二倍体野生棉与四倍体栽培棉基于GISH的遗传关系分析

[目的]研究二倍体野生棉与四倍体栽培棉间的遗传亲缘关系,进一步探索各棉种间的起源与进化.[方法]以5个二倍体基因组的代表种B1(异常棉)、C1(斯特提棉)、E2(索马里棉)、F1(长萼棉)以及G1(比克氏棉)的基因组DNA(gDNA)为探针,以2个四倍体栽培种(陆地棉中棉所16、海岛棉新海7号)有丝分裂中期染色体为靶DNA,进行了基因组原位杂交(Genomic in situ hybridization,GISH)分析.[结果]以B1、E2和F1gDNA为探针时,杂交信号主要分布在2个栽培种较长的13对A亚组染色体上;各产生3对较强的GISH-NOR信号,其中1对分布在较长的A亚组上,2对分布在较短的D亚组上,其GISH-NOR信号强度与分布情况与以D基因组棉种为探针时相似.说明二倍体B、E、F基因组与四倍体棉A亚基因组具有较高的同源性,亲缘关系更近.这一点与它们的地理分布情况相符;而它们基因组中的45S rDNA重复序列与二倍体D基因组的45SrDNA重复序列同源性较高.C1和G1中以gDNA为探针时,杂交信号分布在2个栽培种全部26对染色体上,无法区分开A或D亚组染色体,都有3对较强的GISH-NOR信号.这一现象与D基因组拟似棉(D6) gDNA为探针的GISH相似,表明二倍体C和G基因组与四倍体棉的A和D亚基因组均具有较高的同源性,或者C和G基因组同时含有A基因组(或其他非洲棉基因组)和D基因组成分,进一步证实了其基因组成分的杂合性;而它们基因组中的45S rDNA重复序列同属D基因组类型.[结论]这些发现可为棉花杂交育种和棉属起源与演化研究提供有用信息.     

二倍体野生棉与四倍体栽培棉基于GISH的遗传关系分析（英文）

【目的】研究二倍体野生棉与四倍体栽培棉间的遗传亲缘关系,进一步探索各棉种间的起源与进化。【方法】以5个二倍体基因组的代表种B1(异常棉)、C1(斯特提棉)、E2(索马里棉)、F1(长萼棉)以及G1(比克氏棉)的基因组DNA(gDNA)为探针,以2个四倍体栽培种(陆地棉中棉所16、海岛棉新海7号)有丝分裂中期染色体为靶DNA,进行了基因组原位杂交(Genomic in situ hybridization,GISH)分析。【结果】以B1、E2和F1gDNA为探针时,杂交信号主要分布在2个栽培种较长的13对A亚组染色体上;各产生3对较强的GISH-NOR信号,其中1对分布在较长的A亚组上,2对分布在较短的D亚组上,其GISH-NOR信号强度与分布情况与以D基因组棉种为探针时相似。说明二倍体B、E、F基因组与四倍体棉A亚基因组具有较高的同源性,亲缘关系更近。这一点与它们的地理分布情况相符;而它们基因组中的45S rDNA重复序列与二倍体D基因组的45S rDNA重复序列同源性较高。C1和G1中以gDNA为探针时,杂交信号分布在2个栽培种全部26对染色体上,无法区分开A或D亚组染色体,都有3对较强的GISH-NOR信号。这一现象与D基因组拟似棉(D6)gDNA为探针的GISH相似,表明二倍体C和G基因组与四倍体棉的A和D亚基因组均具有较高的同源性,或者C和G基因组同时含有A基因组(或其他非洲棉基因组)和D基因组成分,进一步证实了其基因组成分的杂合性;而它们基因组中的45S rDNA重复序列同属D基因组类型。【结论】这些发现可为棉花杂交育种和棉属起源与演化研究提供有用信息。     

扩增子测序结合高分辨率溶解曲线鉴定花生单核苷酸多态

异源四倍体花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)包含两套基因组,分别来自二倍体祖先A.duranensis(A基因组)和A.ipaensis(B基因组)。相对于二倍体,异源四倍体SNP的鉴定和分析面临更多挑战,因为在SNP的鉴定和分析过程中,通常需要同时分析两套基因组中相同位点的DNA序列。本研究以12个花生品种和2个二倍体祖先为材料,通过扩增子重测序EST和GSS(各100条序列)开发SNP。结果显示共检测出18个EST-SNPs和44个genomic-SNPs,出现频率分别为1 SNP/2 557 bp和1 SNP/1 011 bp。为了进一步评估和应用所开发的SNP,采用高分辨率溶解曲线方法对96个花生品种进行SNP基因分型。EST-SNP在供试品种中的多态性信息量介于0.021~0.413,平均为0.172。Genomic-SNP的多态性信息量介于0.08~0.478,平均为0.249。本研究表明采用扩增子测序和HRM方法能够从异源四倍体花生中准确鉴定SNP,且所开发的SNP信息量丰富,能够用于花生遗传育种研究。     

棉花GR基因家族的全基因组鉴定及分析

【目的】谷胱甘肽还原酶基因(Glutathione reductase gene,GR)家族参与植物生长发育和非生物胁迫响应等生物进程,但其在棉花中的特性及功能尚不清楚。本研究通过在异源四倍体陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)、海岛棉(G. barbadense)及其可能的二倍体祖先种亚洲棉(G. arboreum)和雷蒙德氏棉(G. raimondii)中对GR基因家族全基因组鉴定与特性分析,分析棉种分化及异源四倍体棉花形成过程中GR基因的进化历程,探讨其在非生物胁迫响应中的作用,为后续相关研究提供理论基础。【方法】利用生物信息学方法鉴定陆地棉、海岛棉、雷蒙德氏棉、亚洲棉的GR基因家族成员;解析GR基因家族成员的理化性质、序列特征、染色体位置、系统发育及表达模式。【结果】共鉴定到18个GR基因家族成员,陆地棉、海岛棉、雷蒙德氏棉和亚洲棉中GR基因数目分别为6、6、3和3个。系统发育分析发现GR基因分为2个亚组,同一亚组基因具有相似的外显子数目和基因结构。对同源基因的非同义突变率(Ka)及同义突变率(Ks)分析发现Ka/Ks值均小于1,表明在进化过程中GR基因经历了较强的纯化选择作用。陆地棉GR基因的表达模式分析表明,所有的GR基因均积极响应胁迫环境,但在不同的非生物胁迫下,基因的表达模式有明显差别。【结论】本研究探讨了GR基因家族在亚洲棉、雷蒙德氏棉、海岛棉和陆地棉基因组中的进化及功能,可为棉花GR基因后续研究提供理论基础。     

棉花RAV基因家族的全基因组分析

在二倍体棉花D5基因组(Gossypium raimondii Ulb.)数据库中鉴定出10个RAV基因,分布于4、5、8、9、13号染色体;在二倍体棉花A2基因组(Gossypium arboreum L.)数据库中鉴定出10个RAV基因,与棉花D5基因组的R AV成员的数量和序列具有一一对应的同源关系,推测棉花A、D组的祖先种中可能存在10个RAV基因。对植物R AV蛋白序列做系统发育分析,将R AV成员分为4个组;发现棉花R AV基因可能参与了棉属所特有的基因组多倍化事件的证据。对N CBI中陆地棉(Gssypium hirsutum L.)EST、Unigene数据库做比对统计,得到陆地棉不同组织中R AV基因表达情况;对陆地棉受黄萎病菌胁迫后的荧光定量检测,发现棉花RAV基因与棉花响应黄萎病菌的胁迫相关。     

陆地棉EPSPS基因全基因组分析

当前在NCBI中提交的来源于陆地棉的EPSPS基因有2个,随着陆地棉基因组测序结果的公布,为在陆地棉基因组中全面鉴定EPSPS基因的存在提供了便利条件。从陆地棉异源四倍体标准系TM-1基因组数据库中共搜寻获得4个EPSPS同源基因,这4个基因分别分布在A07、A12、D07和D12亚基因组。从这4个基因的核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列和基因结构的比对,构建进化树的系统发育分析以及基因的转录情况研究来看,定位在A07和D07亚基因组的2个基因属于共线性高度同源基因,定位在A12和D12亚基因组的2个基因也是相同的情况。序列比对结果表明,已经在NCBI中提交的2个EPSPS基因分别是定位在A12和D12亚基因组上的基因,研究结果为定位在A07和D07亚基因组上EPSPS基因的克隆和功能研究提供了基础理论依据。     

一个棉花液泡转化酶基因的克隆与功能分析

棉纤维正常发育需要大量的蔗糖供应。转化酶是生物体内蔗糖代谢途径中的关键酶之一, 对转化酶基因的结构和功能研究将有助于揭示复杂的棉纤维发育分子机制, 并为纤维品质改良提供优良的基因资源。本研究以棉纤维突变体im和遗传标准系TM-1纤维发育中显著差异表达的EST序列(GenBank登录号为EY196825)为探针, 通过电子克隆方法, 结合cDNA及基因组全长基因PCR扩增、测序验证, 克隆到一个棉花液泡转化酶基因GhVacInv2a (GenBank登录号为KF305322)。该基因ORF全长1857 bp, 编码618个氨基酸, 与已登录的陆地棉GhVacInv2基因(GenBank登录号为FJ864677)序列一致性为99%(E=0)。基因组序列分析表明, GhVacInv2a在二倍体棉种非洲棉和雷蒙德氏棉中含1个拷贝, 在四倍体陆地棉和海岛棉中存在2个拷贝, 其中GhVacInv2a和GhVacInv2分属于A、D亚组同源基因。该同源基因含7个外显子, 6个内含子。Q-PCR分析表明, 该基因在花药中表达量最高, 在快速伸长的纤维组织中优势表达。在13~19 DPA的纤维中, 其在TM-1中的表达水平极显著地高于im突变体。开发SNP标记, 将GhVacInv2a基因定位在异源四倍体棉花第3染色体上。标记与性状的关联分析显示, GhVacInv2a与纤维强度存在显著相关(P=0.0087), 表明GhVacInv2a在棉花纤维品质形成中可能发挥重要功能。     

三个陆地棉水孔蛋白基因的克隆与表达分析

从陆地棉SSH-cDNA文库的测序结果中得到一条具有完整ORF的陆地棉水孔蛋白基因序列,将其命名为GhAQP2。以该基因编码的氨基酸序列为探针,在棉花EST数据库经同源搜索得到2个相似性较高的EST,利用RACE技术获得其全长cDNA序列,将其基因命名为GhAQP3和GhAQP4。基因结构分析发现GhAQP2和GhAQP3各有4个外显子,3个内含子;GhAQP4有3个外显子,2个内含子。生物信息分析表明3个基因编码蛋白均含有6个跨膜区,2个NPA结构域,其氨基酸序列具备MIP超家族典型的蛋白保守区序列特征。多序列比对发现3个基因的氨基酸序列与其他物种PIP2类水孔蛋白氨基酸序列具有很高的同源性。qRT-PCR分析表明,GhAQP2在纤维伸长后期优势表达,GhAQP3在下胚轴和子叶中高表达,GhAQP4在纤维伸长前期优势表达,推测3个基因在不同的组织中发挥作用。GhAQP2在20DPA优势表达,为研究该基因在纤维伸长向次生壁加厚期转化过程中的表达调控提供了重要信息。     

亚洲棉、雷蒙德棉和陆地棉NRAMP基因家族的鉴定和进化分析

自然抗性相关巨噬细胞蛋白(NRAMP)家族是跨膜转运蛋白家族,参与多种金属离子的转运过程。为了更好了解棉花NRAMP基因的成员和特征,二倍体和四倍体棉花之间的进化关系,本研究利用二倍体亚洲棉、雷蒙德棉和陆地棉基因组的氨基酸序列对三个棉种中的NRAMP家族成员进行鉴定,分析了NRAMP家族的种类、理化性质、进化关系、基因结构、蛋白基序、染色体定位、共线性关系和选择压力。结果显示,在二倍体亚洲棉基因组(A)中确定12个成员,在二倍体雷蒙德棉基因组(D)中确定15个成员,在四倍体陆地棉基因组(At, Dt)中确定23个成员。按照进化关系的远近将这50个成员分为3个亚类,进化关系较近的成员之间具有更为相似的理化性质、基因结构和蛋白质基序;通过和其他植物的进化关系分析发现,NRAMP基因在单子叶和双子叶植物分离前已经产生;染色体定位发现NRAMP在染色体上的分布并不规律;共线性分析和选择压力分析表明,片段复制在棉花NRAMP基因的遗传进化过程中发挥主导作用,同源基因对在进化过程中处于纯化选择。     

鹅A-FABP基因内含子Ⅰ序列的分析研究

为了探讨鹅脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白(Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein,A-FABP)基因内含子Ⅰ的序列长度、多态性及与其他物种的同源性。根据鹅A-FABP mRNA(AF472610)和鸡A-FABP基因组序列(AY675941)设计1对引物,扩增鹅A-FABP基因内含子Ⅰ序列;利用PCR-SSCP技术和序列比对,开展鹅A-FABP基因内含子Ⅰ的多态性研究。结果表明：鹅A-FABP基因内含子Ⅰ序列长为1473 bp,与其他12个物种序列比较,发现其与鸭的同源性达到94.42%,与鸡的同源性为81.82%。经SNPs检测发现,P2和P3扩增产物存在变异位点。遗传多态性分析表明,A、B两个等位基因的基因频率分别为0.597和0.403,多态信息含量(PIC)是0.365,基因型分布未偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(χ2＝0.020,P>0.05);D、E两个等位基因的基因频率分别为0.483和0.517,PIC是0.375,基因型分布偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(χ2＝6.782,0.01     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.