Adaptation and negative aftereffect to lateral optical displacement in newly hatched chicks

Chicks wearing hoods containing 8.5-degree wedge prisms from the day of hatching showed both significant reduction in the average lateral displacement of pecking (adaptation) and significant pecking overcompensation in the direction opposite to the original displacement (negative aftereffect) when matched 0-degree plates were substituted for the prisms on the 8th day.     

雌性鸭胚胎和雏鸭的抑制素和促性腺激素的分泌

测定了从孵化 ２１ ｄ 到出壳后 １ 日龄雌性鸭胚胎和初生雏 鸭外周及卵巢中具免疫活性的抑制素含量，同时也测定了促卵泡生成素（ Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ）和促黄体生成素（ Ｌ Ｈ）的含量⒚在判定有效后，用牛的抑制素放射免疫系统测定抑制素的含量⒚在第 ２１ 日至 ２５ 日时胚胎血浆中抑制素含量处于低水平， 到第 ２６ 日达到最大值，第 ２７ 日稍降后，抑制素含量在出生后快速下降⒚ Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ 含量在胚胎期无显著变化，其含量的变化与外周抑制素含量的变化相对独立⒚卵巢中抑制素含量在孵 化的第 ２５ 日有显著下降，并于第 ２６ 日时快速回升⒚卵巢和血浆中 抑制素的含量在整个研究阶段后者比前者高约 １０ 倍 ⒚血浆 Ｌ Ｈ 从第 ２１ 日开始下降，至第 ２５ 日 接着有所回升并于第 ２７ 日达第二峰值⒚总之，血浆抑制素和 Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ 在雌性鸭胚胎中不存在负反馈关系， 这预示着胚胎期抑 制素的主要作用 不是抑制垂体分 泌 Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ，同 样 Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ 也不影响抑 制素的分泌⒚     

Nonvisual photic responsiveness in newly hatched pigeons (Columba livia)

Overt behavioral arousal was elicited by light stimulation in pigeon hatchlings. The sensitivity is not mediated via the retina or by direct stimulation of the brain, but rather it is most likely a dermal sensitivity.     

Escape and avoidance conditioning in human subjects without their observation of the response

An invisibly small thumb-twitch increased in rate of occurrence when it served, via electromyographic amplification, to terminate or postpone aversive noise stimulation. Subjects remained ignorant of their behavior and its effect. Their cumulative response curves resembled those obtained in similar work with animals. Other subjects, informed of the effective response, could not produce it deliberately in a size small enough to qualify for reinforcement.     

澳洲淡水龙虾受精卵到仔虾营养物质变化分析

摘要：为探究澳洲淡水龙虾受精卵发育到仔虾过程中营养物质变化情况,本研究分别对澳洲淡水龙虾前无节幼体期、复眼色素形成期、孵化准备期受精卵及初孵仔虾的营养成分组成进行了系统性分析,研究表明：水分含量随着受精卵逐渐发育成仔虾而显著升高(P<0.05),粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量则随发育过程而显著降低(P<0.05),灰分含量以初孵仔虾最高(P<0.05);总氨基酸(TAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)和呈味氨基酸(DAA)均随发育过程而显著降低(P<0.05);在AAS模式下,受精卵和初孵仔虾第一限制性氨基酸均为Met+Cys,受精卵第二限制性氨基酸为Leu,初孵仔虾第二限制性氨基酸为Ile。在CS模式下,受精卵和初孵仔虾第一限制性氨基酸也是Met+Cys,前无节幼体期受精卵第二限制性氨基酸为Val,复眼色素形成期之后的受精卵和初孵仔虾第二限制性氨基酸均为Ile。受精卵和初孵仔虾的EAAI随着受精卵发育到初孵仔虾而显著降低(P<0.05)。澳洲淡水龙虾受精卵和初孵仔虾共测出主要脂肪酸10种,初孵仔虾的PUFA及DHA含量显著低于受精卵(P<0.05),EPA+DHA含量却显著高于受精卵(P<0.05)。综上,澳洲淡水龙虾初孵仔虾灰分及EPA+DHA含量显著高于受精卵,故在澳洲淡水龙虾仔虾开口饵料配制中可考虑适当提高磷酸二氢钙及EPA+DHA添加量。     

Impairment of shock avoidance learning after long-term alcohol ingestion in mice

Chronic alcohol consumption impaired the learning of a two-way shuttle box avoidance task in mice 10 to 14 days after the discontinuation of ethanol in the diet. Control groups received laboratory chow ad libitum or were pair-fed with the alcohol-consuming mice by diets containing isocaloric amounts of sucrose. The performance of the two control groups was indistinguishable from each other, and only the ethanol-consuming mice performed poorly. It was therefore concluded that alcohol consumption per se and not a nutritional deficiency was responsible for the impairment of learning.     

Postnatal modification of hippocampal circuitry alters avoidance learning in adult rats

In rats and mice, the genetically mediated extent of the mossy fiber projection that synapses on the basal dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells is inversely correlated with rate of two-way avoidance (shuttle-box) learning. Postnatal hyperthyroidism, induced in 51 rat pups, resulted in marked variations of this infrapyramidal mossy fiber projection. The number of trials required for criterion performance of these rats in adulthood remained correlated with the neuroanatomical trait (r = 0.74, P less than 0.0001).     

不同地理种群宽体金线蛭繁殖力及其初孵稚蛭、幼蛭成活率和生长指标比较

为探究异地引进的宽体金线蛭Whitmania pigra苗种是否适合本地养殖,对江苏省宿迁市的骆马湖(SQ)、江苏省兴化市的乌巾荡(XH)、江苏省苏州市吴江区的太湖(WJ)、湖北省大悟县竹竿河(DWX)和黑龙江省宾县的松花江(BX) 5个不同地理种群的野生宽体金线蛭亲蛭的繁殖力,稚蛭第21天时的成活率、生长指标,以及幼蛭第121天时的成活率、生长指标进行了比较研究。结果表明:各地区在亲蛭体质量间无显著性差异(P>0. 05)的情况下,其各自平均产卵茧数量、卵茧平均质量和平均出苗量均无显著性差异(P>0. 05),种蛭平均体质量与卵茧的平均质量、卵茧的平均出苗数量均成正比;各地区间稚蛭第21天时的成活率均无显著性差异(P>0. 05),黑龙江宾县稚蛭从第11天起生长指标明显低于其他4个地区;江苏3个地区幼蛭第121天时的成活率明显高于黑龙江宾县和湖北大悟县幼蛭,黑龙江宾县幼蛭从第30天起生长指标明显低于其他4个地区。研究表明,江苏3个地区的宽体金线蛭较适宜本地区养殖,夏季水温应控制在30℃以下,在宽体金线蛭的养殖购种时最好选择与本地环境相近的亲本和蛭苗。     

Spine-type-specific recruitment of newly synthesized AMPA receptors with learning

The stabilization of long-term memories requires de novo protein synthesis. How can proteins, synthesized in the soma, act on specific synapses that participate in a given memory? We studied the dynamics of newly synthesized AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) induced with learning using transgenic mice expressing the GluR1 subunit fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP-GluR1) under control of the c-fos promoter. We found learning-associated recruitment of newly synthesized GFP-GluR1 selectively to mushroom-type spines in adult hippocampal CA1 neurons 24 hours after fear conditioning. Our results are consistent with a "synaptic tagging" model to allow activated synapses to subsequently capture newly synthesized receptor and also demonstrate a critical functional distinction in the mushroom spines with learning.     

Infant handling: effects on avoidance learning, brain weight, and cholinesterase activity

Infant rats were "handled" by removing them periodically from their home cages. "Non-handled" rats were left undisturbed. Half of the animals were killed at weaning, and weights and cholinesterase activity were determined on four different sections of the brain. The remaining animals were conditioned to avoid an administered shock. Handling increased ventral-cortex and subcortical weights and decreased subcortical cholinesterase. No differences in avoidance conditioning were observed.     

Word learning in a domestic dog: evidence for "fast mapping"

During speech acquisition, children form quick and rough hypotheses about the meaning of a new word after only a single exposure-a process dubbed "fast mapping." Here we provide evidence that a border collie, Rico, is able to fast map. Rico knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those items right away as well as 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Fast mapping thus appears to be mediated by general learning and memory mechanisms also found in other animals and not by a language acquisition device that is special to humans.     

借鉴国内外经验,探索本科职业教育

阐述了美国、德国、日本等国家本科职业教育的发展历史、办学模式和形式;介绍了国内本科应用型人才培养的基本情况,国家对应用型人才的需求,高职院校培养职业技术型人才的经验。从职业规划课程的设置,实施新的人才培养模式,加强"双师型"教师培养,建立实践实训基地等方面介绍了西昌学院探索本科职业教育的作法。     

小鼠孵化囊胚细管法和OPS法玻璃化冷冻保存技术的研究

利用小鼠孵化囊胚为模型 ,为猪孵化囊胚的冷冻保存摸索适宜的方法和条件 :在 2 5和 37℃条件下 ,用不同含量的玻璃化溶液 (EFS和EDFS) ,对小鼠孵化囊胚实施细管法和OPS法冷冻保存。在 2 5℃条件下 ,细管一步法冷冻保存后的囊胚恢复率仅为 32 5 %～ 74 4 % ,与对照组 (10 0 % )差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ;而细管二步法冷冻组用方法C解冻后 ,孵化囊胚恢复率达 87 0 % ,为细管法最佳组 ,但仍与对照组有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 )。在 37℃条件下 ,改用OPS法冷冻后 ,以方法A脱出抗冻保护剂 ,孵化囊胚恢复率最高值为 87 2 % (P <0 0 5 )。当采用EDFS30和EDFS4 0对孵化囊胚冷冻保存后 ,以方法C脱出抗冻保护剂 ,恢复率分别高达 97 8%和 93 3% (P >0 0 5 )。利用细管法和OPS法 2种最佳冷冻 -解冻组获得的 133和 15 4枚胚胎 ,分别移植给 12和 10只假妊娠 3～4d的受体母鼠。使 2种冷冻方法均有 6只妊娠 ,各产仔 2 2和 36只 ,产仔率分别为 35 5 %和 39 1% ,与对照组(39 8% )差异均不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。证明 2种方法对胚胎冷冻后均起到了保护作用。     

植物防范转基因逃逸的分子策略

转基因植物的外源基因可以通过花粉、种子、分泌物等方式释放到环境中去,会造成潜在的生态风险。因此如何防范转基因的逃逸,成为人们所关注的重点。综述了几种防范转基因逃逸的分子策略：叶绿体转化法、雄性不育法、终止子技术、染色体组特异性选择、外源基因删除法,分析了这几种方法的优势及存在的问题,并对将来如何更好地防范植物转基因逃逸提出了一些建设性的对策及建议。     

5日龄雏鸡大肠杆菌病的诊治

济源市轵城乡某养鸡户于 2 0 0 0年 9月 2 6日由某种鸡场购进罗曼商品雏鸡 2 0 0 0羽 ,当夜死亡 15只 ,到第 3天又死亡 33只 ,到我们前去诊治时已死亡73只 ,经临诊调查 ,病理剖检 ,确诊为大肠杆菌感染。1　临诊症状和病理解剖变化病死雏鸡羽毛蓬乱 ,翅膀下垂 ,闭眼昏睡 ,精神极度沉郁 ,呆立 ,厌食 ,缩头 ,有时表现为咳嗽 ,呼吸困难 ,部分鸡只眼睑肿胀 ,流泪 ,流鼻液 ,粪便水样 ,呈黄白、黄绿色。剖检 2 5只 ,腺胃、肌胃、泄殖腔、盲肠扁桃体出血 ,小肠充血、出血 ,鼻窦、气管有粘液 ,肺出血 ,气囊混浊 ,有黄白色露珠状分泌物 ,大部分鸡只出…     

大连沿海虾夷扇贝养殖群体遗传结构的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,从5种同工酶和1种非酶蛋白中共检测到8个多态位点和25个等位基因,以此分析了大连沿海4个海区虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis养殖群体的遗传结构。结果表明,各养殖群体间基因频率分布差异大,相互间存在较大的遗传距离;基因型分布严重偏离Hardy—Weinberg平衡;群体内存在一定程度的近交。     

Use of prebiotics in rearing broiler chicks

The addition of prebiotics Acid Lac and Vetelact to mixed feed for chicks increased live weight and immunity, which had a positive effect on survival of the flock. At the same time, the economic indices were higher.     

氟哌酸对鸡胚和雏鸡毒性的观察

本文对10日龄鸡胚采用尿囊腔注射和3日龄雏鸡采用经口服一次给药的方法,观察了氟哌酸的急性毒性。结果表明,氟哌酸对鸡胚的最小致死剂量为320mg/kg胚重;对3日龄雏鸡的LD_(50)为4985±753.18mg/kg体重。对雏鸡的毒性主要表现为严重的胃肠道反应和中枢神经症状。蓄积毒性试验表明,本品无明显蓄积毒性,不影响雏鸡增重,未见其它不良反应。     

蛋氨酸锌对雏鸽发育及肌肉含锌量的影响

本试验通过对乳鸽口服不同剂量蛋氨酸锌,研究了蛋氨酸锌对乳鸽增重、胫骨生长及胸肌含锌量的影响。试验结果表明Ⅰ组(日添加08mgZnMet2组)乳鸽平均日增重极显著高于Ⅲ组(不添加ZnMet2,为对照组;P<001),显著高于Ⅱ组(日添加80mgZnMet2组;001005);乳鸽胫骨长Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与对照组间差异均不显著(P>005);乳鸽胸肌含锌量Ⅱ组极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P<001),但Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组间差异不显著(P>005)。     

昆虫精子竞争及其避免机制

精子竞争是指来自2个或2个以上雄性个体的精子为争夺对卵的授精权而展开的竞争。精子竞争是雄性相互竞争的最终形式,是行为生态学与进化生物学的热点。阐述了精子竞争的概念,综述了精子层化、精子失能、精子移除和精子冲洗4种昆虫精子竞争的机制以及雄性在形态、生理和行为上3类避免精子竞争的机制,详细讨论了交配次序、交配雄性数量、交配间隔以及隐秘雌性选择4个影响父权偏向的因素。笔者认为围绕精子竞争研究应尽快开展如下工作:开展精液成分的鉴定以及对精子竞争的影响作用研究,开展精子的形态、行为、生理和功能的研究,以及开展精子、雌性生殖道与卵的交互作用关系、父权偏向的精确机制等研究。