规模养殖场兽用抗菌药物使用减量化养殖模式初探

兽用抗菌药物减量化三年试点工作落下帷幕,上海市6家养殖场顺利通过评价,先后被列入兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动试点达标养殖场名单。本文以试点养殖场为调研对象,从制度建设、环境控制、疫病防控、饲养管理、替抗方案等五个方面总结了各养殖场在抗菌药物减量化试点工作中取得的经验及减抗成效,以期为养殖场在开展兽用抗菌药物使用减量化行动过程中提供可复制、可操作的经验,推动建立兽用抗菌药使用减量化管理长效机制。     

Overview of issues pertaining to the manufacture, distribution, and use of antimicrobials in animals and other information relevant to animal antimicrobial use data collection in the United States

This paper provides condensed literature review and contextual information concerning antimicrobial use in animals and antimicrobial use data collection techniques. Information is summarized into the following topics: (I) antimicrobial use for animal growth promotion; (II) regulatory framework for approval of veterinary antimicrobials and feed additives in the United States; (III) animal health product manufacturing and distribution networks; (IV) existing estimates of animal antimicrobial use in the United States; (V) additional sources for animal use data in the United States; (VI) recommendations from international expert groups; (VII) animal antimicrobial use surveillance systems in other nations and (VIII) human use data collection systems in the United States.     

畜禽粪污中兽用抗菌药残留研究进展

随着畜禽养殖业的快速发展,兽用抗菌药污染带来的影响已逐渐成为人们关注的焦点,尤其是畜禽粪污中的兽用抗菌药残留问题已不容忽视。本文综述了畜禽粪污中兽用抗菌药残留的相关研究方向和成果,对兽用抗菌药在畜禽粪污中的残留现状,对土壤环境和植物生长的影响,无害化处理等方向进行了分析、评述,并指出开发中药、微生物菌剂等绿色兽药、堆肥菌剂、建立残留排放标准等研究方向。旨在为建立兽用抗菌药的安全性使用提供思路,为减少粪污抗菌药污染提供可行方案。     

Antibiotic prophylaxis in veterinary cancer chemotherapy: A review and recommendations

Bacterial infection following cancer chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in human and veterinary patients. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is controversial in the human oncology field, as any decreased incidence in bacterial infections is countered by patient adverse effects and increased antimicrobial resistance. Comprehensive guidelines exist to aid human oncologists in prescribing antimicrobial prophylaxis but similar recommendations are not available in veterinary literature. As the veterinarian's role in antimicrobial stewardship is increasingly emphasized, it is vital that veterinary oncologists implement appropriate antimicrobial use. By considering the available human and veterinary literature we present an overview of current clinical practices and are able to suggest recommendations for prophylactic antimicrobial use in veterinary cancer chemotherapy patients.     

Associations of antimicrobial uses with antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli from pigs on 47 farrow-to-finish farms in Ontario and British Columbia

This study assessed the associations between antimicrobial use and other management practices in pigs and antimicrobial resistance in generic Escherichia coli recovered from feces of weaner and finisher pigs on 39 purposefully selected farrow-to-finish farms in Ontario and 8 in British Columbia. Antimicrobials (n = 13), most frequently penicillins and tetracycline, wer dministered to different age groups of pigs on study farms through various routes of administration. Logistic regression was used to model risk factors to antimicrobial resistance in fecal E. coli of pigs for the following antimicrobials: ampicillin, apramycin, carbadox, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin, nitrofurantoin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole). Use of antimicrobials in weaner pigs compared with use in finisher pigs was associated with resistance in most models. There was phenotypic evidence of different mechanisms of resistance selection, including direct selection [use of carbadox was associated with carbadox resistance (OR = 6.48)]; cross-resistance [use of spectinomycin was associated with streptomycin resistance (OR = 2.29)]; and possible co-selection [ceftiofu use was associated with tetracycline resistance (OR = 6.12)]. These results provide further evidence that use of antimicrobials in pigs selects for resistance among fecal E. coli within and between classes of antimicrobials.     

2019年我国兽用抗菌药物使用情况分析研究

对2019年国内兽用抗菌药物销量数据进行了统计分析,按照兽用抗菌药销售量等同于使用量的评价指标,结果发现,国内兽药使用总量为37159.12吨;其中,使用量最大的是四环素类,占比36.56%;促生长用抗菌药的用量为14871.05吨,占比48.12%;每吨动物产品兽用抗菌药使用量为160 g。与2018年相比,兽用抗菌药物使用量略有上升,每吨动物产品使用的抗菌药物量也同比增加,这提示我国兽用抗菌药物使用管理不能放松,减抗政策需继续实施,久久为功。     

美国兽用抗菌药耐药性管理

全面介绍了美国兽用抗菌药耐药性的管理机构和管理措施,希望为我国兽药耐药性相关政策的制定和措施的实行提供一定的依据和参考。     

我国兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动试点达标养殖场调研分析

为深入了解兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动的实施现状,笔者对我国12省20余家兽用抗菌药物使用减量化行动试点达标养殖场开展了现场调研。结合调研数据,对达标养殖场兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动的实施效果、存在问题与积累经验进行了总结、分析与建议,旨在为兽用抗菌药物使用减量化行动的进一步推进提供参考     

Developing an open-access antimicrobial resistance learning site for veterinary medical students

Recognizing the crucial role of veterinarians in mitigating antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has funded the development of a suite of educational materials to promote the responsible veterinary medical use of antimicrobials. An open-access, Web-based multimedia curriculum regarding antimicrobial resistance in veterinary practice was thus created. The antimicrobial-resistance learning site (AMRLS) for veterinary medical students was completed and made available for use in January 2011 (http://amrls.cvm.msu.edu/). Designed for integration into existing veterinary medical courses, the AMRLS is also a resource for continuing education for practicing veterinarians, animal scientists, and food-animal industry specialists. This Web site emphasizes the mechanisms by which AMR emerges and spreads, the significant role of veterinarians in mitigating AMR, and the need to preserve the efficacy of antibiotics for future generations.     

国际组织兽用抗菌药耐药性管理

抗菌药在畜牧养殖业中的广泛应用导致耐药性的产生,引起动物和人类疾病治疗的失败。因此,兽用抗菌药耐药性问题已经成为一个国际上关注的问题。作者主要介绍了国际组织兽用抗菌药耐药性管理措施,指出中国耐药性管理现状及存在的问题,并提出建议,希望为中国兽用抗菌药的使用和耐药性的管理提供一定的参考和依据。     

Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food-producing animals. risk management tools and strategies

The application of antimicrobial agents has proved to be the main risk factor for development, selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This link applies to the use of antimicrobial agents in human and in veterinary medicine. Furthermore, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistant genes can be transmitted from animals to humans either by direct contact or via the food chain. In this context, risk management has to be discussed regarding prevention and control of the already existing antimicrobial resistance. One of the primary risk management measures in order to control the development and spread of antimicrobial resistances is by regulating the use of antimicrobial agents and subjecting their use to guidelines. Thereby, the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the human and veterinary habitat can be controlled to a certain degree. There is little information about past attempts to prevent the development of resistances or to control them, and even less is known about the effectiveness or the cost intensiveness of such efforts. Most of the strategies focus on preventing and controlling antimicrobial resistance by means of the reduction or limitation of the use of antimicrobial agents in food-producing animals.     

Antimicrobial labelling in Australia: a threat to antimicrobial stewardship?

Antimicrobial resistance is a public health emergency, placing veterinary antimicrobial use under growing scrutiny. Antimicrobial stewardship, through appropriate use of antimicrobials, is a response to this threat. The need for antimicrobial stewardship in Australian veterinary practices has had limited investigation. A 2016 survey undertaken to investigate antimicrobial usage patterns by Australian veterinarians found that antimicrobial dose rates were varied and often inappropriate. Doses of procaine penicillin in horses and cattle were often low, with 68% and 90% of respondents, respectively, reporting doses that were unlikely to result in plasma concentrations above minimum inhibitory concentrations for common equine and bovine pathogens. Frequency of penicillin administration was also often inappropriate. Gentamicin doses in horses were largely appropriate (89% of dose rates appropriate), but 9% of respondents reported twice daily dosing. Amoxycillin and amoxycillin‐clavulanate were administered at the appropriate doses, or above, to dogs and cats by 54% and 70% of respondents, respectively. Here, we explore the potential reasons for inappropriate antimicrobial dose regimens and report that antimicrobial labels often recommend incorrect dose rates and thus may be contributing to poor prescribing practices. Changes to legislation are needed to ensure that antimicrobial drug labels are regularly updated to reflect the dose needed to effectively and safely treat common veterinary pathogens. This will be especially true if changes in legislation restrict antimicrobial use by veterinarians to the uses and doses specified on the label, thus hampering the current momentum towards improved antimicrobial stewardship.     

兽用药敏纸片的制备及其抑菌效果分析

[目的]旨在探索常用的兽用药敏纸片的制作方法,节约药敏试验成本。[方法]选取兽医临床上常用的青霉素G、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、氧氟沙星、链霉素、头孢噻呋钠6种抗生素药物,按照治疗量（标记1×）、2倍治疗量（标记2×）和4倍治疗量（标记4×）3个浓度梯度制备药敏纸片。然后利用自制药敏纸片与市售药敏纸片进行药敏试验,对比其抑菌效果。[结果]除头孢噻呋钠外,其余5种常见抗菌药物的2倍治疗量自制药敏片与市售药敏纸片抑菌效果一致。[结论]该试验制备的常用兽用药敏纸片的方法是成功的。     

Nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance in critical care medicine

Objective: To review the human and companion animal veterinary literature on nosocomial infections and antimicrobial drug resistance as they pertain to the critically ill patient. Data sources: Data from human and veterinary sources were reviewed using PubMed and CAB. Human data synthesis: There is a large amount of published data on nosocomially‐acquired bloodstream infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections and surgical site infections, and strategies to minimize the frequency of these infections, in human medicine. Nosocomial infections caused by multi‐drug‐resistant (MDR) pathogens are a leading cause of increased patient morbidity and mortality, medical treatment costs, and prolonged hospital stay. Epidemiology and risk factor analyses have shown that the major risk factor for the development of antimicrobial resistance in critically ill human patients is heavy antibiotic usage. Veterinary data synthesis: There is a paucity of information on the development of antimicrobial drug resistance and nosocomially‐acquired infections in critically ill small animal veterinary patients. Mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance are universal, although the selection effects created by antibiotic usage may be less significant in veterinary patients. Future studies on the development of antimicrobial drug resistance in critically ill animals may benefit from research that has been conducted in humans. Conclusions: Antimicrobial use in critically ill patients selects for antimicrobial drug resistance and MDR nosocomial pathogens. The choice of antimicrobials should be prudent and based on regular surveillance studies and accurate microbiological diagnostics. Antimicrobial drug resistance is becoming an increasing problem in veterinary medicine, particularly in the critical care setting, and institution‐specific strategies should be developed to prevent the emergence of MDR infections. The collation of data from tertiary‐care veterinary hospitals may identify trends in antimicrobial drug resistance patterns in nosocomial pathogens and aid in formulating guidelines for antimicrobial use.     

Development of a radioimmunoassay for thyroxine in canines using polyethylene glycol

Metropolitan Clinical Laboratories, 687 West 8th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Since the normal circulating level of thyroxine is so much lower in canines and other species than it is in humans, the authors suggest that it is impractical to use systems designed for thyroxine detection in human sera on their veterinary patients. Their newly developed, simple yet sensitive radioimmunoassay is presented here and further outlined in the accompanying table. Successfully performed on 500 canine patients, this radioimmunoassay features the use of T(4) standards prepared with T(4)-free serum, I(125) thyroxine with a very high specific activity, and specific antiserum for thyroxine, previously titered to give 50% binding of radioactive T(4) in the test system. Polyethylene glycol is used to separate the bound and free radioactive T(4), resulting in a procedure which can be performed rapidly at room temperature.     

OIE抗菌药耐药性国际标准

兽用抗菌药耐药性已经成为一个全球普遍关注的公共健康问题,各国际组织都积极采取相应的措施控制耐药性的产生和蔓延。介绍了国际组织世界动物卫生组织OIE制定的五个国际标准,包括协调抗菌药耐药性监督和检测程序指南、畜牧业抗菌药消耗量监测指南、兽用抗菌药慎用指南、抗菌药敏感性检测的实验室方法指南、动物源抗菌药耐药性对公共健康潜在影响的风险分析方法指南,以期为我国政策制定者和决策者参照国际标准制定出符合我国国情的耐药性相关指南。     

Evaluation of Specific Infection Control Practices Used by Companion Animal Veterinarians in Community Veterinary Practices in Southern Ontario

This study evaluated specific infection control practices in community veterinary practices in southern Ontario. Environmental disinfection, management of infectious patients and antimicrobial use in clean surgical procedures were investigated. Community companion animal veterinary practices (n = 101) in Southern Ontario were recruited, and a questionnaire was administered to one veterinarian and one veterinary technician from each practice. The veterinarian questionnaire gathered data on clinic demographics, management of infectious patients, infectious diseases of concern, environmental disinfection and antimicrobial use in surgical procedures. The veterinary technician questionnaire gathered data on environmental disinfection. None of the veterinary practices had a formal infection control programme. Sixty‐five per cent (n = 66) of the veterinary practices did not have an isolation area and 61% (n = 40) of these practices did not employ any specific infection control measures for infectious cases. The products most frequently used for environmental disinfection were hydrogen peroxide based or quaternary ammonium compounds. Bleach was the agent most commonly used for environmental disinfection of infectious body fluids; however 60% of the veterinarians and 40% of the veterinary technicians did not identify a product for environmental disinfection of infectious body fluids. Twenty‐four per cent of the veterinarians reported using antimicrobials in animals undergoing elective sterilization surgeries and 60% reported using antimicrobials in other clean surgical procedures. There is a need for community veterinary practices to develop infection control programmes specific to their individual practice. In addition, veterinarians should discontinue the common use of antimicrobials for clean elective sterilization surgical procedures.     

蛋鸡兽用抗菌药使用减量化养殖现状与研究对策

不合理使用抗菌药严重威胁到蛋鸡养殖健康,引起鸡蛋中药物残留和细菌耐药性产生风险,影响鸡蛋食品安全和公共卫生安全。本文基于我国自2018年起开展的涵盖蛋鸡养殖的兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动,从蛋鸡养殖的减量化现状、问题、对策等方面进行综述,以期为推动蛋鸡兽用抗菌药使用减量化养殖提供参考。     

新型抗生素替代品抗菌肽在畜禽养殖上的应用

抗菌肽又称抗微生物肽,是生物先天性免疫的重要组成成份,具有广谱抗菌作用并且不易产生耐药性。抗菌肽作为饲料添加剂有促生长、防病以及可提高机体免疫力的作用;作为兽药可治疗各类细菌性、病毒性疾病以及各类寄生虫疾病;抗菌肽在畜禽养殖上的功能正在逐渐被开发,有望被开发成为抗生素替代品而广泛应用于畜禽养殖业。本文就家畜来源的抗菌肽从结构、用途和作用机制以及在畜牧兽医领域中的应用进行系统的分析与讨论。