LX型激光传感器在各种试验条件下对多种试验靶标特征检测均具有较好的精确性和准确性,可以担负变量喷雾检测的任务,具有应用到农业生产中的前景。     

RTD GPS量测林地面积的模拟试验

为研究林地面积与森林蓄积量的估算精度,以RTD GPS(实时差分全球定位系统)为主要工具,通过对面积大小不同、形状规则的地块进行试验研究,对测量结果进行了相对中误差、标准方差、精度的计算和分析.结果表明:最低的测量精度达到97.67%,能够满足各类森林资源调查中林地面积测量的精度要求,并且随着测量面积的增大,RTD GPS的测量精度逐渐提高;采用实时差分定位的缺点是必须到现地观测,这对于大面积森林调查是不现实的,根据林地调查的实际分析,RTD GPS适用于林地面积传统调查(图上勾绘等)的实地精度检验,这种方法较传统的检验方法快速高效,而且能够保证精度.图1表2参8     

Study on parameterisation of plant tissue microstructure by confocal microscopy for finite elements modelling

This paper reviews three different methods for parameterisation of plant tissues which can be applied to images obtained with a confocal scanning laser microscope to create models for the simulation of the mechanical behaviour of biological cellular structures. Vectorisation, Voronoi tessellation and ellipse tessellation were tested. Potato tuber and carrot parenchyma were chosen as examples. For each method tested, five geometrical parameters were analysed: area, perimeter, orientation, elongation and a local indicator of spatial association of all individual regions which represented cells. The reconstruction accuracy of the original tissue microstructure by each parameterisation method was investigated by the comparison of the geometrical properties of the cells from the segmentation with their virtual equivalents. Linear regression models between the reference and modelled parameters were built. The model performance was expressed in terms of the coefficient of determination (R²), the slope of the regression line and the root mean square errors for prediction (RMSEP). Based on the results, Voronoi tessellation was considered to be inaccurate for tissue modelling. The vectorisation procedure only allowed for reproduction of the general shapes of cells, and the curvature of cell walls was neglected in this method. For both the Voronoi tessellation as well as vectorisation, created cells completely filled the space with no additional gaps and possessed sharp, angular shapes. The best overall reconstruction accuracy was obtained with ellipse tessellation. Models created with this method can be considered as representative equivalents of real tissues in terms of cell area, orientation, perimeter, shape and spatial arrangement.     

国内外农业科技推广“市场化”模式的探索与思考

文章介绍了国外农业科技推广“市场化”模式中私营机构在农业科技推广中的做法,剖析了我国农业科技推广“市场化”的典型实例,并提出了国外农业科技推广“市场化”模式对我国的启示,如打造以政府为主导的农业技术推广的公共服务平台、提高科技人员个人发展与推广效果的相关性、构建“自下而上”的市场化农业技术推广模式、成立相关的组织在市场...     

Variations in alpha voltage of the electroencephalogram and time perception

Human subjects were instructed to respond regularly at 3-second intervals while their brain waves were recorded and analyzed. When subjects were alert the time between two successive responses did not vary greatly; however, as subjects became increasingly drowsy these times lengthened and the mean voltage of the peak alpha frequency decreased.     

《食用药用真菌》课程“教-学-研”模式初探

《食用药用真菌》课程是一门实践性非常强的课程。该文主要介绍食用菌基本理论、基本技能及生产工艺,“教-学-研”模式包含教课与学习、学习与研究、教学与研究等3方面相紧密结合的教学改革。该模式初步应用于本门课程的讲授,并取得一定效果。以期为普通高等院校培养食用药用真菌的实用性人才提供参考。     

不同外形、年份六堡茶品质变化分析

通过对不同外形、年份的六堡茶进行产品质量与主要化学成分的跟踪监测,以期为六堡茶深入研究奠定理论基础。结果表明:不同外形的六堡茶随陈化年份的推移其茶多酚、氨基酸、水浸出物、茶黄素及茶红素等物质呈逐渐下降的趋势;茶褐素随着陈化年份的递增得到积累,呈上升趋势;咖啡碱在陈化过程中呈波动性变化,总体变化不大;品质综合得分随年份增长呈上升趋势。不同外形、年份对六堡茶茶多酚、氨基酸、水浸出物、咖啡碱含量变化有显著(p0.05)或极显著性影响(p0.01),外形对茶色素含量及品质变化无显著性影响,年份对茶黄素含量变化有显著性影响(p0.05),对茶红素、茶褐素及最终综合品质评分影响极显著(p0.01)。     

复杂背景下多种树形果树树冠的检测与识别方法研究

针对多种树形果园环境下,由于树冠背景复杂导致的树冠分割、检测及树形识别困难的问题,本研究提出了1种改进Mask R-CNN的B-Mask R-CNN检测模型,实现自然复杂环境下的果树树冠检测与树形识别。该模型引入了IoU(Intersection over Union)平衡采样,提高了模型的训练效果;其次,在边界框损失中引入平衡L1损失,使得多分类损失与边界框损失更快地收敛;另外,在区域推荐网络中调整锚框比例适应数据集中的目标,提升了模型准确率。该研究搜集矮化密植形、小冠疏层形、自然开心形、自然圆头形以及Y形5种常见修剪树形制作数据集,应用5个检测模型进行对比试验。试验结果表明,B-Mask R-CNN检测模型平均检测精度达到98.7%,与Mask R-CNN、Faster R-CNN、U-Net以及K-means模型相比检测精度更高,对复杂背景下的树形识别具有更好的鲁棒性,能够为后续精准喷施中喷施模式和控制参数的分析及应用奠定基础。     

红富士苹果树形改造对冠层相对光照及产量、品质的影响

以红富士苹果为试材,进行了三种不同整形处理:①垂柳式树形、②高光效树形、③改良纺锤形,以原有的主干疏散分层形作为对照,测定经过不同整形处理后的树体枝量、相对光照强度、产量及果实品质。结果表明:垂柳式树形枝量均衡,短枝所占比例大,树体通风透光条件好,且受光量相对均衡,产量品质均优于其它树形;高光效树形虽不能提高产量,但果品质量明显提高。     

提高“机械制图”教学质量的几点策略

主要介绍了几种教学方法,例如重组教学内容,“演练同题”教学,增进教学“互动性”和“互补性”等教学策略,以期有效地促进“机械制图”教学效果的提高。     

郁闭柑橘园整形改造对植株冠层生理特性、产量和果实品质的影响

【目的】研究郁闭柑橘园整形改造对植株冠层特性、光合特性及营养代谢、产量和果实品质的影响,为柑橘园树体管理和郁闭柑橘园合理改造及航空植保农艺配套等提供依据。【方法】以15年生枳橙砧奥林达夏橙为试验材料,对郁闭植株进行开心形、篱壁形和主干形等树形改造处理(对照植株即CK,不作任何处理),研究树体冠层特性、叶片营养、叶绿素快速荧光、果实品质及单株产量等的变化。【结果】6—9月,各处理植株的叶面积指数、叶倾角均呈不断增大趋势,以开心形的增幅最明显,而散射辐射透过系数、直接辐射透过系数及光合有效辐射则相反;各处理植株冠层特性存在明显差异,冠层透光性为开心形主干形篱壁形CK。各处理植株叶片光合荧光参数F_o、F_m和φ_(Do)均显著降低,但不同时段CK处理的F_o和F_m为最大,且显著大于开心形。植株冠层单位叶片有活性反应中心的数量(RC/CS_o)、最大光化学效率(φ_(Po))、用于电子传递的量子产额(φ_(Eo))、用于还原PSI受体侧末端电子受体的量子产额(φ_(Ro))、捕获的能量传递到电子链末端的量子产额(ψ_(Ro))、通过电子链传递的能量传递在电子链末端的量子产率(δ_(Ro))和光合机构性能(PI_(abs)、PI_(total))等也呈下降趋势,以CK降幅最大,且显著大于开心形;实施整形改造处理的植株冠层叶片光系统活性、光能利用率及光合机构性能等均明显提高。各处理植株叶片N、P、K和Zn含量几乎均呈下降趋势,而Ca、S、Fe、Mn和Cu均趋于逐渐积累,但所有整形改造处理植株叶片的N、Ca、S和Fe含量均高于CK。开心形、篱壁形、主干形和CK的平均单株产量分别为101.1、69.1、89.11和64.65 kg,果实可溶性固形物含量分别为10.66%、10.62%、10.31%和9.94%。【结论】本试验实施的整形改造处理可明显改善郁闭植株冠层光照条件,提高叶片光合能力,促进叶片中氮素等营养的提升,单株产量明显提高,果实品质得以改善,以开心形处理效果更为显著。     

Strength-density relations in particulate silicates of complex shape and their possible lunar significance

Some terrestrial particulate silicate rocks with complex particle shapes have internal friction angles over 45 degrees and cohesion of about 0.1 newton per square centimeter at bulk densities of 0.6 to 0.8 gram per cubic centimeter. Mechanical and other properties of the lunar surface layer, observed with spacecraft, may be consistent with a low bulk density and complex reentrant shapes for the fine particles.     

树木髓心构造及其美学应用

[目的]研究树木髓心构造及其在美学方面的应用,为树木髓心美学价值探索和开发提供参考.[方法]采用木材解剖技术,分析树木髓心的宏观与微观构造,并对树木髓心进行美学分析和图案创作.[结果]树木髓心横切面大多为圆形,偶有椭圆形、三角形、四棱形、五角星形和花瓣形;树木髓心的纵剖面呈柱状,有空心、实心和分隔3种;树木髓心的微观构造比较简单,都是由初生薄壁细胞构成,细胞形状为大小不等的多边形或椭圆形.[结论]树木髓心组织构造中含有丰富的美学元素,由此可以构建树木髓心美学图案.     

天然气输差问题及其解决方法

天然气输差是燃气公司一个重要的经济指标。分析了产生天然气输差的原因，对标准孔板引起的测量误差、输气干线测量误差和测量误差造成的输差进行了计算，给出了单点输差和综合输差的计算方法，提出了降低输差的措施和方法。