Analysis on Summer Thermal Environment Characteristic of a TeachingBuilding Cluster and Validation of Its Calculation Model

A 33-hour field test of outdoor thermal environment was carried out in a typical teaching building cluster located in the hot and humid zone in summer. From the experiment results of local climate data, air temperature, humidity, wind velocity and wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) at the pedestrian-level, and the typical ground surface temperature, the main characteristics of summer outdoor thermal environment of teaching building cluster in hot and humid zone are obtained. The results show that the patio, overhead and porous pavement can reduce the pedestrian air temperature and WBGT effectively at summer daytime. And the function of the following design methods to improve the outdoor thermal comfort at the summer daytime has the order like overhead>patio>porous pavement>imporous pavement>concrete road. The WBGT at all measuring points at nighttime are almost the same. The test results are further used to verify the existing mathematical models of outdoor velocity and WBGT. The results show that the relative errors are within 6%. Then, the calculation values are in good agreement with the experimental values.     

Residential Environment Ethic and Green Building Materials

The environment ethic deals with the research on relation between human beings and the nature. The residential environment ethic is a detail study of environment ethic, which studies the relation between human beings and residential environment. The residential environment ethic presents the human duty to care about and protect residential environment and actually to protect human beings themselves. But the residential environment is facing many dangers, such as city pollution and indoor air pollution, which are closely related to building materials. So, one of the ways for improving the residential environment quality is to use green building materials.     

Simple Analysis of the Thermal Environment in Chongqing

There are a series of city environmental problems especially in the mountain city along with the city fast development. In recent decade, many scholars have studied the urban heat island, the urban temperature, the urban wind field, the precipitation and the urban visibility etc. But the urban thermal environment has not been settled radically. All the measures have not been used in the practice. And the researches in thermal environment of the mountain cities are very few. So the authors consider Chongqing as the researching object. Chongqing is one of the typical mountain cities in the semi-tropical. Sequentially we find out the characteristic of the thermal environment in the mountain city. Further the authors seek for the measures to plan and build ecological city. They conclude that CFD can be used in the simulation of urban environment, and use the result of simulation in urban planning is possible. The thermal environment in the center of Chongqing needs to be improved.     

Influence of Indoor Thermal Environment on Thermal Comfort of Human Body

Analyses the thermal environment parameters from physiological aspect and from psychological aspect respectively. Introduces the conception of thermal comfort of human body from heat balance aspect. Presents some measures to improve indoor thermal environment and advance thermal comfort of human body. Analyses the influence of indoor thermal environment on thermal comfort of human body and some questions on the aspect of this research, also puts forward some advices.     

Research on Thermal Environment of Healthy City Residence

After "SARS", people introspect on the human settlement, and the health conception becomes the focal point of attention.The thermal environment is the important content of the human settlement and a good thermal environment is the premise of healthy city, healthy residence and people's health.In this paper, the property and affection of the thermal environment are analyzed and the principle and the way to improve the thermal environment of city residence are investigated.All play an important role in the healthy human settlement.     

Research on Classroom Thermal Environment during the Summer in Chongqing

In this paper, the university teaching buildings in Chongqing are taken as study object, and the indoor thermal environment of classroom is studied with the ways of investigation and testing, in which the indoor thermal environment of classroom is characterized by two aspects: personal and impersonal. The accepted thermal environment range of the classroom in summer is obtained. The difference between predicted thermal sensation and measured one as well as the influence of air velocity on thermal sensation are analyzed. Some measures to improve indoor thermal quality are proposed.     

Thermal Properties Optimization of Envelope in Energy-saving Renovation of Existing Residential Building

The impact of windows to wall ratio and thermodynamic performance of windows on the insulating layer thickness cannot be neglected in existent residential building energy-saving renovation because of the bigger difference of windows to wall ratio. The limited equivalent coefficient of envelope heat transfer was posed based on “Design standard for energy efficiency of residential buildings in severe cold and cold zones”. Factors of orientation, windows to wall ratio and windows types should be comprehensively considered in building calculation model of thermal insulation thickness of external wall and envelope thermodynamic performance optimization model. These models are validated by an existing residential building in Xuzhou.     

发动机燃烧室内壁材料热环境的气动热试验模拟技术研究

利用超声速矩形湍流导管和等离子电弧加热器模拟了发动机燃烧室内流和高超声速飞行器外壁面外流热环境,进行了平板表面冷壁热流测量和燃烧室内壁材料考核试验。结果表明:由于辐射换热的影响,在选取的两个典型来流条件下,发动机燃烧室内流热环境下的冷壁热流比外流热环境下的高出21%和40%,但是冷壁热流的增量基本相当,约为0.70~0.80MW/m²。随着冷壁热流的增加,辐射换热产生的热流增量的影响力会逐渐减小。材料考核时,相同配方的C/SiC复合材料在内流热环境下的表面温度高出约400℃,背面温度高出约90℃,这种差异对于发动机燃烧室内壁面材料考核至关重要,必须在材料考核试验中加以考虑。      

Improvement of Urban Thermal Environment by Ecological Measures of Solar Control for Buildings

In this paper, traditional measures of solar control for buildings were analyzed with the view of sustainable development.The field test results show the good ecological effect of covering building external surface with plants.The necessity and possibility of adopting ecological measures of solar control for buildings was discussed.     

Effect of Moisture on Indoor Thermal Environment

In the past, the temperature was used as the sole quota to control the indoor thermal environment in hot summer and cold winter areas of China, but a major quota, the relative air moisture, was often ignored. In this paper, the effect of relative air moisture on indoor thermal environment is analyzed. The results show that the energy consumption can be reduced and comfortable thermal environment can be provided under natural condition by regulating the indoor moisture.     

Effect of Natural Resource on Improving Indoor Thermal Environment in Chongqing

Analyzes the potentials of natural resource to improve the indoor thermal environment in Chongqing through the statistical analysis of natural resource including solar energy, wind, water and earth etc. The building forms, systems and principle of usage of natural resources are briefly analyzed through the building site-decision, building form design and computer simulation which will be the real reference for the design of building energy efficiency.     

A Simplified Method to Calculate the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature

The wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is difficult to measure and calculate in field observation and numerical simulation. To solve this problem, the air dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, globe temperature, relative humidity, mean air velocity, solar radiation and wet bulb globe temperature in Guangzhou, P. R. China, first were collected during the summer (July). Next, correlation and regression analyses were used to derive a simplified model for calculating WBGT. The results show that dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, mean air velocity and WBGT were interrelated to some extent. These four parameters with high linear correlation can be used to predict WBGT in a simplified model with high precision. The simplified WBGT model can be used in field observation and simulation research regarding urban thermal environments.     

Seasonal Characteristics of Thermal Environment in Urban Public Space of the Urban in Hot-summer and Cold-winter Region

Thermal environment in urban public space is considered as an important factor affecting thermal comfort of human beings. In the whole year, thermal environment in public space of the city in hot-summer and cold-winter zone changes dramatically, which has an effect on human thermal comfort. In this study, three typical public spaces including street, park and square of Changsha were selected for a long-term experiment of thermal environment. Based on the analysis of four significant thermal environment parameters-air temperature, relative humidity, global temperature and wind speed, seasonal characteristics of thermal environment in urban public space were obtained. The results show that the characteristics of urban thermal environment are determined by natural climate, while the physical structure of a city has essential impact on the changes of local outdoor thermal environment. Affected by plants (trees) and water (Xiangjiang river) air temperature of the street along the street is much lower, relative humidity is higher and solar radiation is weaker in most of the year. Compared to the street along the river, air temperature of the square is higher and solar radiation is stronger.     

Urban Thermal Environment Planning of Yunyang County Assisted with the Computer Simulation

With the computer simulation of the thermal environment in the Yunyang County,combined with the data of measurement on the spot,the thermal environment of the actual state is analyzed,and some advice to urban planning are given from the viewpoint of outdoor thermal environment.It is proven that the computer simulation is an advantageous means to help the analysis of the thermal environment in urban planning.     

热加工方式对鸡肉风味的影响

以鸡胸肉、鸡腿肉为原料,分别对其进行常压及高压煮制,利用电子鼻结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）研究两种加工方式对鸡肉风味特征及风味物质的影响。结果表明：电子鼻的主成分分析（PCA）方法能够很好地区分不同加热方式鸡肉风味的变化;常压煮制的鸡肉共检测出61种挥发性物质,高压煮制的鸡肉共检测出57种挥发性物质,常压煮制和高压煮制的鸡肉中挥发性风味物质均以醛类为主。     

大庆市城市扩展与地表热环境变化研究

本研究从城市热岛的空间分布与土地利用类型着手,选取1990、2001、2006年3年的Landsat TM/ETM遥感数据,采用单窗算法对大庆市地表温度进行反演,通过从热岛强度、不同类型下垫面转换对温度的影响,以及温度重心转移等方面分析了大庆市地表温度随城市扩展的变化规律。结果表明：大庆市的城镇面积、城镇用地比重与城市的扩展程度均呈现相同的变化趋势,即持续增长趋势;同时,大庆市高温区的面积在1990与2006年期间呈现出持续增长的趋势,而低温区与常温区面积则表现为不同程度的减少趋势;在对下垫面热效应贡献研究中,城市用地较其他类型地块对其贡献最大,而在其他类型下垫面地块向城市用地的转换过程中,均表现出正温度效应;大庆市城市扩展方向与下垫面温度场变化方向相同,因此城市地表热环境发生改变的主要原因是城市用地的扩张。     

Thermal Adaptation to Free-Eunning Environment of Apartments in Beijing:Individual Level

Occupant’s thermal adaptation to free-running environment of apartments in summer was studied at an individual level.The relationship between indoor environmental parameters and occupant’s thermal sensation to indoor environment has been developed. Moreover, the effects of indoor temperature and relative humidity, as well as the interaction effects of the two parameters on occupant’s thermal sensation have been analyzed. On this basis, the characteristics of occupant’s adaptation to indoor temperature and relative humidity have be identified simultaneously. One particular individual dweller in Beijing has been selected to study the thermal adaptation by applying the method to practice.     

The Quantitative Method for Temperature Distribution of Cotton Leaves Based on Infrared Thermal Images

[Objective] The leaf temperature is an effective parameter reflecting crop physiological process and energy exchange. This study aimed to put forward a method to quantify the temperature distribution within cotton leaves. [Method] The infrared images of cotton leaves of potassium deficiency and normal cotton plants cultivated in nutrient solution were taken and studied. The irrelevant background in the infrared images was removed by using software of Stata and Surfer. The geostatistical spatial grid method was used to quantify the temperature distribution within cotton leaves. Finally, the temperature scales of different images were unified for better and faster comparison of leaf temperature differences among images. [Result] The processed image clearly reflected the differences among different treatments in leaf temperature. The mean leaf temperature, leaf vein temperature and leaf temperature outside leaf vein of potassium-deficient cotton were 0.52 ℃, 0.59 ℃ and 0.47 ℃higher than those of normal leaf, respectively. In addition, the temperature variation amplitude (0.76 ℃) and coefficient of variation (0.38%) of potassium deficient leaf were higher than those of normal leaf (0.54 ℃, 0.27%), and the temperature of the leaf vein increased the most (0.53 ℃). The analysis of the frequency distribution of temperature within the cotton leaf showed that the quartile deviation of temperature distribution of potassium-deficient leaf was 0.07 ℃ higher than that of normal leaf, indicating that the temperature distribution of normal leaf was relatively concentrated. [Conclusion] The proposed method is helpful for further monitoring of cotton growth and may guide cotton precise management.