铁路交通对铁路旁土壤重金属污染的影响——以陇海铁路郑州—圃田段为例

以陇海铁路郑州-圃田段为例,在野外调查、采样和实验室分析的基础上,探讨了铁路交通对周围土壤N i、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu和Cd六种重金属含量与分布的影响。结果表明,铁路南侧农田土壤六种重金属元素都出现不同程度的富集,最大含量均分布在距铁路路基30m的范围内,随着距离的增加,各重金属元素含量表现出不同的下降趋势。土壤各重金属污染程度的次序为:Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu>Cr>N i。土壤Pb和Zn污染最为严重,近路基处为重度污染,随着距路基距离的增加,由中度污染逐渐变为轻度污染。土壤N i和Cr虽不构成污染,但仍具有明显的铁路影响特征。在距路基10 m范围内为土壤重金属重度污染带,10~100 m范围内为中度污染带,100~500 m范围内为轻度污染带。     

韶关土壤重金属污染状况

随着工矿业的迅猛发展,韶关土壤重金属污染日益严重,直接影响到农作物的安全生产。笔者对韶关土壤重金属污染来源及其现状作了概述,并针对污染状况及其当地农作物生产的特点提出了一些治理和修复建议。     

广东大宝山矿区土壤重金属污染

Soil contamination in the vicinity of the Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong Province, China, was studied through determi- nation of total concentrations and chemical speciation of the toxic metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that over the past decades, the environmental pollution was caused by a combination of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, with tailings and acid mine drainage being the main pollution sources affecting soils. Significantly higher levels （P ≤ 0.05） of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were found in the tailings as compared with paddy, garden, and control soils, with averages of 1486, 2516, 6.42, and 429 mg kg^-1, respectively. These metals were continuously dispersed downstream from the tallings and waste waters, and therefore their concentrations in the paddy soils were as high as 567, 1 140, 2.48, and 191 mg kg^-1, respectively, being significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） as compared with those in the garden soils. The results of sequential extraction of the above metals from all the soil types showed that the residual fraction was the dominant form. However, the amounts of metals that were bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matter were relatively higher than those bound to carbonates or those that existed in exchangeable forms. As metals could be transformed from an inert state to an active state, the potential environmental risk due to these metals would increase with time.     

土壤重金属污染修复技术

介绍了近年来国外开发,应用的七种较为成熟的创新性土壤污染修复技术,就其原理,实例,优缺点及合理运用等问题作了简要阐述。     

大同市污灌区土壤重金属污染现状

通过对大同市主要污灌区域土壤中重金属污染状况进行调查监测和评价,并针对土壤修复及防治做一分析探讨。     

城市土壤重金属污染特征分析

目前越来越多的大城市的土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,这将深刻影响到城市环境质量和人体健康。因受人类活动的强烈扰动,城市土壤重金属污染特征与传统意义上的土壤重金属污染特征差别很大,文章就城市土壤重金属污染特征做了详细的分析,并提出了一些相应的管理对策。     

土壤重金属污染监测技术研究进展

重金属污染对生态稳定和食品生产安全造成诸多潜在威胁,建立环境中重金属的标准化检测流程,对保证食品来源安全和保护食品生产环境有着重要意义。本文对土壤重金属污染监测中常见的样品采集、预处理和检测方法进行了综述,结合国内外土壤污染物重金属检测方法标准,同时考虑国家发展需求,提出从预处理到检测的系统重金属检测方案——湿法-微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光度法。     

云南省某锡矿废水污灌区土壤重金属污染评价分析

为揭示工矿企业污水灌溉对土壤环境质量的影响,以锡矿企业废水污灌区为例,对其表层土壤重金属Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr含量及pH值进行测定分析。对照国家《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准,采用标准对比法、单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法,对污灌区土壤环境质量进行了评价。结果表明,研究区土壤pH值介于3.83～6.45之间,均值为5.14,土壤偏酸;Hg和Pb单因子污染指数全部样本为一级,土壤清洁且安全;Cr和Cd单因子污染指数分别有2.22%和4.44%的样本为二级,达到警戒级,说明土壤尚清洁,未受到污染;As单因子污染指数2.22%的样本为三级,Pi跃1,达轻污染级,为主要污染因子,表明土壤已受到As轻度污染;研究区综合污染指数值为1.16,达到轻度污染级。     

土壤重金属—有机物复合污染环境效应与修复技术研究进展

重金属-有机物复合污染已是土壤污染的一种普遍形式,其环境危害和治理难度远大于单一污染土壤,因此,重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复治理是我国环保领域亟需解决的现实难题。基于此,本文首先介绍了重金属与有机污染物在土壤中的复合污染现状；其次,分析了土壤中重金属与有机污染物的交互作用及其环境效应；然后从物化修复、生物修复和联合修复这3方面,综述了不同技术手段对重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复的研究进展；最后提出了重金属-有机物复合污染土壤修复研究的发展方向。     

芜湖市工业区土壤重金属污染状况研究

通过对芜湖工业区(四褐山区、马塘区)土壤中重金属污染状况的调查,结果表明:土壤中重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)含量绝大部分高于土壤元素背景值。在四褐山工业区,Cu污染最严重,Cd次之;在马塘工业区,Cd污染最严重,Zn次之。土壤中重金属含量基本上与土壤pH呈负相关关系,而重金属总量与可浸提态含量呈正相关关系。土壤中重金属污染来源主要是污水,大气粉尘沉降也是一个重要因素。     

杭州市城市土壤中重金属、磷和其它元素的特征

Health implications of inhaling and/or ingesting dust particles with high concentrations of heavy metals from urban soils are a subject of intense concern. Understanding the geochemistry of these metals is key to their effective management. Total concentrations of heavy metals, phosphorus (P) and 8 other elements from topsoil samples collected at 82 locations in Hangzhou City were measured to: a) assess their distribution in urban environments; and b) understand their differentiation as related to land use. Metal mobility was also studied using a three-step sequential chemical fractionation procedure. About 8.5%, 1.2%, 3.6%, 11.0% and 30.3% of the soil samples had Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations, respectively, above their allowable limits for public and private green areas and residential use. However, in commercial and industrial areas, most samples had metal concentrations below their allowable limits. Statistical analyses revealed that the 16 measured elements in urban soils could be divided into four groups based on natural or anthropic sources using a hierarchical cluster analysis. Additionally, Cu, Pb, and P showed similar spatial distributions with significant pollution in commercial zones, suggesting vehicle traffic or commercial activities as dominant pollutant sources. Also, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn and Fe had the highest concentrations in industrial locations, signifying that industrial activities were the main sources of these seven metals. Moreover, the data highlighted land-use as a major influence on heavy metal concentrations and forms found in topsoils with large proportions of soil Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni found in residual fractions and soil Cu, Pb and Zn mainly as extractable fractions.     

Heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils and sediments in Liaoning Province,China

Heavy metal pollution of soils and sediments in Liaoning Province, Northeast China, was investigated. Fifty seven samples of agricultural soils and 8 samples of sediments were collected in 1996 from paddy or upland fields and irrigation channels, respectively, in Shenyang, Fushun, Liaoyang, Anshan, and Tieling regions, and concentrations of total and 0.1 mol L^-1 HCI-extractable Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were analyzed using ICP spectrometry. Seventeen samples of unpolished rice were also collected from selected paddy fields and total concentrations of the four elements were determined.–

Both paddy and upland soils were polluted with Cd: average total concentration was 0.70, 0.57, and 0.53 mg kg^-1 in the western and southern parts of Shenyang, and Anshan, respectively, and significantly higher than the background level of 0.32 mg kg^-1. Cd concentrations of four samples exceeded even 1 mg kg^-1, which corresponds to the critical level of Cd contamination in China. About 65% of the total Cd was extracted with 0.1 mol L^-1 HCI, suggesting that Cd was relatively mobile compared with other metals. The level of Cd pollution was, however, lower than that previously reported and serious polIution was not observed for Cu, Pb, and Zn. Accordingly, Cd concentration in upland rice was within the range of the unpolluted level in this study. Nevertheless, Cd concentration in a sediment of irrigation channels in the western part of Shenyang exceeded 16 mg kg^-1, indicating the possibility of further contamination of agricultural soils. In conclusion, soils and sediments were still polluted with Cd in the southern part of Shenyang, Anshan, and especially in the western part of Shenyang, and further countermeasures are urgently required to ensure safe food production in these regions.     

三峡库区典型农业区土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

为了解三峡库区农业区土壤重金属污染现状及环境风险水平,该文以重庆市8个典型农业区县(铜梁、云阳、万州、丰都、城口、垫江、南川和江津)土壤为研究对象,共采集表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品160个,依照《土壤环境监测技术规范(HJ/T 166-2004)》和《土壤环境质量标准GB 15618-1995》分析了土壤样品中8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量,比较了不同区县8种重金属污染现状及差异,应用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法探讨了研究区土壤重金属的累积特征及潜在生态风险等级。结果表明:该研究区农业土壤8种重金属含量平均值均未超过《土壤环境质量标准GB 15618-1995》二级标准,与土壤背景值相比,Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Zn均具有极显著差异(P0.01),As、Ni和Pb差异不显著,8个区县Cr均表现出极显著差异(P0.01),城口区多种重金属均表现出极显著差异(P0.01),8种重金属地累积指数平均值均小于0,研究区土壤受重金属污染水平为未污染等级,单个重金属潜在生态风险顺序为HgCdAsHgCuNiCrZn,Hg元素潜在生态风险指数平均值为43.840,属中等生态风险等级,其余元素生态风险指数值均小于40,属于低生态风险等级,8种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数平均值为108135,为低生态风险等级。综合研究结果表明:三峡库区典型农业区土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Zn具有一定程度的累积,且表现为多种重金属复合累积现象,Cr累积具有普遍性,Hg是影响三峡库区农业土壤综合潜在生态风险的主要元素,但研究区土壤重金属总体处于低生态风险水平。     

田块尺度下农田重金属污染特征及其源汇关系响应解析

农田土壤作为保证粮食安全及人类发展的重要资源,近年来其受到的重金属污染备受关注。文章选取长三角发达地区某田块作为研究对象来分析同源情形下重金属的污染特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:该田块Cd平均质量分数为3.74 mg/kg,超出二级标准值达12.5倍,高值区主要分布在入水口及出水口附近。其余重金属元素(Pb,Cr,As,Co,Cu,Ni,Zn)均未超标。运用地累积指数、Hakanson潜在风险指数、内梅罗综合污染指数等多种污染评价方法均发现,Cd的严重超标导致该田块已达到重金属污染的最高等级。采用相关分析及通径分析方法,揭示了Cd污染的主要影响因素,Cd与土壤理化性质在0.01水平上均不存在显著相关,表明与持续的Cd外源输入相比,土壤对Cd的吸附能力极其有限。距入水口出水口的距离是影响Cd空间差异的最直接因素和决定性因素。减少外源Cd的持续输入及改良灌溉排水设施是解决田块Cd重污染的有效途径。     

东莞石马河沿岸土壤重金属污染及生态毒性研究

为研究河水-地下水交互作用对河流沿岸土壤环境质量的影响,以东莞石马河沿岸土壤为研究对象,采集沿岸距离河道不等的6个土壤剖面共31个土样,测定土壤重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)含量和土壤水提取液对发光菌的抑制率。结果表明,Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn的含量分别为2.80~11.2mg kg-1、9.70~298mg kg-1、11.4~69.7mg kg-1和40.4~465mg kg-1;Cd的地累积系数为6.06,达到极度污染水平;土壤重金属污染的地累积系数排序为CdZnCuNiCrMnAsPbFe;重金属含量差异与土壤有机质(SOM)含量和土壤微粒组分(63μm)有关,Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Mn和Cr、Ni与SOM含量和微粒组分分别呈显著正相关(p0.05或p0.01);土壤剖面毒性单位(∑TU)评价结果为剖面S3S2SbS1S4Sa,其中剖面S3的值最大,为5.51,属于中毒;土壤水提取液对发光菌的抑制率为2.45%~16.5%,为无毒或低毒。     

紫湖溪流域重金属污染风险与植物富集特征

土壤重金属污染已成为当今农业与环境领域关注的热点。为揭示紫湖溪流域重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)污染状况,该研究测定与分析了紫湖溪水体、河底淤泥和河岸土壤以及9种河岸植物的重金属含量,利用污染指数法系统评估其污染状况,进而筛选出具有富集与修复重金属污染潜力的植物。结果表明,紫湖溪水体中Cd与Mn严重超标;河底淤泥中Cd、Zn和Cu污染严重,重金属潜在生态风险:ZnCdCuPbAsNiCrMn;河岸土壤受污水与底泥泛滥影响,土壤重金属间呈显著正相关性,其中,Cd、Zn和Cu重度污染;9种优势植物对重金属的选择性吸收导致其对Cd、Cr和Pb的富集系数(BCF,bioconcentration factor)偏低,转移系数(TF,translocation factor)均小于1,表现出根部囤积型特征。早熟禾、灰绿藜和枸杞对重金属的吸收具有抵抗性,湿地生态型植物水花生与猫爪草对富集重金属具有独特优势,构树对多种重金属较强的富集与转移能力暗示了该木本植物在重金属修复技术领域的巨大应用前景。     

pH对土壤重金属吸附动力学的影响

The pH effect on the sorption kinetics of heavy metals in soils was studied using a constant flow leaching method. The soil samples were red soil collected from Yingtan, Jiangxi, and yellow-brown soil from Nanjing, Jiangsu. The heavy metals tested were zinc and cadmium. Assuming that the experimental data fitted to the following kinetic rate equation: 1/c·dx/dt = kx_∞-kx, the rate constant k of sorption could be determined from the slope of the straight line by plotting of 1/c·dx/dt vs. x. The results showed that the pH effect on the rate constants of heavy mental sorption in soils was very significant. The values of k decreased with increasing pH. The sorptions were more sensitive to pH in red soil than in yellow-brown soil.     

经济发达地区耕地景观格局对土壤重金属污染风险的影响分析

探讨耕地景观格局对土壤重金属污染风险的影响有利于丰富耕地可持续利用和保护路径,对维护国家粮食安全和景观生态安全具有重要意义。该研究以经济发达地区嵊州为研究对象,基于土地利用数据、耕地分等成果和93个样点采样数据,测算耕地重金属镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）和汞（Hg）污染水平和耕地景观格局指数,采用逐步回归模型和空间回归模型分析耕地景观格局与重金属污染的关系。结果表明：1）研究区各土壤重金属因子污染指数及内梅罗综合评价指数的均值范围为0.22～0.42,Cd、Pb和Hg污染风险依次降低,整体污染风险较低,单个重金属污染指数变异系数均大于0.5,污染风险较高地区呈现团状聚集空间分布特征。2）耕地重金属污染与景观格局在城乡和道路梯度上存在明显的空间关联关系。3）耕地不同类型重金属污染与耕地景观格局各类指数呈现显著相关关系,耕地景观斑块规模、破碎度以及斑块形状复杂度与耕地重金属污染呈显著负相关关系,耕地景观聚集度与耕地重金属污染污染呈显著正相关关系。该研究进一步深化耕地景观格局与土壤重金属污染的定量关系,可为从景观格局优化路径控制土壤重金属污染提供参考。