Reversion of murine sarcoma virus transformed mouse cells: variants without a rescuable sarcoma virus

Murine sarcoma virus transformed mouse 3T3 cells, which are negative for murine leukemia virus and which yield sarcoma virus after superinfection with murine leukenmia virus, spotaneously give rise to flat variants front which murine sarcoma virus can no longer be rescued. The revertants support leukemia viruis growth and show an enhanced sensitivity to murine sarcoma superinfection and, like normal cells, do not release RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity. Because revertants could be obtained with high frequency from progeny of single transformed cells, each cell that containts the sarconma virus genome seems to have the capacity to suppress or eliminate an RNA tumor virus native to its species of origin.     

Satellite-like particle of tobacco ringspot virus that resembles tobacco ringspot virus

A satellite-like nucleoprotein serologically indistinguishable from multicomponent tobacco ringspot virus, also resembles it in size, shape, and electrophoretic mobility. Although the protein shell of the nucleoprotein is similar to, if not identical to that of tobacco ringspot virus, each ahell of the nucleoprotein conntains many small strands of nucleic acid, which replicate only in mixed infections with the virus.     

Recombinant vaccinia virus: immunization against multiple pathogens

The coding sequences for the hepatitis B virus surface antigen, the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D, and the influenza virus hemagglutinin were inserted into a single vaccinia virus genome. Rabbits inoculated intravenously or intradermally with this polyvalent vaccinia virus recombinant produced antibodies reactive to all three authentic foreign antigens. In addition, the feasibility of multiple rounds of vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus was demonstrated.     

Distamperoid virus interference in canine distemper

A distemper virus modified by ferret passage so as to become a harmless vaccine for foxes and dogs exhibits the interference or cell-blockade phenomenon with respect to a virulent distemper infection in foxes. Ten control foxes receiving virulent distemper virus died, while 30 foxes receiving distemperoid virus in addition lived.     

Norwalk virus genome cloning and characterization

Major epidemic outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis result from infections with Norwalk or Norwalk-like viruses. Virus purified from stool specimens of volunteers experimentally infected with Norwalk virus was used to construct recombinant complementary DNA (cDNA) and derive clones representing most of the viral genome. The specificity of the clones was shown by their hybridization with post- (but not pre-) infection stool samples from volunteers infected with Norwalk virus and with purified Norwalk virus. A correlation was observed between the appearance of hybridization signals in stool samples and clinical symptoms of acute gastroenteritis in volunteers. Hybridization assays between overlapping clones, restriction enzyme analyses, and partial nucleotide sequence information of the clones indicated that Norwalk virus contains a single-stranded RNA genome of positive sense, with a polyadenylated tail at the 3' end and a size of at least 7.5 kilobases. A consensus amino acid sequence motif typical of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases was identified in one of the Norwalk virus clones. The availability of Norwalk-specific cDNA and the new sequence information of the viral genome should permit the development of sensitive diagnostic assays and studies of the molecular biology of the virus.     

Leukemogenic activity of ether-extracted Rauscher leukemia virus

After rapid multiple extractions of mouse plasma virus with ether, the aqueous solution contained viral nucleoids that were infectious when inoculated intracranially into newborn BALB/c mice. The infectivity associated with the ether extract was not neutralized by the specific antibody prepared against the whole virus. No intact virus has been seen in these preparations. Treatment with ether completely removed the virus envelope from the particle and produced an apparently homogeneous preparation of viral nucleoids. After the extractions with ether, leukemogenic activity was inactivated by exposure to ribonuclease. The leukemogenic activity of the many-passaged Rauscher virus that has been propagated in tissue culture and that has low infectivity was also retained, and, in two experiments in which material was inoculated intracranially into mice, this activity appeared to have been enhanced by multiple extractions with ether.     

Aphid transmission of tobacco mosaic virus

Aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.) can acquire tobacco mosaic virus from tobacco leaves coated with a virus suspension and inoculate it into healthy leaves. Transmission depends on virus concentration, period of acquisition, previous feeding history of the aphids, and time between acquisition and transmission feedings. Aphids whose stylets are cut do not transmit the virus.     

Infection of normal human epithelial cells by Epstein-Barr virus

Primary cultures of epithelial cells were grown from the tonsils and adenoids of patients with diseases not related to Epstein-Barr virus. The cells could not be infected by Epstein-Barr virus. Fluorescein-labeled Epstein-Barr virus and a cytofluorograph were then used to show that the epithelial cells do not have detectable receptors for the virus. However, implantation with Epstein-Barr virus receptors gave the cells the ability to bind the labeled virus. One to 5 percent of receptor-implanted cells exposed to the transforming B95-8 substrain of the virus expressed Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen. The early and viral capsid Epstein-Barr virus-determined antigens were not detected in the virus-infected cultures. The results show that normal human epithelial cells from the nasopharynx become susceptible to infection by Epstein-Barr virus when the membrane barrier resulting from the lack of viral receptors is overcome by receptor implantation.     

Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus

The pandemic influenza virus of 1918-1919 killed an estimated 20 to 50 million people worldwide. With the recent availability of the complete 1918 influenza virus coding sequence, we used reverse genetics to generate an influenza virus bearing all eight gene segments of the pandemic virus to study the properties associated with its extraordinary virulence. In stark contrast to contemporary human influenza H1N1 viruses, the 1918 pandemic virus had the ability to replicate in the absence of trypsin, caused death in mice and embryonated chicken eggs, and displayed a high-growth phenotype in human bronchial epithelial cells. Moreover, the coordinated expression of the 1918 virus genes most certainly confers the unique high-virulence phenotype observed with this pandemic virus.     

Transmission of equine influenza virus to dogs

Molecular and antigenic analyses of three influenza viruses isolated from outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in racing greyhounds revealed that they are closely related to H3N8 equine influenza virus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the canine influenza virus genomes form a monophyletic group, consistent with a single interspecies virus transfer. Molecular changes in the hemagglutinin suggested adaptive evolution in the new host. The etiologic role of this virus in respiratory disease was supported by the temporal association of rising antibody titers with disease and by experimental inoculation studies. The geographic expansion of the infection and its persistence for several years indicate efficient transmission of canine influenza virus among greyhounds. Evidence of infection in pet dogs suggests that this infection may also become enzootic in this population.     

鸡源坦布苏病毒（SN01株）的分离与鉴定

采用SPF鸡胚与vero细胞传代接种法,从江苏某蛋鸡场临床表现为产蛋下降、卵泡萎缩、全身多器官出血为主要特征的发病鸡肝脏、卵巢病料组织中分离一株病毒。该分离毒不能凝集鸡和鹅红细胞, 并对乙醚、氯仿敏感;病毒核酸为RNA;PCR结果排除了分离毒为禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒、产蛋下降综合征病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒、传染性喉气管炎病毒;用坦布苏病毒特异引物扩增为阳性, 序列测定与分析结果显示分离毒与GenBank上登录和实验室保存的坦布苏病毒E基因序列同源性在99%以上。上述结果表明分离毒（SN01）可能是一种新的坦布苏病毒,属于黄病毒科坦布苏病毒属,暂称为鸡源坦布苏病毒。     

Potato spindle tuber virus: a plant virus with properties of a free nucleic acid

Infectious entities, extractable, with phosphate buffer, from tissue infected with potato spindle tuber virus and inciting symptoms on tomato that are typical of this virus, have properties incompatible with those of conventional virus particles. The infectious particles sediment in sucrose density gradients at approximately the same rate as particles with a sedimentation coefficient of 10S, are insensitive to treatment with organic solvents, and can be concentrated by ethanol precipitation. Treatment with phenol changes neither their infectivity nor their sedimentation properties. Infectivity is insensitive to deoxyribonuclease, but at low ionic strength it is sensitive to ribonuclease. At high ionic strength, infectivity partially survives incubation with ribonuclease. These properties, as well as elution patterns from columns of methylated serum albumin, suggest that the extractable infectious agent may be a double-stranded RNA.     

Nipah virus: a recently emergent deadly paramyxovirus

A paramyxovirus virus termed Nipah virus has been identified as the etiologic agent of an outbreak of severe encephalitis in people with close contact exposure to pigs in Malaysia and Singapore. The outbreak was first noted in late September 1998 and by mid-June 1999, more than 265 encephalitis cases, including 105 deaths, had been reported in Malaysia, and 11 cases of encephalitis or respiratory illness with one death had been reported in Singapore. Electron microscopic, serologic, and genetic studies indicate that this virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and is most closely related to the recently discovered Hendra virus. We suggest that these two viruses are representative of a new genus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Like Hendra virus, Nipah virus is unusual among the paramyxoviruses in its ability to infect and cause potentially fatal disease in a number of host species, including humans.     

Polyadenylic acid in Visna virus RNA

Visna virus 70S RNA contains long stretches of polyadenylic acid [poly(A)]. The homogeneity in length of poly(4) regions is observed in 70S RNA from visna virus and all RNA tumor viruses tested, and not with other types of RNA. By this criterion visna virus resembles RNA tumor viruses.     

Thymus-dependent lymphocytes: destruction by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

Selective destruction of small lymphocytes in the thymusdependent areas of lymph nodes and thymocytes was observed in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. These changes were clearly evident in lymphoid and splenic tissue 3 days after infection and in the thymus by day 7. The destructive changes paralleled growth of the virus in these organs. The findings show that infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus can temporarily cause the equivalent effect of neonatal thymectomy, that is, a "viral thymectomy," which appears to be related to the ability of this virus to cause persistent infection.     

Vaccinia virus recombinant expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D prevents latent herpes in mice

In humans, herpes simplex virus causes a primary infection and then often a latent ganglionic infection that persists for life. Because these latent infections can recur periodically, vaccines are needed that can protect against both primary and latent herpes simplex infections. Infectious vaccinia virus recombinants that contain the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D gene under control of defined early or late vaccinia virus promoters were constructed. Tissue culture cells infected with these recombinant viruses synthesized a glycosylated protein that had the same mass (60,000 daltons) as the glycoprotein D produced by HSV-1. Immunization of mice with one of these recombinant viruses by intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal routes resulted in the production of antibodies that neutralized HSV-1 and protected the mice against subsequent lethal challenge with HSV-1 or HSV-2. Immunization with the recombinant virus also protected the majority of the mice against the development of a latent HSV-1 infection of the trigeminal ganglia. This is the first demonstration that a genetically engineered vaccine can prevent the development of latency.     

The 30-kilodalton gene product of tobacco mosaic virus potentiates virus movement

The proposed role of the 30-kilodalton(kD) protein of tobacco mosaic virus is to facilitate cell-to-cell spread of the virus-during infection. To directly define the function of the protein, a chimeric gene containing a cloned complementary DNA of the 30-kD protein gene was introduced into tobacco cells via a Ti plasmid-mediated transformation system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transgenic plants regenerated from transformed tobacco cells expressed the 30-kD protein messenger RNA and accumulated 30-kD protein. Seedlings expressing the 30-kD protein gene complemented the Lsl mutant of TMV, a mutant that is temperature-sensitive in cell-to-cell movement. In addition, enhanced movement of the Lsl virus at the permissive temperature was detected in seedlings that express the 30-kD protein gene. These results conclusively demonstrate that the 30-kD protein of tobacco mosaic virus potentiates the movement of the virus from cell to cell.     

植物病毒分子群体遗传学研究进展

植物病毒群体遗传学的2个中心任务是定量描述病毒种群内的遗传变异及阐明该变异的机制.植物病毒自然种群遗传结构通常包括1-2种优势的序列变异类型和一些低频率的序列变异类型,即具有准种遗传结构特征.植物病毒种群遗传多样性水平和病害暴发以及流行时间有一定的相关性.另外,植物病毒种群遗传结构中还存在超群种群类型.一些生物学特性可能取决于准种内的不同变种间的相互作用.如决定适应能力、寄主范围及致病性变异等.植物寄主—昆虫介体—病毒三者间的协同进化关系是植物病毒种群遗传结构保存相对稳定的主要因素.描述植物病毒种群遗传结构特征为构建更有效的病害防治策略提供了依据.     

一株鸭坦布苏病毒的分离鉴定及全基因组序列分析

2010年我国爆发了使蛋鸭产蛋量急剧下降、由一种鸭黄病毒引起的疾病,通过对来自山东某发病鸭场的病料进行分离,得到实验室分离株Du/CH/LSD/110128。对其进行全基因组序列测定分析,确定该株病毒全基因组含有一个开放阅读框,编码一个由3 426个氨基酸组成的多聚蛋白。将试验测得株Du/CH/LSD/110128株与黄热病毒(Yellow fever virus)、登革热病毒(Dengue virus)、伊利乌斯脑炎病毒(Ilheus virus)、西尼罗病毒(West Nilevirus)、巴格扎病毒(Bagaza virus)和其他一些已公布序列的坦布苏病毒进行核酸同源性比较和遗传进化树分析,发现Du/CH/LSD/110128株与巴格扎病毒亲缘关系较近但介于病毒种的水平上,与其他株坦布苏病毒核酸同源性在87%以上,可以确定Du/CH/LSD/110128株属于新型鸭坦布苏病毒(Duck Tembusu virus)。     

不同处理方法对3种大丽花病毒的脱毒效果比较

为了进一步完善大丽花脱毒技术,获得优质大丽花脱毒苗,以感染大丽花花叶病毒(DMV)、黄瓜花叶病毒 (CMV D2)和烟草花叶病毒(TMV)的大丽花为试材,采用茎尖结合热处理、化学处理方法对大丽花脱毒效果进行了探讨。各培养单株经酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测,结果表明,茎尖结合热处理能有效脱除DMV和CMV D2,脱毒率分别达到747%和669%,但不能有效脱除TMV,对3种病毒均脱除的比率为106%;茎尖结合化学处理能有效脱除DMV,CMV D2和TMV,脱除率分别为831%,805%和771%,对3种病毒的脱除率为243%。