半矮秆大豆窄行密植超高产栽培产量性状及产量结构研究

采用3个基因型品种,2种栽培模式,设置3个处理,研究半矮秆大豆窄行密植超高产栽培技术产量性状及产量结构,旨在为超高产大豆研究与应用提供技术依据.结果表明:在窄行、密植、高肥水条件下,B45处理由于采用半矮秆品种植株矮、底荚低、秆强不倒,虽然单株荚数、粒数显著低于对照,但由于密度增加,群体荚数、粒数显著增加.每节位平方米荚数、粒数分别达到145.1个和411.7个,分别较对照增加78.8～84.0个和254.2～258.0个,顶荚部位荚、粒数分别占总数的21.3%和22.5%.产量极显著高于对照处理,2008年在760 m2面积上,大豆产量达到4 895.7 kg·hm-2.     

窄行密植对半矮秆大豆产量及性状的影响

在窄行密植栽培模式下选用半矮秆大豆品种合农60,并以大垄栽培为对照,研究窄行密植技术对大豆产量及品质、农艺性状的影响,结果表明：窄行密植栽培模式下大豆的产量显著地高于大垄栽培的产量,并且除了百粒重、蛋白质和脂肪含量,其他各性状都以窄行密植的大豆表现最好;不同时期窄行密植和大垄栽培大豆的SPAD值、单株叶面积和叶干重变化趋势基本一致。     

半矮秆大豆窄行密植高产栽培技术

半矮秆大豆窄行密植高产栽培技术是近年来在黑龙江省推广的一项新的大豆高产栽培技术。技术核心是选用半矮秆品种,缩小种植行距,增加群体密度,使植株在田间分布更均匀,以提高光能利用率．靠群体增加大豆单产。该技术667m2平均产量200～250kg,较常规垄作平均增产15％～20％。1993年黑龙江省农业科学院佳木斯分院开始引进美国大豆窄行密植技术．     

大豆小垄窄行密高产栽培技术

小垄窄行密植,也称小双密、大豆45厘米双条密植。是在垄三栽培技术的基础上,选用耐密、秆强、抗倒伏的矮秆或半矮秆品种为前提,进行缩垄增行,增加密度。它是把常规垄改为小垄,即把原来的两条     

利用美国大豆矮源进行矮秆半矮秆育种的研究

利用美国半矮秆大豆资源配制的4个组合。共选育出7个半矮秆大豆新品系，平作窄行密植较对照（合丰25号）增产10%以上的有合98-1246，合98-1667、合9525-2、合98-1459。通过垄作和平作窄行密植产量比较，同一品系垄作高产平作窄行密植不一定高产，通径分析结果表明；平作窄行密植栽培直接影响单株粒重的性状是单株粒数，其次是百粒重，单独选择任一性状都可提高产量，间接影响单株粒重的性状是单株英数、有效分枝数，垄作栽培直接影响单株粒重的性状是单株英数，间接影响单株粒重的性状为有效分枝数，单株粒数，矮秆、半矮秆育种F1-F5代主要是针对与产量有关的性状进行选择。产量的选择必须在窄行密植条件下进行。     

大豆窄行密植高产栽培技术的研究

大豆窄行密栽培是一项引自美国的大豆增产新技术，经消化、吸收、改造，已形成大垅窄行密植、小垅窄行密植、平作窄行密植三种栽培模式，在不同生态条件和不同生产力水平条件下推广，一般可增产20％以上。已累计推广67万hm^2，获得了显著的经济效益。大豆窄行密植由于缩小了行距，扩大了株距使植株分布更均匀合理，增加了绿色面积，改善了受光条件，特别是改善了中、下层受光条件，是该项技术增产的生理基础。此项技术的主要内容是抗倒伏半矮秆的品种，深松深施肥，有效地使用除草剂技术和适于窄行密植的播种机械。     

窄行密植半矮秆大豆品种产量性状相关分析

本研究选用矮秆、半矮秆大豆品系,在"窄行密植"栽培模式下种植,分析了产量性状的相关性。结果表明,窄行密植大豆的株高和结荚位、株高和节数、株高和百粒重、节数和结荚位、节数和瘪荚数间的正向相关系数达到显著水平,结荚位和荚数间呈极显著负相关,荚数对产量的通径系数最大,其次为百粒重,其他性状对产量的直接通径系数较小。     

制定生产计划采用大豆窄行密植栽培技术

本文介绍了大豆窄行密植的适应条件和栽培技术,主要是选用半矮秆、抗倒伏、耐密植的品种,窄行密植种植,深松分层施肥,化学除草及选用窄行密植播种机五个方面的技术.     

半矮秆大豆育种组配方式的研究

大豆窄行密植栽培技术是黑龙汀省目前主要的大豆栽培技术之一,其较常规栽培技术平均增产16%～22%,但现在与该栽培技术配套的半矮秆大豆品种还很少.利用美国矮秆晚熟大豆品种Hobbit与当地早熟大豆品种配制2个单交组合、2个回交组合,通过对各组合后代半矮秆大豆早熟性和矮生性研究,认为改良美国矮秆基冈最佳组配方式为:(当地早熟品种×美国矮秆晚熟品种)×当地早熟品种,其次为当地早熟品种×美国矮秆晚熟品种.利用美国矮秆基因可以选育出适宜当地的半矮秆大豆新品种.     

半矮秆大豆育种及其匀播密植栽培技术

半矮秆大豆育种及其匀播密植栽培技术理查德·库柏（美国农业部农业科技研究署、俄亥俄农业研究发展中心作物科学系）［译者话］半矮秆大豆品种和窄行密植栽培技术是美国大豆专家库柏（ＲｉｃｈａｒｄｌＣｏｏｐｅｒ）教授经过３０多年的研究和实践而提出的新型生产技术，...     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.