Microwave spectrometer on the nimbus 5 satellite: meteorological and geophysical data

The Nimbus 5 microwave spectrometer has been used to measure thermal radiation in five frequency bands between 22.235 and 58.8 gigahertz, and has yielded both the temperature profile and, over ocean, the vapor and liquid water content of the terrestrial atmosphere, even in overcast conditions. Information has also been obtained on geophysical parameters that affect the surface emissivity, such as ice type, sea roughness, and snow cover. The experiment demonstrates the considerable potential of passive microwave sensing of meteorological and geophysical parameters.     

Energy analysis of the solar power satellite

The energy requirements to build and operate the proposed Solar Power Satellite are evaluated and compared with the energy it produces. Because the technology is so speculative, uncertainty is explicitly accounted for. For a proposed 10-gigawatt satellite system, the energy ratio, defined as the electrical energy produced divided by the primary nonrenewable energy required over the lifetime of the system, is of order 2, where a ratio of 1 indicates the energy breakeven point. This is significantly below the energy ratio of today's electricity technologies such as light-water nuclear or coal-fired electric plants.     

Temporal variability of the antarctic circumpolar current observed from satellite altimetry

Sea level measurements by the Seasat altimeter were used to study the temporal variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current between July and October 1978. Large-scale zonal coherence in the cross-stream sea level difference was observed, indicating a general increase in the surface geostrophic velocity of the current around the Southern Ocean. The result demonstrates the power of satellite altimetry to monitor the variability of large-scale ocean currents.     

Lunar surface radioactivity: preliminary results of the apollo 15 and apollo 16 gamma-ray spectrometer experiments

Gamma-ray spectrometers on the Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 missions have been used to map the moon's radioactivity over 20 percent of its surface. The highest levels of natural radioactivity are found in Mare Imbrium and Oceanus Procellarum with contrastingly lower enhancements in the eastern maria. The ratio of potassium to uranium is higher on the far side than on the near side, although it is everywhere lower than commonly found on the earth.     

Preliminary results of the solar flux radiometer experiment aboard the pioneer venus multiprobe mission

The solar flux radiometer aboard the Pioneer Venus large probe operated successfully during its descent through the atmosphere of Venus. Upward, downward, and net fluxes from 0.4 to 1.0 micrometers were obtained at more than 390 levels between 185 millibars (at an altitude of approximately 61 kilometers) and the surface. Fluxes from 0.4 to 1.8 micrometers were also obtained between 185 millibars and about the level at which the pressure was 2 atmospheres. Data from 80 to 185 millibars should be available after additional decoding by the Deep Space Network. Upward and downward intensities in a narrower band from 0.59 to 0.66 micrometers were also obtained throughout the descent in order to constrain cloud properties. The measurements indicate three cloud regions above the 1.3-atmosphere level (at an altitude of approximately 49 kilometers) and a clear atmosphere beneath that level. At the 67 degrees solar zenith of the probe entry site, some 15 watts per square meter are absorbed at the surface by a dark ground, which implies that about 2 percent of the solar energy incident on the planet is absorbed at the ground.     

人工芦苇湿地处理城市污水的研究

试验研究表明,利用人工芦苇湿地处理城市污水,一方面,通过芦苇湿地系统对污水中的污染物质有较强的去除作用,处理后水质均达到污水综合排放标准;另一方面,对土壤和芦苇生育未造成不良影响,而且为芦苇生育提供了水肥资源,促进了芦苇的生长发育,因此发展芦苇湿地处理城市污水具有良好的发展前景,也是目前污水处理的一条新途径。     

人为噪音对鱼类影响的研究进展

随着全球水产养殖业快速发展,鱼类福利问题愈发受到关注。其中,噪音是鱼类福利研究中一个新兴的研究方向。随着人类水上工业活动的扩张,人们逐渐认识到人为噪音对鱼类的胁迫作用,本文旨在阐述鱼类听觉原理,以及人为噪音对鱼类听力、信息掩蔽、行为和生理生化等方面的研究进展,并展望了噪音研究应该向更多鱼种扩展,并加快相应研究设备的开发。     

Light flashes observed by astronauts on skylab 4

Two dedicated light flash observing sessions were conducted by one of the crewmen during the Skylab 4 mission. Analyses of his observations reveal a strong correlation between flash frequency and primary cosmic-ray flux, and an even stronger correlation between flash frequency and the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region of the inner belt trapped radiation. Calculations indicate that an all-proton inner belt probably cannot produce the observed SAA flash rate, and they suggest that there may exist a previously unobserved inner belt flux of multiply charged nuclei.     

原子荧光法测定总砷含量不确定度评定

以圆白菜标准物质为材料，评估原子荧光法测定总砷含量的不确定度。根据不确定度分量大小可以得出，砷测定值的不确定度主要来源于测定过程中校准曲线的不确定度。该方法测定总砷含量的扩展不确定度为0.0098 mg/kg，检测结果为(0.066±0.010) mg/kg，在标准物质含量(0.062±0.014) mg/kg的范围内，表明方法的分析过程处于质控状态，结果可靠。     

Far-ultraviolet astronomy on the astro-1 space shuttle mission

The Astro-1 mission obtained observations related to a wide variety of current problems in astronomy during a 9-day flight of the space shuttle Columbia. Early results from one of the instruments, the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope, are reviewed here. Among these are new insights concerning the origin of the ultraviolet light from the old stellar population in elliptical galaxies, new evidence for a hot, gaseous corona surrounding the Milky Way, improved views of the physical conditions in active galactic nuclei, and a measurement of the ionization state of the local interstellar medium.     

用傅立叶变换近红外光谱仪测定油菜种子品质指标的研究

利用傅立叶变换近红外光谱仪漫反射技术对完整油菜种子中的6种脂肪酸、硫甙、总氮、含油量9种指标进行非破坏性测定分析研究,利用内部交叉法证实进行验证.结果表明利用该技术能够满足油菜品质育种中对品种的快速筛选.     

清水江流域人工林拓展与本土知识的关联性研究

清水江流域位处我国云贵高原向湘西丘陵的过渡地带,气候温暖湿润,林木蓊蘙,属典型的原始常绿阔叶林分布带。有明以降,随着清水江流域林木贸易规模的扩大,原有的常绿阔叶林逐渐被人工林取代,这一变化,除了经济、政治等原因外,还与该流域各族居民发挥自己的本土知识直接关联,他们丰厚的育苗、护林技术,人工林与匹配树种的选择诸多经验,很值得当今学界发掘、利用。因此认真梳理清水江流域各类林业文献,揭示其间的生态技术和技能,对于我国当前长江流域的生态建设与经济建设将大有裨益。     

Oxygen isotopic compositions of asteroidal materials returned from Itokawa by the Hayabusa mission

Meteorite studies suggest that each solar system object has a unique oxygen isotopic composition. Chondrites, the most primitive of meteorites, have been believed to be derived from asteroids, but oxygen isotopic compositions of asteroids themselves have not been established. We measured, using secondary ion mass spectrometry, oxygen isotopic compositions of rock particles from asteroid 25143 Itokawa returned by the Hayabusa spacecraft. Compositions of the particles are depleted in (16)O relative to terrestrial materials and indicate that Itokawa, an S-type asteroid, is one of the sources of the LL or L group of equilibrated ordinary chondrites. This is a direct oxygen-isotope link between chondrites and their parent asteroid.     

Crustal dilatation observed by GRACE after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake

We report the detection of an earthquake by a space-based measurement. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites observed a +/-15-microgalileo gravity change induced by the great December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Coseismic deformation produces sudden changes in the gravity field by vertical displacement of Earth's layered density structure and by changing the densities of the crust and mantle. GRACE's sensitivity to the long spatial wavelength of gravity changes resulted in roughly equal contributions of vertical displacement and dilatation effects in the gravity measurements. The GRACE observations provide evidence of crustal dilatation resulting from an undersea earthquake.     

Smectic liquid crystal monolayers on graphite observed by scanning tunneling microscopy

By means of scanning tunneling microscopy, it is observed that molecules of the form n-alkylcyanobiphenyl, where n = 8 to 12, form two-dimensional crystalline domains when adsorbed onto graphite. The layer spacings measured by tunneling microscopy are 20% larger than those measured previously on bulk material by x-ray diffraction. The structure of the adsorbed molecules is quite different from that of the bulk.     

Infrared spectroscopy experiment on the mariner 9 mission: preliminary results

The Mariner 9 infrared spectroscopy experiment has provided goodquality spectra of many areas of Mars, predominantly in the southern hemisphere. Large portions of the thermal emission spectra are significantly affected by dust with a silicon oxide content approximately corresponding to that of an intermediate igneous rock, thus implying that Mars has undergone substantial geochemical differentiation. Derived temperature profiles indicate a warm daytime upper atmosphere with a strong warming over the south polar cap. Atmospheric water vapor is clearly observed over the south polar area and less strongly over other regions.