极早熟玉米品种籽粒脱水特性的初步研究

采用裂区设计方式,对5个极早熟玉米品种的籽粒含水率及脱水速率进行了研究,结果表明品种间生理成熟时的籽粒含水率存在显著差异,变化幅度为35.61%～42.17%;收获时的籽粒含水率品种间差异极显著,变化幅度为15.49%～28.50%。抽丝后35d至生理成熟前籽粒平均脱水速率品种间差异显著,变化范围为0.5296%/d～0.9007%/d;生理成熟后至收获期籽粒的平均脱水速率品种间差异显著,变化范围为0.4246%/d～0.5935%/d。出苗至抽丝的天数、株高、灌浆期绿叶数、单穗产量等性状与籽粒含水量存在显著的相关关系,穗长和穗粗等性状对脱水速率有显著影响。另外试验条件下相对湿度对生理成熟后部分品种的脱水速率影响显著。     

玉米籽粒水分的快测法误差分析

以山西省中晚熟区域试验中37个玉米品种为试验材料,用PM-8188-A型谷物水分测定仪在4个环境温度下对玉米籽粒含水率进行水分快测,与传统标准烘干法测定值比较,利用回归分析建立对应的玉米籽粒真实水分数学方程,减小了电容式快测法在田间测定玉米籽粒水分过程中受环境温度影响而导致的误差,对育种家在田间选择含水率低的玉米品种方面具有一定应用价值。温度为10℃~25℃时,电容式快测法测定值随着温度的提高有变大趋势,20℃时测定的误差值最小。     

不同玉米品种籽粒脱水速率相关分析及快速测定

为了探究玉米籽粒含水量和脱水速率在各个生长时期变化趋势及其相关性,本研究以‘浚单1538’、‘高玉1668’、‘浚单18’共3个不同玉米单交种为材料,利用相关分析和回归分析模型对主要农艺性状进行了分析。结果表明不同类型品种籽粒含水量和脱水速率差异较明显,变化趋势不尽相同。籽粒含水量、整穗含水量和穗部叶片含水量呈显著正相关,与穗上节和苞叶含水量有较强的正相关,与地上第三节和穗上节穿刺力有较强的负相关性,但均未达到显著水平。籽粒脱水速率与整穗脱水速率呈显著正相关,与地上第三节和穗部叶片脱水速率负相关性较强,但未达到显著水平。利用探针式水分测定仪测量玉米整穗含水量与烘干法水分数据呈显著正相关,建立了计算玉米籽粒真实水分读数的数学模型：y=1.565x-91.455 (R ²=0.63),优化了利用探针式水分测定仪进行籽粒含水量测定的方法,利用籽粒水分校正值分析籽粒脱水速率相关性状与烘干法结果基本一致。利用探针式水分测定仪测定茎秆含水量和叶片含水量与烘干法相关性较小。     

Development Traits Affecting Time to Low Ear Moisture in Maize

A diallel cross of six inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) from the Corn Belt of the USA and one inbred line (NZ1A) with characteristics of maize from the highlands of Mexico was grown in a cool, temperate environment. The objective was to investigate interrelationships and combining abilities of plant development traits likely to influence the time required to reach low ear moistures in the field. The traits were days to silking, days to physiological maturity, ear moisture at physiological maturity, grain filling duration and ear drying rate after physiological maturity. Grain yield and grain moisture at harvest were also considered. Differences among the hybrids of this diallel cross for ear and grain moisture at the usual harvest time were largely determined by differences in ear drying rate after physiological maturity, and not by differences in days to silking, days to physiological maturity, or in ear moisture at physiological maturity. General combining ability (GCA) effects were much larger than specific combining ability (SCA) effects for all traits. NZ1A had positive GCA effects for grain filling duration and negative GCA effects for ear moisture at physiological maturity which were outside the range of the Corn Belt lines suggesting that this line, or similar Mexican germplasm, could be useful for developing hybrids with high grain yields and low ear moistures at harvest in cool, temperate environments.     

施氮量对春玉米籽粒脱水特性与灌浆特性的影响

为研究施氮量对春玉米籽粒脱水特性与灌浆特性的影响,确定冀东地区春玉米品种的适宜施氮量,以低氮型玉米品种京农科728和高氮型玉米品种先玉335为供试材料,大田条件下设置N 1(120 kg·hm^-2)、N 2(180 kg·hm^-2)、N 3(240 kg·hm^-2)、N 4(300 kg·hm^(^-2))、NCK(360 kg·hm^-2)5个施氮量处理,构建了两品种在不同施氮量下籽粒、苞叶和茎秆含水率与授粉后活动积温的关系模型。结果表明,京农科728籽粒含水率下降所需要的积温均低于先玉335,京农科728在N 1水平下收获时籽粒、苞叶和茎秆含水率最低,脱水速率最快,籽粒灌浆速率高;先玉335在N 4水平下收获时籽粒含水率最低,生理成熟后脱水速率最快,N 3水平下苞叶和茎秆含水率最低,籽粒灌浆速率最高。生理成熟前注重灌浆速率的提高,收获期籽粒含水率与生理成熟后籽粒平均脱水速率呈负相关,与籽粒总脱水速率呈极显著负相关,说明收获期籽粒含水率主要由生理成熟后籽粒平均脱水速率和籽粒总脱水速率决定。低氮型玉米品种京农科728适宜施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2,此时脱水与灌浆特性表现较好;高氮型玉米品种先玉335适宜施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2,此时脱水与灌浆特性表现较好。     

A selection procedure for ear drying-rates in maize

Summary A selection procedure to change the drying rates of maize (Zea mays L.) ears was developed and tested. Results indicated that drying rates were affected by hybrid genotype, ear maturity at harvest, number of kernels per row, ear diameter, and moisture content at harvest.Mass selection was initiated in an early synthetic, NDSG, in an attempt to produce both fast and slow drying strains. After two cycles resultant substrains were evaluated in the laboratory for direct and in the field for correlated selection responses. Laboratory results indicated that selection effectively changed moisture loss rates in NDSG, and confirmed earlier observations that an ear's moisture content at harvest affects its drying rate.Data from field experiments grown at five locations in 1980 revealed that each of two selection cycles for slow laboratory drying rate significantly reduced ear moisture content at harvest, in the field. This lower harvest moisture content appeared to result from a lower moisture content at physiological maturity rather than a faster drying rate. Other correlated selection responses included lowered yield, plant height, and ear weight due to selection for fast laboratory drying, and lowered plant height and ear weight from selection for slow drying.Data indicated that this selection procedure can be used to change moisture loss rate and ear moisture content at harvest. Results also contributed to understanding of factors involved in ear drying rates which may lead to more effective selection procedures.Journal Article No. 1385 of the North Dakota Agri. Exp. Stn., Fargo.     

不同玉米品种子粒脱水速率研究

以郑单958、先玉335、农华101、登海11、中单909、正大12为研究材料,研究了子粒、苞叶、穗轴含水量及其脱水速率。结果表明：不同品种间的子粒、苞叶、穗轴含水量差异极显著,不同品种间的子粒脱水速率差异极显著。子粒含水量与苞叶、穗轴含水量呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.777和0.267,苞叶含水量与穗轴含水量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.312。先玉335、农华101在子粒脱水前期较其他品种脱水快且快速脱水时间长,收获时（9月24日）的子粒含水量分别为25.40%和26.58%;符合机械收粒的标准,可作为机械收粒的备选品种。     

成熟期玉米籽粒含水量与主要农艺性状的相关分析

为选育成熟期籽粒低含水量玉米杂交组合,以15个玉米自交系组配的54个杂交玉米组合为材料,对杂交组合的苞叶层数,苞叶、穗柄、籽粒、穗轴含水量及穗长、穗粗等9个产量相关性状进行相关和通经分析。结果表明:籽粒含水量与苞叶层数、苞叶含水量、穗轴含水量极显著正相关,与穗长和行粒数显著正相关,与出籽率和容重显著负相关。通径分析结果显示,籽粒含水量与苞叶层数、苞叶含水量、穗轴含水量、穗长、行粒数的直接通径系数为正值,与出籽率和容重的直接通径系数为负值,直接通径系数大小依次为:苞叶含水量>穗轴含水量>穗长>苞叶层数>行粒数>容重>出籽率。在育种策略上应选择苞叶层数较少,苞叶、穗轴含水量较低,出籽率、容重较高的材料加以改良,组配籽粒低含水量宜机收的玉米品种。     

移动式稻谷连续干燥机的探讨

针对我国南方地区稻谷收获季节短,收获稻谷的原始水分高,需要及时进行干燥处理的特点,通过对干燥机的原理、结构和特点的分析,对其关键技术进行研究和探讨,研制出移动式稻谷连续干燥机。该干燥机在高水分段(28%以上)一次流序的降水率为4%~10%,适合南方高温、高湿气候条件下,高水分含量稻谷的前期快速处理。     

适期收割对稻谷损失影响的研究

稻米原粮爆腰率是影响加工过程中出米率的重要因素。经调查，农家交售原粮中爆腰率高达25％，其中有干燥、储藏方面的原因，也有收割期不当的原因。本研究从一株稻穗中谷粒含水率与爆腰率的关系分析着手，通过对田间不同品种、不同含水率稻谷爆腰率的测定，并用概率统计方法进行分析的结果证明，完整谷粒的平均含水率在20％以上时收割，可以有效地避免田间爆腰率的发生。     

促进玉米子粒脱水的农艺措施研究进展

作为我国玉米的主要产品类型,子粒用玉米收获时含水率是决定玉米子粒机械化直收质量、储藏安全和经济效益的关键因素,收获期子粒含水率高已经成为制约我国机械化粒收技术大面积推广应用、影响玉米及其制品质量与安全生产、限制玉米产业提质增效发展的重要经济与技术问题。对国内外促进玉米子粒脱水的农艺措施相关研究进行总结与分析,认为未来玉米全程机械化生产过程中,在选用适宜子粒机械化直收优良品种的前提下,应结合各区域不同熟期品种的精细化布局,通过不断改进种植模式、优化养分和水分精准运筹方式,创新适时冠层结构调控措施,研发高效促脱水化学调控产品等关键栽培技术途径,建立生育后期子粒灌浆和脱水动力学协同关系,营造通透群体微区环境,加速子粒水分散失;收获时间调节方面,除了依据不同品种生理成熟前后的子粒脱水动力学进程、种植规模、市场供需格局和农机调度管理等因素外,还应充分考虑田间倒伏、落穗、穗腐、虫害及野生动物破坏导致的产量损失;此外,应加强与关键技术措施相配套的轻简化农机装备的有效研制,将农艺农机深度融合,进一步推动玉米子粒机械化直收技术应用,促进我国玉米及其制品质量与安全,提升玉米生产竞争力,实现玉米产业可持续发展。     

Effects of Population Density and Planting Pattern on the Yield and Yield Components of Leafy Reduced-Stature Maize in a Short-Season Area

Maize hybrids that yield well, mature earlier with low grain moisture contents, tolerate higher population densities and take advantage of narrow row spacings better than the currently available hybrids would be more suitable for production in short-season areas. Leafy reduced-stature maize hybrids, which have only recently been developed, have traits which address these criteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different population densities (65 000 and 130000 plants ha^?1) and planting patterns (single rows 76 cm apart and paired rows with 20 cm between rows within a pair of 56 cm between rows of adjacent pairs) on the yield and yield components of two leafy reduced-stature (LRS1 and LRS2), one non-leafy reduced-stature (NLRS), and two conventional corn hybrids (Pioneer 3979, < 2500 CHU; and Pioneer 3902, 2600-2700 CHU) at two locations. All hybrids had higher kernel numbers per row and single plant grain yields at the lower population densities when in paired rows. However, as plant density increased, these variables decreased more in the conventional hybrids than the LRS and NLRS hybrids, which demonstrates the greater tolerance of the latter to the stresses associated with higher plant densities. Grain yield was higher for the two LRS hybrids and the NLRS hybrid at 130000 plants ha^?1 than 65 000 plants ha^?1 Grain yield of conventional hybrids was reduced at the higher population density. The LRS hybrids matured before both conventional hybrids and out yielded Pioneer 3979 at the higher plant population density in both row spacings at both sites. Harvest index was not affected by population density and this value was not different among the NLRS and conventional hybrids. However, the harvest index of the LRS hybrids was greater than the others. LRS and NLRS hybrids had lower moisture contents and earlier maturities than conventional hybrids. Rapid growth of the first ear and higher harvest index values might are indications that LRS hybrids are more tolerant of higher population densities than the conventional hybrids.     

黄淮海夏玉米籽粒脱水与气象因子的关系

玉米籽粒脱水与气象因子之间存在密切的关系, 明确影响籽粒脱水的主要气象因子及其影响程度, 能够更好地预测籽粒含水率的变化动态, 对筛选玉米机械粒收品种, 从而合理安排粒收时间等具有重要的实践价值。本研究于2015—2017年在河南新乡进行, 选用4个目前当地生产中主栽玉米品种京农科728 (JNK728)、郑单958 (ZD958)、先玉335 (XY335)和农华816 (NH816), 通过连续测定获得玉米籽粒含水率的变化过程, 并利用Logistic Power模型拟合, 借鉴去趋势的分析方法, 将玉米籽粒的实际含水率分为趋势含水率、气象含水率与随机误差, 明确黄淮海区域夏玉米籽粒的气象含水率与气象因子之间的关系, 利用逐步回归和通径分析的方法筛选出玉米籽粒生理成熟前后影响籽粒脱水的主要气象因子。分析发现, 玉米籽粒气象含水率与研究分析的大部分气象因子呈显著或极显著相关; 生理成熟前筛选得到的主要气象因子为平均温度(x₁)、平均风速(x₅)和蒸发量(x₁₁), 生理成熟后为平均温度(x₁)和平均相对湿度(x₇), 回归模型均达到极显著水平; 通径分析表明, 生理成熟前蒸发量的贡献最大, 而温度、风速主要通过蒸发量起间接作用, 生理成熟后温度和相对湿度主要为直接作用, 且相对湿度的作用略大于温度。本研究所用去趋势的方法, 从理论和实际操作层面均更具科学性, 其研究结果也更为可信, 对其他类似研究也具有借鉴意义。     

黄土高原旱作玉米籽粒水分与机械粒收质量的关系

玉米机械粒收是全程机械化的关键, 但存在着籽粒破碎、果穗和落粒损失严重等备受关注的问题。开展机械粒收质量及其影响因素研究, 对推进旱作玉米机械粒收技术应用具有重要意义。本研究选择国内玉米主栽品种33个, 于2016-2017年在甘肃泾川同一地块上用福田雷沃谷神收割机械粒收, 分析籽粒水分与机械粒收质量指标的关系。结果表明, 基因型差异是造成玉米机械粒收质量不同的主要原因, 两年收获时平均籽粒水分26.05%, 破碎率7.47%, 产量损失率3.25%, 落穗损失率2.58%, 杂质率1.04%; 籽粒水分(X)与破碎率(Y₁)、产量损失率(Y₂)显著正相关, 并且存在Y₁ = 0.027X ²-0.987X+14.06 (R ² = 0.373 ^**, n = 51), Y₂ = 0.052X ²-2.223X+24.86 (R ² = 0.418 ^**, n = 51)的变化关系, 籽粒水分依次下降到18.3%、21.4%时, 对应的破碎率(5.1%)、产量损失率(1.1%)最低, 即在一定含水率范围内随着籽粒水分的增加破碎率、产量损失率升高, 机械粒收的籽粒适宜水分为18%~22%, 破碎率可控制在5.0%~5.5%的范围内; 籽粒水分对落穗损失的影响大于落粒损失, 随着籽粒水分增加落穗损失率增加的幅度明显高于落粒损失率的升高; 各因素对玉米机械粒收产量损失的影响为: 落穗损失率(0.924)>籽粒水分(0.048)>破碎率(0.043), 因而籽粒水分高和落穗损失量大是影响黄土高原旱作玉米机械粒收质量的主要因素。     

鲜食糯玉米鲜果穗生长规律研究

摘 要：本文通过对两个鲜食糯玉米品种津农3和津农0802授粉后不同时期时,籽粒中可溶性糖含量以及水分含量的变化研究发现,在授粉后21-27天收获的鲜食糯玉米,可溶性糖含量与水分含量较高且较稳定。     

Effects of Population Density on the Yield and Yield Components of Leafy Reduced-stature Maize in Short-season Areas

Maize hybrids which yield well, mature earlier and tolerate higher population densities better than the currently available hybrids would be more suitable for production in short-season areas. Leafy reduced-stature maize hybrids, which have only recently become available, have traits which address these criteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different population densities (50000, 100000, 150000, and 200000 plants ha⁻¹) on the yield and yield components of one leafy reduced-stature (LRS), one non-leafy reduced-stature (NLRS), and two conventional control hybrids (Pioneer 3979, <2500 CHU; and Pioneer 3902, 2600–2700 CHU) at two locations. All hybrids had the highest kernel number per row and single plant grain yields at the lowest population densities, however, as plant density increased these variables decreased more in the conventional hybrids than the LRS and NLRS hybrids, which demonstrates the greater tolerance of the latter to the stresses associated with higher plant densities. Grain yield was highest for all hybrids, except for NLRS, at 100 000 plants ha⁻¹ with the LRS hybrid and Pioneer 3902 having the highest yields (11.4 vs. 9.8; 12.0 vs. 10.4) at locations 1 and 2 respectively. The LRS hybrid matured before either of the conventional hybrids and out yielded Pioneer 3979 at both sites. Harvest index was not affected by population density and this value was not different among the NLRS and conventional hybrids. However, the harvest index of the LRS hybrid was greater than the others. LRS and NLRS hybrids had lower moisture contents and earlier maturities than conventional hybrids. Rapid growth of the first ear, a higher yield per unit leaf area, and a higher harvest index are indications that LRS hybrids should be more tolerant of higher population densities than the conventional hybrids.     

不同熟期夏玉米品种籽粒灌浆脱水特性和激素含量变化

本文旨在研究不同熟期夏玉米品种籽粒灌浆与脱水特性和内源激素含量与平衡的变化,以期为黄淮海夏玉米机械化收获籽粒和高产高效品种筛选提供理论依据。以早熟玉米品种登海518(DH518)、衡早8号(HZ8)和晚熟玉米品种郑单958(ZD958)、登海605(DH605)为试验材料,研究玉米籽粒形成过程中干物质积累、水分含量及内源激素含量变化。结果表明,早熟品种较晚熟品种灌浆期短,籽粒开始脱水早,脱水速率高,生理成熟期粒重低,产量低,但早熟品种中DH518的产量显著高于HZ8。不同熟期玉米品种籽粒内源激素含量及其变化模式不同,但同一激素含量随籽粒发育的变化趋势一致。两早熟品种籽粒的ABA含量高于两晚熟品种,尤其表现在灌浆中后期。各品种籽粒灌浆、脱水速率均与内源激素含量有关,两早熟品种的籽粒脱水速率与玉米素核苷(ZR)含量呈显著正相关。     

基于PSO优化LS-SVM的木材含水率软测量建模

木材含水率是木材干燥过程中重要的技术指标。针对木材干燥过程具有强耦合、大滞后、非线性的特点以及木材含水率检测存在的问题,提出一种软测量方法。利用最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)对非线性系统时间序列数据进行学习,建立被控对象的软测量模型,同时通过粒子群优化(PSO)算法对LS-SVM的惩罚因子和核函数参数进行滚动优化,提高软测量模型的预测精度。将木材干燥窑内的温度、湿度以及木材含水率作为样本数据,通过PSO优化的LS-SVM方法建立木材含水率的软测量模型,进而利用该模型实现对目标检测点木材含水率的软测量。仿真结果表明,PSO-LSSVM软测量模型预测精度高,泛化能力强,满足木材干燥控制系统的实际测量要求。     

玉米生理成熟后倒伏变化及其影响因素

针对机械粒收玉米生理成熟后田间站秆脱水期间的倒伏问题, 本研究通过多点试验调查夏玉米和春玉米生理成熟后倒伏发生类型和规律, 分析影响玉米生理成熟后倒伏发生的关键因素。结果表明, 玉米生理成熟后, 茎折率升高是倒伏增加的主要原因; 茎折率随抗折力降低而升高, 抗折断力降低至14.3 N时, 茎折率超过5%; 植株重心高度逐渐降低, 茎秆基部第3节间穿刺强度(RPS)、第4节间压碎强度(CS)、第5节间弯曲强度(BS)均逐渐降低, 基部节间单位长度干重(DWUL)和含水率也逐渐降低; 茎秆抗折断力与RPS、CS、BS、DWUL和含水率均呈极显著正相关, RPS、CS和BS均与DWUL和含水率呈极显著正相关。本研究表明, 玉米生理成熟后植株自然衰老导致的茎秆干物质降低和水分含量下降, 是茎秆机械强度降低、茎折率增加的主要原因。因此应适期收获, 避免田间站秆时间过长引起倒伏率增加导致的收获产量损失。     

微波法测定新鲜生姜水分的研究

水分测定是食品分析的重要项目之一。采用微波法测定新鲜生姜中的水分含量,通过正交试验确定适宜的测定条件为：微波输出功率648 W,样品质量约2.5 g,微波时间9 min,与干燥箱法测定结果没有明显差别,且所用时间仅为干燥箱法的1/70左右,并有较高的精确度,易于操作。微波法是一个快速、准确、方便、实用的测定新鲜食品水分的新方法。