Economic Valuation of Varieties and Breeding Objectives

Breeding planning and variety valuation can be supported only if weighting factors for the economically relevant performance traits are available. In plant breeding they are necessary for the calculation of selection indices as well as for the comparison of varieties and for quantifying the monetary impact of breeding progress. In this article the economic weights for the most important performance traits of sugar beet are calculated from the farmer's, the sugar factory's, and the national economy's point of view. Based upon economic weights for beet yield, sugar content, potassium, sodium, and ammo nitrogen content, a total of 19 varieties was compared with regard to physical and economic performance. The investigation shows that “best” and “worst” varieties differ in gross margin per ha by 270.— to 330.— DM. Indications were given for possibilities and limitations of the application of economic weights in breeding planning.     

内蒙古地区甜菜临界氮浓度稀释模型的构建及应用

甜菜是我国两大主要糖料作物之一,然而氮素过量或者不足不仅会影响甜菜产量和含糖量,而且过量的氮素还会造成一定的环境风险,如何判别甜菜的氮素营养在一个合理的范围对于保障甜菜产量、品质和减少环境风险具有重要意义。临界氮浓度稀释曲线是作物氮素营养诊断的基础,本研究的主要目的是构建我国甜菜临界氮浓度稀释曲线模型,并利用相应的氮素营养指数进行甜菜氮素营养诊断。研究于2017—2018年在内蒙古呼和浩特市和赤峰市进行了2个甜菜品种、不同施氮量的田间试验。在甜菜的苗期、叶丛生长期、块根膨大期、糖分积累期和收获期5个关键时期进行地上部叶片和地下部块根取样测定生物量和氮浓度,并计算出甜菜全株生物量和全株氮浓度。根据全株生物量和全株氮浓度建立临界氮浓度稀释模型和相应的氮素营养指数。结果表明,甜菜地上部生物量和地上部氮浓度以及全株生物量和全株氮浓度都是随着生育时期的推进呈现出负幂函数关系,基于地上部生物量和地上部氮浓度建立的临界氮浓度稀释曲线决定系数平均在0.45,而以全株生物量和全株氮浓度建立临界氮浓度稀释曲线决定系数平均在0.94,较前者有显著提高。以全株生物量和全株氮浓度建立临界氮浓度稀释模型更为合理,...     

甜菜幼苗光合生理对干旱胁迫的响应

干旱胁迫是抑制甜菜生长发育和影响产量的重要非生物因素。以耐旱型甜菜种质依安一号（V1）和干旱敏感型种质92011/1-6/1（V2）为试验材料,探讨不同耐旱品种甜菜幼苗光合生理对干旱胁迫的响应。研究了干旱胁迫对甜菜幼苗生长发育、总叶绿素含量和表观光合指标的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下2种甜菜幼苗的茎粗、根长、株高、叶鲜重、根鲜重、叶干重和根干重均呈下降趋势,V1下降幅度不明显且各指标降低幅度均小于V2;干旱胁迫降低了2种甜菜幼苗的叶绿素含量,叶绿素含量在第7天降到最低,且V1的含量明显高于V2;干旱胁迫使甜菜幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度显著下降,V1受到的影响比V2要小。不同耐旱性甜菜品种对干旱胁迫的响应机制存在一定差异,可以进一步分析其抗旱能力,为甜菜的育种、抗逆栽培和稳产提供理论依据。     

Growth analysis of rhizomania infected and healthy sugar beet

Viral disease of rhizomania is one of the most important diseases of sugar beet all over the world. The disease significantly has reduced the yield and quality of sugar beet, and has imposed high economic loss to farmers. Long-term breeding programs to introduce tolerant cultivars are the only chance of avoiding further yield losses. This study tried to measure and analyze the growth of shoots and roots of rhizomania-tolerant and -susceptible sugar beet with the aim of providing information for modeling of the rhizomania effects on the growth of sugar beet. Growth indices were used for analyzing, quantification, and time-course of sugar beet growth under infested and non-infested soils conditions. A 2-year experiment was conducted using four sugar beet cultivars in 2010 and 2011 in Mashhad, Iran. The results of this study showed that under infested soils, root dry matter and leaf area index of the susceptible cultivars in comparison to tolerant cultivars were lower by 57 and 24%, respectively. In addition, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate of susceptible cultivars were affected by rhizomania and were lower than in tolerant cultivars. On non-infested soil, the difference between dry matter and growth indices of susceptible and tolerant sugar beet cultivars was not significant. Rhizomania decreased green area and photosynthesis capacity and led to lower growth rate and dry matter production. Our study quantified the growth of rhizomania-infested sugar beet plants in comparison with non-infested plants and provided information to be used for modeling of the rhizomania effects on the growth of sugar beet.     

甜菜CDDP核心引物的筛选及利用CDDP引物鉴别甜菜品种

为了研究CDDP引物在甜菜育种上的应用,选用12个甜菜品种对35条CDDP引物进行筛选。随后,利用筛选的引物对43个甜菜登记品种进行鉴别。结果显示35条CDDP引物中有10条引物可以作为甜菜品种真实性鉴定的核心引物。这些引物扩增的条带具有清晰、易于识别、多态性高的特点,普遍分布在50~400 bp之间。其中,引物KNOX-3就可以鉴别全部43个甜菜品种。引物MADS-1和F3’H4的组合也可以鉴别全部的43个品种。甜菜CDDP核心引物的筛选,对于将来利用CDDP引物鉴别甜菜品种、对甜菜种质资源进行分类,为有效维护农民、育种家以及糖厂的利益提供了理论和技术上的支持。     

Environmental Situation and Yield Performance of the Sugar Beet Crop in Germany: Heading for Sustainable Development

The environmental situation and current yield performance of sugar beet production in Germany are described and compared to those in other European regions. A continuous increase in yield performance and enhanced technical quality have been achieved through progress in breeding and improvements in crop management systems. This rise in yield potential has been brought about not by increased production intensity, but by better use of natural resources and production factors. In Germany, legislation rules many environmental aspects of agricultural plant production, and special laws are in force concerning fertilizer use, soil protection, and pesticide use. In sugar beet, nitrogen fertilizer use has decreased greatly and may be reduced further in some regions. A further reduction of potassium and phosphorus fertilizer use does not seem to be appropriate. Conservation tillage contributes to soil protection and is already performed on > 100 000 ha of land growing sugar beet. Strategies of integrated production aim to reduce pesticide use to the bare minimum. Integrated pest management is effective to control insects, nematodes and leaf spot diseases. Pesticide use in sugar beet is dominated by herbicide application. The most promising strategy to reduce the amount of active ingredient seems to be the growing of genetically modified herbicide‐tolerant varieties. Possible directions for future research are discussed, and the prospects for sustainable development, in terms of economic, ecological and social factors, are considered.     

优化滴灌制度下不同品种糖用甜菜产质量及光合特性响应研究

为了研究不同灌溉定额下不同品种（标准型、丰产型和高糖型）糖用甜菜的产量、质量和光合特性的响应,在东北地区甜菜4个生长时期进行了7个滴灌处理水平的试验研究,测定不同处理对标准型、丰产型和高糖型甜菜品种的生长情况、光合特征、产量质量及灌溉效率的响应。结果表明,不同灌溉量对不同类型甜菜生长指标、光合参数及产质量影响不同。标准型和高糖型甜菜品种对其生长性状各指标有利的灌溉定额为320~360 m3/ha,3个品种甜菜叶绿素含量对灌溉定额的最佳响应为300~320 m3/ha。标准甜菜品种随着灌溉量的增加并不利于其进行光合作用,而高糖型与丰产型甜菜品种随灌溉量的增加在叶丛快速生长期对叶片蒸腾速率的影响显著,在320 m3/ha灌溉量处理下光合效率较好。随着灌溉量的增加,标准型甜菜品种根产量增加;当灌溉量达320 m3/ha时,丰产型甜菜品种根产量不再升高而保持平稳、高糖型甜菜品种糖度下降。叶片水分利用效率在生育期前期总体上要高于生育后期,增加灌溉量并不能提高不同类型甜菜品种的灌溉水生产效率。在本研究特定区域内优化不同品种甜菜的灌溉制度可改善甜菜生长和产质量,并为建立甜菜灌溉模型提供理论基础。     

甜菜下胚轴颜色选择对后代品系及杂交组合的影响

为探讨甜菜幼苗下胚轴颜色与其他诸性状的相关关系,于1988—2003年对若干甜菜四倍体及二倍体多胚品系进行了4~6代幼苗下胚轴颜色的分离纯化选择、品系与原亲本比较、以红绿胚轴品系为亲本配制正反交组合等系列鉴定试验。结果表明,该选择方法对二倍体品系效果不明显,而四倍体后代品系与下胚轴颜色的联应F值达5%显著水平,红绿胚轴品系间的产、质量差异较大、互有高低,根产量相差20%以上,含糖率相差1%以上。绿胚轴品系含糖率大多数高于红胚轴品系,绿胚轴品系K、Na含量低于红胚轴品系,且大多达到1%或5%显著水准,而有害性氮含量则相反;红胚轴品系的株高、叶长、叶宽大于绿胚轴品系。利用四倍体和二倍体的红绿胚轴品系为亲本相互配制的杂交组合其产、质量存在显著差异。甜菜幼苗下胚轴颜色选择可以作为创新甜菜种质与品种选育的新方法,将下胚轴颜色作为品种的标记性状也很适用。     

施肥对甜菜产量、物质积累和养分吸收规律的影响

采用田间试验研究了施肥对甜菜产量、干物质积累和吸肥规律的影响。结果表明：氮、磷、钾肥配合施用可以提高甜菜产量,制约甜菜产量的养分因子依次为N〉P〉K。干物质日积累规律为：苗期增长缓慢,叶和块根分别在出苗后80,125d达到最大值,在60～80d时,块根的日积累量超过叶。氮的吸收速率,全株表现为慢-快-慢的规律,叶片和块根分别在出苗后100,160d达到最大值,氮的累积总量在叶中较多。磷的吸收速率,叶片表现为出苗后40～80d最快,块根在40～120d快速增加并达到最大值;磷在叶和根中的累积量分别在出苗后80,120d达到最大,80d之后根的累积量超过叶。对于钾,叶在出苗后40—120d快速吸收并达到最大值,块根在出苗60d后吸收加快,收获时达到最大;在整个生育期内块根对K的吸收量都低于叶。甜菜单株日吸收N和P量分别在出苗后100,60d达到最大值;K的日吸收量苗期较少,40～80d快速增加达到最大,收获前出现负增长。     

利用SRAP标记分析我国甜菜三大产区骨干材料的遗传多样性

利用SRAP分子标记, 选用甜菜中SRAP的88对引物组合分别对4个经济性状差异较大的代表性品系(高产型、高产低糖抗丛根病型、标准型、中产高糖抗褐斑病型)进行扩增,筛选出有效引物组合33对。采用筛选的33对引物检测全国三大产区的241份甜菜材料及9份外国材料,扩增到719条带,其中多态性条带459条,多态性条带的比率平均为63.8%。利用MEGA3.1软件中的Compute over-all mean计算,组内品种间平均遗传距离为0.4165,平均遗传相似系数为0.6593。遗传相似系数平均值为外国品种(0.7528)>单胚品系(0.6945)>多胚四倍体品系(0.6816)>多胚二倍体品系(0.6612)。利用MEGA3.1软件,在遗传距离0.20处,将供试材料分为4大类群。结果表明,我国三大产区供试材料遗传多样性丰富,其中东北产区优于华北与西北产区。利用POPGEN32软件将供试材料与外国品种分为两类,表明我国材料与外国品种的遗传基础存在较大差异。     

Effect of free air carbon dioxide enrichment combined with two nitrogen levels on growth,yield and yield quality of sugar beet: Evidence for a sink limitation of beet growth under elevated CO2

The increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration [CO₂] has been demonstrated to stimulate the growth of C₃ crops. However, little information exists about the effect of elevated [CO₂] on biomass production of sugar beet, and data from field experiments are lacking. In this study, sugar beet was grown within a crop rotation over two rotation cycles (2001, 2004) at present and elevated [CO₂] (375 μl l^?1 and 550 μl l^?1) in a free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) system and at two levels of nitrogen supply [high (N2), and 50% of high (N1)], in Braunschweig, Germany. The objective of the present study was to determine the CO₂ effect on seasonal changes of leaf growth and on final biomass and sugar yield. Shading treatment was included to test whether sugar beet growth is sink limited under elevated [CO₂]. CO₂ elevation did not affect leaf number but increased individual leaf size in early summer resulting in a faster row closure under both N levels. In late summer CO₂ enrichment increased the fraction of senescent leaves under high but not low N supply, which contributed to a negative CO₂ effect on leaf area index and canopy chlorophyll content under high N at final harvest. Petioles contained up to 40% water-soluble carbohydrates, which were hardly affected by CO₂ but increased by N supply. More N increased biomass production by 21% and 12% in 2001 and 2004, respectively, while beet and sugar yield was not influenced. Concentration of α-amino N in the beet fresh weight was increased under low N and decreased under high N by CO₂ enrichment. The CO₂ response of total biomass, beet yield and white sugar yield was unaffected by N supply. Averaged over both N levels elevated [CO₂] increased total biomass by 7% and 12% in 2001 and 2004, respectively, and white sugar yield by 12% and 13%. The shading treatment in 2004 prevented the decrease in leaf area index under elevated [CO₂] and high N in September. Moreover, the CO₂ effect on total biomass (24%) and white sugar yield (28%) was doubled as compared to the unshaded conditions. It is concluded that the growth of the storage root of sugar beet is not source but sink limited under elevated [CO₂], which minimizes the potential CO₂ effect on photosynthesis and beet yield.     

硫酸钠盐胁迫处理对番茄产量和品质的影响

摘要：本文通过试验探讨盐胁迫对番茄产量和果实品质的影响,为设施耐盐品种的选育提供理论依据。以“SJX”、“WFS”和“HDL”三个番茄栽培品种为试材,在开花结果期进行不同浓度的Na2SO4盐溶液处理。结果表明：随着Na2SO4盐浓度的增大,三个番茄品种均表现单果重和单株产量下降。果实的硬度在高浓度的盐胁迫时升高,而在低浓度的盐胁迫则降低;不同番茄品种可溶性固形物含量在0.1～0.4mol/L盐胁迫的条件下呈单峰曲线变化;盐胁迫处理后,番茄果实中的可溶性糖和有机酸的含量增加,糖酸比下降。盐胁迫降低了番茄果实的产量,改变了果实的硬度、可溶性固形物、有机酸的含量和糖酸比,从而引起番茄果实品质的变化。     

国家鲜食甜玉米区域试验品种产量和品质性状分析

分析国家鲜食甜玉米区域试验品种产量和品质性状可为鲜食甜玉米品种选育提供参考。以2000—2015年国家鲜食甜玉米区域试验品种为材料,分析甜玉米参试品种产量和品质现状。结果表明：甜玉米区试点数量2013—2015年稳定在54个,除青海、西藏、宁夏和甘肃外,其他省份均有分布,且以广东省试点数量最多（5个）。16年（2000—2015年）共有658个（次）品种参试,审定了43个品种。鲜食甜玉米产量和品质性状年度间、区域间和品种间均有显著差异。审定品种比参试品种的鲜果穗产量高4.5%,品尝品质总分高1.2分,生育期、出籽率、百粒重、理化性状（皮渣率、可溶性总糖和还原糖含量）无显著差异。相关分析结果表明,生育期较长、百粒重较高有利于提高鲜果穗产量;皮渣率与可溶性总糖、还原糖含量和皮厚薄显著负相关。品尝品质总分与各项分值均极显著正相关,回归分析表明皮厚薄、感观品质、气味风味和甜度的提高有利于品尝品质调优。今后甜玉米选育方向是优质与高产并重,兼顾抗性。     

甜高粱分蘖去留与糖产量及氮素利用的比较分析

大田条件下采用人工去除分蘖的方法,研究了两种种植密度下甜高粱高产品种分蘖特性对糖产量及其干物质生产和氮素吸收利用特性的影响。结果表明, 常规种植密度(每公顷75 000株)下,保留分蘖较单茎秆植株对主茎和分蘖茎含糖量影响较小;在较低种植密度(每公顷37 500株)下,保留分蘖植株主茎含糖量明显下降,分蘖茎含糖量与单茎秆植株接近。在不同种植密度条件下,保留分蘖植株较单茎秆植株开花前和开花后茎秆、叶片和穗各器官干物质积累量均显著增加,保留分蘖显著提高了总生物量,达21.9%和81.6%,总糖产量分别增加了17.1%和63.8%。保留分蘖植株开花后氮素向茎秆分配比高,同时,保留分蘖植株叶片氮积累及分配比例明显提高,叶片干重占植株总干重比例显著增加,单位氮素糖生产效率下降,但未达显著水平。常规密度和较低密度下分蘖茎糖产量的补偿效应分别可达20%和62%以上,说明常规种植密度下保留分蘖利于增加甜高粱糖产量,并能够达到简化栽培管理和降低经济人力投入的目的。     

Effect of Long-term Application of Farmyard Manure on Growth and Quality of Sugar Beet

Field trials were conducted for two years on two farms which differed in long-term application of pig slurry in order to study the effects of long-term organic manuring, timing of slurry application (no slurry, slurry autumn, slurry spring) and additional doses of mineral N-fertilizer (0, 80, 160, 240 kg N/ha) on growth and quality of sugar beet. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The effect of slurry application on growth of sugar beets varied markedly with the long-term differences in farm management. On the “arable farm” yield of beet roots increased substantially after slurry application and could not be replaced by higher doses of mineral N fertilizer. It is concluded therefore that “special effects” of farmyard manure are involved. On the “livestock farm”, however, highest beet yields were obtained on plots without slurry. Additionally slurry application caused a significant decrease in beet yields. 2. Sugar beets without slurry treatment always developed higher sugar contents and lower concentrations of alpha-amino-N, sodium and potassium as compared to beets from plots with slurry application. 3. Despite the decline in sugar content, sugar yield greatly increased by slurry application on the “arable farm”. The average increase in sugar yield was 10 dt/ha (=8%) with slurry application in autumn and amounted to 16 dt/ha (=14%) with spring application. On the livestock farm however, additional applications of slurry caused a decline in sugar yields in both years because of lower sugar contents and decrease in beet yields. 4. The utilization rate of slurry-N, depending mainly on time of application, annual rainfall and soil N mineralization, varied from 6–41%. On the “livestock farm” the utilization of slurry-N was only half of the rate obtained on the “arable farm”. 5. The application of small doses of slurry may cause a significant yield increase on farms without or only less livestock, while on farms with intensive livestock production continous slurry application needs to be considered as an expensive form of waste disposal. Therefore farms with high livestock density are advised to sell slurry to neighbouring farms without or only low animal production at a fair price for their mutual advantage.     

Water Use Efficiency, Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Biomass Production of Two Sugar Beet Varieties Under Well-Watered and Dry Conditions

Two sugar beet (Beta vulgaris sp.) varieties, which were supposed to differ in drought tolerance, were exposed to drought stress in a growth chamber and a container experiment in field. The aim was to test for (i) differences between the varieties in water use efficiency (WUE), biomass production and distribution and (ii) the relationship between WUE and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), and between biomass production and Δ. Significant differences in WUE were detected between plants of well‐watered and drought treatments in both experiments, but not between the varieties. Production losses due to drought were large for both varieties in both experiments. Losses in the growth chamber were up to 50 % of plant dry weight and the corresponding value in the field was 24 %, when plants were given 60 and 30 %, respectively, of the full‐watered treatments. Significant negative correlations between WUE and Δ were found, but not between biomass production and Δ, when both varieties were included. Negative correlations between WUE and Δ were also found for each variety separately. The results suggest that Δ estimates from leaf tissue of sugar beet may provide a useful tool for genetic selection of drought‐tolerant sugar beet varieties.     

水稻条纹叶枯病抗性育种研究

利用日本育成的抗条纹叶枯病优质粳稻品种,与江苏高产品种杂交,将其条纹叶枯病抗性导入江苏高产粳稻品种,达到有利基因的聚合,改良现有粳稻品种的条纹叶枯病抗性。结果表明,在充分发病的自然条件下对条纹叶枯病抗性选择的效果十分明显,只要具有一定的选择压,很容易选择到抗性好的株系。关东194是一个优良的条纹叶枯病抗源亲本,在粳稻条纹叶枯病抗性改良和品质改良中值得加以利用。通过连续3年的定向选择,已经获得一批抗条纹叶枯病的优良品种（系）。其中“宁4009”已于2007年1月通过江苏省审定,定名为“南粳44”。     

甜菜不同基因型品种光合特性比较

发展甜菜生产进一步提高其产量和含糖率,对发展工农业生产、增加农民收益有重要的意义。以丰产型和高糖型甜菜品种为材料,研究比较不同基因型品种光合特性及其与产质量形成的关系。结果表明：不同基因型甜菜在各生育期叶片SPAD值、光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率的动态变化趋势不同,且存在显著差异。苗期丰产品种的胞间CO₂浓度低于高糖品种。叶丛快速生长期丰产品种气孔导度低于高糖品种。块根及糖分增长期丰产品种光合速率高于高糖品种。糖分积累期丰产品种叶片SPAD值低于高糖品种,胞间CO₂浓度高于高糖品种。叶丛快速生长期、糖分积累期丰产品种蒸腾速率低于高糖品种。     

甜菜种质资源叶部性状多样性及聚类分析

为进一步挖掘甜菜种质资源潜力促进甜菜品种改良及种质资源的高效利用,利用软件SPSS 22.0采用聚类分析方法对从中国甜菜种质资源中期库中筛选出的121份国内外甜菜种质资源进行了遗传多样性研究和分类。结果表明：对9个叶部形态性状进行了调查分析,其中多样性指数最高的是叶片薄厚,然后依次为叶色、叶柄长、叶面形、叶柄色、叶缘形、叶柄宽、和叶柄厚,多样性指数最低的为叶形;基于各种质间叶部性状的遗传差异,在遗传距离为12.5时将来自不同国家的121份种质资源分为4大类。第Ⅰ类群甜菜种质资源主要来自中国、美国、意大利和比利时,第Ⅱ类群甜菜种质资源主要来自俄罗斯、美国和中国,第Ⅲ类群甜菜种质资源主要来中国、美国、俄罗斯和比利时,第Ⅳ类群甜菜种质资源主要来自中国、意大利、美国、比利时和俄罗斯。聚类结果表明,不同国家的种质资源多样性较丰富,充分了解了甜菜种质资源叶部性状遗传多样性地理分布特点和种质资源群间的遗传关系,对于鉴别特异种质,挖掘优异种质材料具有现实意义。     

甜菜蔗糖代谢两种相关酶的活性变化及其相互关系

为了研究不同类型甜菜品种蔗糖代谢能力存在明显差异的生理机制,以糖用甜菜(高糖)和饲用甜菜(丰产)为试验对象,测定了不同生育阶段叶片、叶柄和块根中的蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性。结果表明:叶片、叶柄和块根中存在蔗糖合成与降解过程,不同类型甜菜在生长期蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性存在差别,同一品种不同部位,块根中蔗糖的代谢强度高于叶片和叶柄,糖用甜菜两种酶活性高于饲用甜菜,蔗糖代谢相关酶活性差异是品种特性,可用于甜菜的选种实践。