Experimental study on acoustic emission characteristics of coal rock at different confining pressure

This paper conducts experimental investigation on acoustic emission(AE) characteristics of coal rock at uniaxial and triaxial compression by MTS815 rock mechanics test system. The results show that the variation of AE has tendency effect at uniaxial compression and confining pressure experiments. We indicate that AE signal decreases significantly in the elastic stage, and the relatively quiet period of AE before the specimens failure is not obvious under confining pressure. The AE amplitude distribution with time and its envelope line can indirectly reflect the trend of stress. The AE events peak stress and elastic modulus decrease with the temperature increase, and the value of m which reflects the cumulative distribution of amplitude increases as the confining pressure rises. The results also show that the AE frequency distributes in three frequency domains, and the proportions of dominant frequency significantly increase while the specimens are broken.     

Application of the pumping coal gangue cemented filling materials in roadside

To take full advantage of gangue for roadside supporting in coal mines physical properties of coal gangue are tested. The collapsed slump uniaxial compression strength and initial setting time of gangue binder backfill material with different water-cement ratios and admixture contents are researched. Experimental studies show that the best ratio of water cement coarse aggregate fine aggregate and admixtures is 1:2:5.6:1.6:0.02 for site pumping of roadside packing support. The collapsed slump 28 d uniaxial compression strength and initial setting time of gangue binder backfill material are 210 mm 20.8 MPa 224 min respectively under such ratio. It could satisfy the requirement of site supporting and the initial setting time of binder backfill material under such ratio is about 50 min shorter in site than indoor.     

THE STUDY ON CHARACTERISTICS OF ELASTIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN ROCKS UNDER COMPLICATED STRESS STATES

This paper is aimed at investigating the acoustic properties of rock mass under the three-dimentional different stress states, and is presented to discuss emphatically the characteristics of the acoustic wave propagation and the stress-velocity relation in both rocks (sandstone and limestone) under uniaxial and true triaxial compression. The results indicate three regions in which the acoustic velocities and the strains change with the stresses are approximately similar under different stress states; and the acoustic velocity-stress relations for elastic rocks may be represented by different interdependence coefficients under uniaxial compression. At a time, The acoustic measurement method of rock mass stresses and the horizontal tectonic stress are discussed.     

3D Meso scale Failure Simulation of Four phase Composite Concrete

Taking into account the influence of the internal micro cracks on the strength and deformation of concrete, a four phase composite material model was proposed, in which it included mortar, aggregate, interface and random defects. Meso scale unit in concrete was subjected to elastic plastic damage constitutive of increments form in strain space. With the simulation of mesh concrete crack growth by damage elimination, the damage processes of concrete under 3 D uniaxial compression and the elasto plastic damage process of concrete under uniaxial tension with heterogeneous specimen were obtained. It was shown that the proposed four phase model added the simulation of random defects, with which it was more appropriate to the actual situation in concrete forming. The percentage of random defects in volume was the key to determine the weakening degree of macro strength of concrete. The cracks occlusion was obvious for the lower homogeneous uniaxial tension specimen and the fracture was clearer for higher homogeneous specimen. The simulation results was in good agreement with test results.     

Experiment of the gas effect on coal mechanical properties under zero effective confirming pressure

Considering the seal and storage of gas, mechanical index of coal containing gas is usually obtained by normal three-axis experiment. While, according to national standard, mechanical index of coal is usually tested by uniaxial experiment. By utilizing the gas sealing system, an analogic uniaxial experiment method is proposed. Through designed experiments, the effect of gas on mechanical properties and mechanical response of the coal sample when effective confirming pressure is 0 is studied too. The experimental results show that pore gas changes the mechanical response of complete deformation stage, but the trend of change gradually weakens as the gas pressure increases, and it means that non-mechanical effects caused by absorbed gas play a leading role gradually.     

Research on Bifurcation and Chaos Characteristics of Meso-Scopic Fracture Process of Rock

On the basis of test results of meso-scopic fracture process and evolution of microcracks of rock in uniaxial compression,the number and orientation of microcracks at each stress level are obtained.A mathematical model for describing the germination and evolution of microcracks is proposed.The bifurcation and chaos behaviours of the evolution of microcracks and meso-scopic fracture process are studied for the first time with the bifurcation and chaos theory of modern nonlinear science.When the characteristic values which represent the gernimation and closure effect of microcracks take certain values,the evolution of microcracks can be described by the Logistic equation.Therefore,the evolution of microcracks of rock has the bifurcation and chaos characteristics.[WT5HZ]     

Study on Acoustic Emission of Limestone in Uniaxial Compression Test

In order to study the acoustic emission of rock under compression by means of the rock acoustic parameter dynamic testing system (RAPDTS), some uniaxial compression tests on a kind of limestone from Guangxi Province were carried out. It was concluded that the formations of new micro clefts generated in the rock and the enmargements of existing clefts are the principal factors that cause the acoustic emission.     

Relationship between effective volumetric stress and permeability of gas-filled coal

Considering the damage effect of porous media under triaxial compression, the calculation formula of effective stress is modified. It is verified that the formula can very well describe complete stress-strain process of gas-filled coal under triaxial compression. The permeability experiments under triaxial compression show that the relationship between the effective volumetric stress and permeability of gas-filled coal samples is negative exponent before the peak stress. It is still exponentially after the peak point, but the coefficient changes. The permeability of the gas-filled coal samples changes in reverse direction with the effective volumetric stress, that is, the effective volumetric stress increases when the permeability decreases, and vice versa.     

Numerical Simulation of Microcrack Toughening in Particulate Composite

The crack tip region in an elastic composite can be divided into three different zones. The constitutive equations corresponding to these zones and the extent of the saturated damage zones are derived. The damage isotropy in the largest saturated damage zone is expressed by utilizing the Monte Carlo technique to create uniform distribution microcracks. The interaction between the main crack and microcracks can be evaluated by an alternating iteration scheme. In the assumption of a dilute concentration of microcracks, the interaction among microcracks is neglected, and the stress intensity factor produced by interaction between the main crack and each microcrack can be superposed. Two sources of loading are analyzed: one is for the main crack microcrack interaction under an applied remote load, and the other is for the main crack microcrack interaction accompanied by the relief of residual stresses on the microcrack surfaces. The results show that two sources of loading can shield the main crack tip, and microcracks behind the main crack tip can create the most shielding whereas the micro cracks ahead of the main crack tip play no role in shielding.     

Microcracking and Chloride Penetration of Concrete under Uniaxial Compression

A non-destructive method of evaluation of specific crack area was used to characterise microcracking in concrete prisms during uniaxial compression loading and unloading. Chloride profiles were also measured after the same concretes were exposed to chloride environment. The relation among microcracking, stress-strength ratio and chloride penetration of concrete were analysed based on the experimental results. Under compressive load, the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient decreases until about one third of the ultimate load. Further increase of compressive load improves the chloride diffusion coefficient again. There is a close link between microcracking and stress-strength ratio. The index of specific crack area can be used to indicate the microcracking and study chloride transport behaviour into concrete under the influence of microcracking.     

Dynamic Evolution Pattern of Compression Modulus of Soft Clay

Under the external loads, the volume of soft clay decreases with the time and several subsidence phases could be classified with the during development characteristics. And the compression indicators should develop gradually. With the soft clay samples taken from representative soft base before and after geotechnical process in some express highway area of the Pearl River delta, indoor consolidation tests were carried out under different pressure levels. With the data analysis, quantitative relation formulas were obtained for the compression modulus of silt soil with pressure and time. Consequently, dynamic evolution pattern of compression modulus was obtained.     

Wavelet denoising method of temperature signal in the process of coal gas absorption and desorption

The study on the temperature evolutionary trend under both the ground stress and gas pressure is significant in the process of coal gas absorption and desorption. However, the valid signal is difficult to gain because of much noise in the experimental data, so according to the characteristics of the temperature signal gained under different experimental conditions of coal gas absorption and desorption, this essay filtrates noise and restores the valid signal by using the wavelet denoising of MATLAB to obtain the valid temperature evolutionary curve. Through contrasting and analyzing wavelet basis function and different decomposition levels, the essay chooses the sym8 wavelet basis function which has a higher order of vanishing moments and better smoothness. The reconstructed signal filtrates most of high frequency signal, and keep low frequency, as well as smooth signal. The result shows that the de-noising effect is good and the temperature evolution rule can be well reflected in the process of the coal gas absorption and desorption.     

A THEORETIC BREAKDOWN CRITERION OF HYDROFRACTURING IN ROCK SALT

Experimental results of the basic mechanical properties and failure mode performed on rock salt demonstrate that rock salt is a typical and peculiar soft rock , whose" Young' s modulus/strength(E/S)"ratio is extremely small,and whose failure follows the deformation failure criterion. With these results,this paper develops a theoretic breakdown criterion of hydraulic fracturing in rock salt,which is based on the greatest tension strain failure theory and includes the vertical stress effects. It has been suggested that the critical tension strain should be determined from uniaxial compression tests. This theoretic criterion exceedingly agrees with experimental results and is applicable for every soft rock with small E/S ratio under various stresses.     

Study on Softening Constitutive Model of Malan Loess

In this paper, based on the uniaxial compression tests, consolidated undrained shear tests,consolidation drainage shear tests of Malan loess with different water contents, and based on understanding deeply of peculiar physico mechanical property of Malan     

丘陵地区免耕条播对油菜生长、根系和产量的影响

研究丘陵地区免耕条播对油菜生长的影响,初步了解免耕油菜根系与产量之间关系,同时探讨秋旱季节不同耕作方式对稻田油菜土壤物理性质的影响。采用大田试验,设置常规翻耕（CT）、免耕（NT）和免耕+稻草覆盖还田（NTR）3个处理。结果表明,与CT处理相比,NT处理增加了土壤容重和紧实度,降低了饱和含水量和总孔隙度,抑制了油菜根系生长。油菜产量表现为NT>CT>NTR,NT处理产量比CT增加17.04%,NTR处理产量比CT降低5.83%。除根颈粗外,油菜苗期根系指标总体呈现NT>NTR>CT趋势;而角果期植株根体积、总根长、总根表面积、根颈粗和干物质重呈现CT>NT>NTR趋势。与CT处理相比,NT处理能有效降低干旱胁迫对油菜幼苗根系的损伤,保障了油菜产量;NTR处理油菜角果期单位面积分枝数和角果数及根系指标均显著降低,产量下降。因此,在干旱季节采用合理的耕作方式可降低植株受到的胁迫损伤,达到高产稳产。     

水稻核心种质资源的苗期耐冷性鉴定与评价

苗期冷害是一种影响水稻群体建成和生长发育的延迟性冷害,最终导致水稻减产。筛选苗期耐冷性强的种质资源可以为水稻耐冷育种提供亲本资源。本研究采用3000份全球水稻核心种质资源中的1542份在人工气候箱进行苗期耐冷鉴定及评价,以存活率为评价指标。发现种质资源苗期耐冷性变异非常丰富,筛选出存活率80%以上的苗期耐冷资源材料73份,其中籼稻9份,温带粳稻47份,热带粳稻4份,粳稻混合型8份,籼粳中间型和香稻类型各1份,籼粳混合型3份,XI-B、XI-2和亚热带粳稻中未筛选到苗期耐冷材料。耐冷材料主要集中在温带粳稻中,但亦有部分籼稻材料表现出较强的耐冷性。多数苗期耐冷资源材料的综合农艺性状较差,结合株高、生育期性状等筛选出14份半矮秆和生育期适中的强耐冷性材料,可作为水稻苗期耐冷育种亲本应用。对利用种质资源开展苗期耐冷基因挖掘和选育全生育期耐冷品种进行了讨论。本研究初步阐明了水稻耐冷种质资源的分布,为水稻耐冷育种提供了优异的供体亲本材料。     

Mechanism and application of protection againstoutburst for abrasive water jet slotting technology

Aiming at the status quote of long time for methane extraction and slow speed for laneway excavating in coal seams of Liziya south 2JHJ well, abrasive water jet slotting technology is adopted to improve the methane desorption and increase excavating speed in semi-coal laneway. Through analyzing damage model and protection against outburst mechanism, the process of Coal-Rock Mass being cut and fractured is studied. Through lab test on abrasive water jet cutting coal-bed gangue, a new abrasive water jet cutting device is successfully designed and made and all parameters are determined. It is showed that abrasive water jet can cut through a coal-bed gangue with thickness 60~80 mm and uniaxial compressive strength 62 MPa. After cutting coal seams by abrasive water jet, the surface area for methane is enlarged and then coal seams pressure fell rapidly. Therefore the permeability and desorption of coal seams are greatly increased. The results are as follows: the average productivity of single-hole was enhanced by 2.83 times.     

Analysis on AE characteristic and its confining pressure effect of outburst coal containing gas

Briquette samples made of outburst coal are taken as study objects to study AE characteristic and its confining pressure effect by using self-developed equipment, Shimazu servo test machine and AE monitor system, and the characteristic of AE parameters are analyzed, too. The results show that in the process of outburst coal containing gas triaxial compression, there is no serious dense or sparse area of AE events, but three relative dense appear in compression phase, middle area of linear elastic stage and near peaking phase area so that the characteristic of AE events look like three peaks. But the amplitude of AE events is small and the good consistency between energy change and amplitude change is showed. Microstructure change caused by external stress field change, fracture and fragmentation of particle of samples, movement besides particle of samples and microstructure change caused by dissipation of gas are the sources of AE events. The number of AE events is reduced as the confining pressure is increased, but the influence on total number of AE events caused by confining pressure show nonlinear, expressed by quadratic function. The number of larger amplitude of AE events show decreasing tendency as the confining pressure is increased, the relation between numbers of AE events whose amplitude is more than certain value and confining pressure is expressed by quadratic function.     

圆钢管混凝土轴压长柱极限承载力的稳定系数法

为完善圆钢管混凝土轴压长柱极限承载力的计算理论,对比分析了中国国家标准GB 50936-2014和CECS 28：2012中轴压短柱极限承载力的N₀计算公式,并把GB 50936-2014中基于套箍系数的N₀计算公式改写成统一的形式,提出了基于正则长细比的轴压长柱的稳定系数计算式,并通过36个试件的对比,对计算式的精度和适用范围进行了分析。研究表明,现行国标GB 50936-2014中基于套箍系数的N₀计算公式更为精确,基于N₀计算公式和本文的稳定系数,可以计算得到更为精确的轴压长柱的极限承载力。     

平直节理黏结颗粒材料宏细观参数关系及细观参数的标定

为了分析平直节理黏结颗粒材料宏细观参数关系以及进行细观参数的标定,以单轴压缩、直接拉伸和双轴压缩数值试验作为宏观参数测试方法,对平直节理接触模型细观参数进行正交设计,采用多因素方差分析和回归分析研究宏细观参数之间的关系,在此基础上,建立了细观参数的标定方法。以灰岩的室内试验为基础,对其细观参数进行标定,模拟结果与试验结果相接近,验证了方法的有效性。