大口黑鲈北方亚种、佛罗里达亚种及其杂交子代的生长和形态差异分析

以大口黑鲈北方亚种和佛罗里达亚种为亲本,建立了北方亚种自交N(北方亚种♀×北方亚种♂)、佛罗里达亚种自交F(佛罗里达亚种♀×佛罗里达亚种♂)、正交子代NF(北方亚种♀×佛罗里达亚种♂)和反交子代FN(佛罗里达亚种♀×北方亚种♂)4个试验群体,并对其生长性能和形态学差异进行了比较。N、NF和FN的生长性能比较结果表明,在90～152日龄期间,3个试验群体生长速率差别不大,在152日龄后大口黑鲈北方亚种的生长速度明显快于两杂交子代。可数性状的分析结果表明,4个试验组在腹鳍、臀鳍硬棘、鳃耙和脊椎骨上均无差异;正反交子代与两亲本在背鳍条、胸鳍条、臀鳍条、尾鳍条、侧线上鳞、侧线下鳞的数量上均达到极显著差异(P0.01)。可量性状和框架结构数据的聚类分析结果表明,N和F聚为一支,NF和FN聚为一支,然后这两支再汇聚;主成分分析概括出方差贡献率较大的3个主成分,累积贡献率为71.44%,主成分1主要反映鱼体框架的变化,方差贡献率为54.90%,主成分2和主成分3主要反映鱼的头部、背部和尾部的形态变化,方差贡献率分别为11.21%和5.33%。在35个测量参数中挑选11个对判别贡献较大的参数建立4个群体的判别函数,判别准确率为83.90%～100.00%。研究结果为杂种大口黑鲈的鉴定、育种及养殖提供了科学依据。     

大口黑鲈北方亚种群体和“优鲈1号”群体及其正反杂交子代的遗传和生长性能比较

为解决国内养殖的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)群体遗传多样性下降问题,进一步培育快长和抗逆性强的大口黑鲈优良品种,以引进的大口黑鲈北方亚种群体(N)和大口黑鲈优鲈1号(G)为亲本,通过自交和正反杂交获得4个大口黑鲈群体,利用12对微卫星引物对其进行遗传多样性及遗传结构分析,采用金属丝线码(CWT)标记后在相同池塘养殖条件下对4个群体的生长性能进行比较分析。结果显示,12对微卫星引物在所有个体中均能扩增出清晰条带,在120尾样本中共扩增到126个等位基因,北方亚种自交群体(N)、优鲈1号自交群体(G)、正交群体NG[N(♀)×G(♂)]、反交群体GN[G(♀)×N(♂)]的平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.491、0.454、0.553和0.519,平均观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.519、0.480、0.729和0.664,平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.407、0.412、0.454和0.425。结果表明,正反交群体的遗传多样性均高于自交群体,其中NG群体的遗传多样性最高。对群体间的遗传分化分析表明,GN群体与N和G群体间遗传分化最大,分别为0.125和0.149。UPGMA聚类分析显示,N群体和G群体首先聚为一支,再与NG群体聚为一支,最后与GN群体聚合。对4个群体的3～12月龄的子代生长性状进行对比,GN群体的体质量绝对增长率(AGR)和特定增长率(SGR)分别为1.44 g·d~(-1)和1.04%·d~(-1),均高于其他群体。研究结果可为今后大口黑鲈良种培育和遗传改良提供科学依据。     

大口黑鲈北方亚种, 佛罗里达亚种及“优鲈3号”杂交F1子代生长性能及遗传多样性分析

文章以大口黑鲈 (Micropterus salmoides) 佛山群体和台湾群体为亲本,建立了佛山自交、台湾自交、正交子代 (佛山♀×台湾♂)、反交子代 (台湾♀×佛山♂) 4个试验群体,通过6个月的养殖试验,对其生长和形态差异进行了比较。结果显示,正反交子代的生长性能和体质量变异系数均高于2个亲代自交群体。形态分析结果表明,4个试验群体的形态差异主要集中于躯干的中部和尾部。前三主成分累计贡献率达92.9%,第一主成分贡献率为71.3%,主要反映躯体前、中部形态特征;第二主成分贡献率为16.6%,主要反映躯体后部特征。前二主成分因子得分散点图中4个群体重叠区域较小,可以完全区分。将可量性状和框架性状结合在一起所构建的逐步判定模型推测准确率最高 (86.7%~96.0%)。研究结果可为大口黑鲈佛山群体、台湾群体及其杂交子代的生长与形态鉴定提供基础数据。     

基于微卫星标记和线粒体D-loop序列的5个大口黑鲈群体遗传变异分析

为探讨当前国内大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)群体遗传多样性和变异情况, 采用14个微卫星(简单重复序列, SSR)标记和线粒体D-loop序列, 对国内3个养殖群体(“优鲈1号”YL1、“优鲈3号”YL3和中国台湾群体CTW)、1个引进群体(北方亚种US)和1个杂交群体(“优鲈3号”♀×北方亚种♂, HYB)共计5个群体175尾个体进行群体遗传变异分析。结果显示, 14个SSR位点中有5个位点(LMB24、LMB28、LMB38、LMB39和LMB42)表现出高度多态性[(多态信息含量(PIC)＞0.5)]。其中, 北方亚种群体多态性水平最高(PIC=0.514), 其他4个群体多态性普遍较低(0.278＜PIC＜ 0.359)。在D-loop序列中共检测到23个变异位点, 27个单倍型。其中北方亚种群体单倍型数量较多(12个), 而在其他4个群体中存在明显的优势单倍型, 单倍型H01在群体内占比为76.7%~85.7%, 5个群体的单倍型多样性介于0.218~0.882。基于微卫星标记和D-loop部分序列的遗传变异分析显示, 北方亚种群体和“优鲈3号”群体间的Nei’s遗传距离和K2P遗传距离最远(0.300和0.012), 明显大于与其他群体间的遗传距离(0.016~0.297和0.000~ 0.012); 分子方差分析显示, 5个大口黑鲈群体的遗传分化极显著(P＜0.01)。群体间遗传结构和单倍型网络分析显示, 北方亚种群体的遗传结构相对独立, 其他4个群体存在一定程度的遗传结构混杂。研究结果表明, 引进的北方亚种群体保持了较高的遗传多样性, 并与国内养殖群体间存在极显著遗传分化, 基于北方亚种群体开展群体选育或与其他群体开展杂交育种具有较好的应用前景。     

大口黑鲈佛山和台湾群体自交与杂交子代的生长和形态差异分析

文章以大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)佛山群体和台湾群体为亲本,建立了佛山自交、台湾自交、正交子代(佛山♀×台湾♂)、反交子代(台湾♀×佛山♂) 4个试验群体,通过6个月的养殖试验,对其生长和形态差异进行了比较。结果显示,正反交子代的生长性能和体质量变异系数均高于2个亲代自交群体。形态分析结果表明,4个试验群体的形态差异主要集中于躯干的中部和尾部。前三主成分累计贡献率达92.9%,第一主成分贡献率为71.3%,主要反映躯体前、中部形态特征;第二主成分贡献率为16.6%,主要反映躯体后部特征。前二主成分因子得分散点图中4个群体重叠区域较小,可以完全区分。将可量性状和框架性状结合在一起所构建的逐步判定模型推测准确率最高(86.7%～96.0%)。研究结果可为大口黑鲈佛山群体、台湾群体及其杂交子代的生长与形态鉴定提供基础数据。     

大口黑鲈3个养殖群体的遗传多样性分析

该研究通过毛细管电泳法筛选微卫星引物,从GenBank的51对微卫星引物中共筛选出12对具有特异性和多态性的引物,并合成荧光标记引物,对广东大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)主养区3个养殖群体进行STR分型,以分析其遗传多样性。结果显示所检测的12个微卫星位点中,3个位点呈现高多态性,4个具有中度多态性,其余5个位点为低多态性。3个群体的遗传多样性水平偏低,期望杂合度(He)分别为0.312 5、0.360 6和0.328 4。群体间遗传分化指数及AMOVA分析显示,群体间遗传分化属于低水平,遗传变异有85.83%是由群体内不同个体间的差异造成的。群体间遗传距离分析显示,3个养殖群体间的遗传距离和遗传相似度比较接近。遗传结构分析表明3个养殖群体来自于同一个亚群。研究结果提示现阶段中国大口黑鲈养殖群体的遗传多样性已显著下降,因此在选育种过程应高度重视提高与维持种群遗传多样性的问题。     

驯食配合饲料的大口黑鲈3个选育世代的遗传多样性分析

为了检测驯食配合饲料的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)3个选育世代群体遗传多样性水平变化,利用微卫星标记技术对驯食配合饲料大口黑鲈选育基础群体(Sp0)和第二、三和四代选育群体(Sp2、Sp3和Sp4)共240尾样品进行检测。结果显示,18个微卫星位点共获得44个等位基因。Sp0、Sp2、Sp3和Sp4的平均观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.4895、0.4802、0.4579和0.4206,平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.4615、0.4454、0.4621和0.3916,平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.3791、0.3659、0.3764和0.3257。4个群体间的配对比较群体间遗传分化指数(F_(st))值在0.01612～0.16162之间、遗传距离(D_a)在0.0249～0.1434之间。遗传变异来源(AMOVA)分析显示,只有8.38%的变异来自于群体间,其余遗传变异均来自于个体间。研究表明,经连续多代选育之后,易驯食配合饲料的快长大口黑鲈选育群体具有中度遗传多样性,具备选育潜力,可继续进行选育。     

大口黑鲈生长性状的遗传参数和育种值估计

采用最佳线性无偏差预测法(BLUP法)对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)体质量、体长和体高的遗传参数和育种值进行估计.4月龄和6月龄的体质量遗传力分别为0.29±0.08和0.28±0.10、体长遗传力分别为0.31±0.08和0.26±0.10,6月龄的体高遗传力为0.29±0.10.这些性状的传力都属于中度遗传力(P＜0.01),表明在加性效应控制下,大口黑鲈生长性状具有较大的遗传改良潜力.6月龄的体质量与体长、体质量与体高及体长与体高的遗传相关分别为0.790±0.094、0.820±0.081和0.990±0.001,这些性状之间均表现为高的正遗传相关性(P＜0.01),说明在对体质量进行选择的同时,其他生长性状也可以获得相应的间接选择反应.从不同评定方法的秩相关来看,6月龄时综合育种值与体质量育种值、体长育种值以及体质量育种值与体长育种值的秩相关系数均达到了极显著(P＜0.01),分别为0.998、0.914和0.890,用综合育种值对大口黑鲈的评定名次排序与用单性状育种值排序的差异不大.本研究对大口黑鲈生长性状的遗传参数和育种值进行确定与分析,旨在为该物种的人工选育提供理论依据和技术参考.     

大口黑鲈MyoD基因结构和单核苷酸多态性位点的筛选

本研究采用PCR技术和基因组步移技术从大口黑鲈基因组DNA中扩增得到MyoD基因及其5’调控区序列。该基因序列全长3797bp,其中5’调控区长1077bp,MyoD基因转录区由3个外显子（分别为591bp、81bp和78bp）和2个内含子（分别为1077bp和486bp）组成。5’调控区含有与肌肉特异性基因转录密切相关的转录调控元件E box、肌细胞增强因子2（MEF2）、肌肉特异性金属硫蛋白结合位点（MTBF）及一些转录反应调控元件（TATA box 、OCAAT box、OCT1、PRE、AP4、Pit1）。运用PCR-SSCP技术和直接测序法进行大口黑鲈MyoD基因SNP位点筛选,结果表明MyoD基因序列中存在7个突变点,均位于内含子上。养殖群体中这7个突变点分析结果显示突变比例范围在0.042～0.353之间。本研究结果为SNPs位点与大口黑鲈生长性能关联分析奠定了基础。     

Persistence of Florida largemouth bass alleles in a northern Arkansas population of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacèpéde

Abstract– Lake Ashbaugh, located in northeast Arkansas, was constructed in 1981, and initially stocked with Florida largemouth bass followed by supplemental stockings of northern largemouth bass. Allele frequencies of three discriminant allozyme loci (sAAT-B, sIDH-B, sMDH-B) between Florida and northern largemouth bass were determined for 414 largemouth bass collected between 1994 and 1996. F_x bass dominated our sample, with 62.3% possessing Florida largemouth bass alleles. A high incidence of Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium was observed, indicative of genetic change within the population. No significant differences were identified for frequency of age classes, relative weight, and length at age between the northern, F₁ and F_x phenotypes. Despite being located north of what is generally considered suitable for stocking Florida largemouth bass, it was demonstrated that temperature is not selective at present against bass possessing Florida largemouth bass alleles. However, caution should prevail when introducing non-native stock into native gene complexes, as introduced genes persist through many generations.     

Experimental oral transmission of largemouth bass virus

Largemouth bass virus (LMBV) is a recently discovered iridovirus that causes a fatal disease of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède). Fish can become infected by waterborne LMBV, but oral transmission of this virus has not been demonstrated previously. Largemouth bass were gavaged with guppies, Poecilia reticulata Peters, which had been injected with LMBV, and then sampled periodically during a 7‐week observation period. The dose of LMBV averaged 10^5.6 tissue culture infectious doses – 50% cytopathic endpoint (TCID₅₀) per largemouth bass. Five of 24 largemouth bass exposed to LMBV became infected with the virus, but none of the fish had clinical signs typical of LMBV disease. Virus titres in largemouth bass were highest in swim bladder (10^5.5–9.5 TCID₅₀ g^?1) and were 10^5.2 TCID₅₀ g^?1 or lower in cutaneous mucus, head kidney, trunk kidney, spleen, gonad and intestine. These results indicate that LMBV can be transmitted orally to largemouth bass, but further study is needed to determine the factors affecting pathogenicity of the virus.     

Temporal genetic structure of an intergrade largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) population

Since 1972, numerous impoundments throughout Texas have been stocked with Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus. In order to examine some of the long-term effects of such efforts, the present study summarizes past studies and complements those with more current observations on the intergrade largemouth bass population in Aquilla Lake, Hill Country, Texas. The reservoir received 4 annual stockings during the month of May from 1982 to 1985. Collections occurred periodically from February 1984 to June 1987, February to August 1988, and monthly from August 1991 to November 1992. Horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis was conducted to determine allele frequencies at loci sAAT-B*, SOD*1. Mean heterozygosity and percent introgression were highest for age-0 fish of the 1986 year class. Assortative mating was not apparent in 1991 or 1992 year classes. Collections of specific year classes over time consistently indicated decreases in the relative abundance of the northern phenotype. Relative to the northern phenotype, the abundance of Florida year classes remained relatively constant over time. Relative abundances of F₁ hybrids and F_x, intergrades (i. e., F₁) from specific year glasses were observed to generally increase with age.     

Evaluation of alternative pond production systems for raising largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides

This study evaluated three different pond‐based production systems for raising largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, for the food fish market, using nine 0.04‐ha ponds. Treatments included traditional ponds (TP), intensively aerated ponds (IAP), and split‐pond systems (SPS). TP and SPS ponds were aerated at 9.3 kW/ha, while IAP was aerated at 18.6 kW/ha. TP was stocked at 7,500 fish per ha (three replicates per treatment), and the other two production systems (SPS, IAP) were stocked with 12,500 fish per ha. Feed‐habituated advanced fingerlings (128 ± 47.6 g mean individual weight) were cultured for 157 days. Fish were fed a formulated diet (42% protein, 16% lipid) four times a day, feeding with a maximum allowance of 3% of total body weight and readjusted to the initial body weight biweekly. Fish raised in the SPS displayed a significantly lower specific growth rate, lower individual final weight, and lower weight gain, but the biomass gained was significantly higher than TP but not IAP. Final biomass gained was 50% higher in the SPS and IAP than in the TP. Survival rate and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different among treatments and ranged from 71 to 79% and 1.64 to 2.14, respectively.     

大口黑鲈蛙病毒分子流行病学及组织病理分析

为探讨大口黑鲈蛙病毒（LMBV）的分子流行规律及在感染后的组织病理变化,实验对2019—2021年采集的723份患病大口黑鲈样品进行荧光定量PCR （qPCR）检测。结果显示,LMBV的阳性率为63.62%,挑选阳性样品接种鳜脑细胞（Chinese perch brain cells,CPB）,共获得93株LMBV。通过对分离株MCP、ATP酶、DNA聚合酶和甲基转移酶基因进行PCR扩增与测序分析,发现上述基因在LMBV分离株中均保守,其中MCP、ATP酶基因一致性均为100.0%、甲基转移酶基因一致性为99.7%～100.0%、DNA聚合酶基因一致性为99.8%～100.0%。选取1株LMBV毒株感染健康大口黑鲈,采用qPCR方法对不同组织中的病毒载量进行检测,结果显示,大口黑鲈蛙病毒在心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、胃、肠和脑等组织中均有分布,人工感染LMBV后的前5天病毒载量逐步升高;感染后第5天,心脏中病毒载量最高（9.5×10⁵个/mg拷贝）,脑组织中病毒载量最低（2.9×10²个/mg拷贝）。组织病理结果表明,LMBV可导致大口黑鲈多种组...     

Effects of season, maturity, and sex on lipid class dynamics in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides Lacepede)

Abstract Factors that can influence changes in lipid class concentrations in specific tissues have not been reported for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. We investigated patterns of lipid composition by measuring seasonal levels of total lipid and major lipid classes in the muscle and liver tissues of juvenile and adult largemouth bass and gonad tissue of adults. Fish were collected in December, February, April and July to correspond with key stages of the sexual cycle. Total lipid concentrations were substantially greater in hepatic (32.8 [female] to 56.6 [male] mg. g^?1) and gonadal tissues (34.4 [F] to 204.0 [M] mg. g^?1) than in muscle (7. 5 [F] to 11.4 [M] mg. g^?1). Muscle lipid concentrations in juveniles were significantly higher (10.9 [F] and 11.4 [M] mg. g^?1) in summer than in winter in adult muscle tissue (8.6 [F] and 9.4 [MI mg. g^?1). A 44% increase in ovary lipid was observed from preparatory to prespawn stages, followed by a 78% decline after the spawn. Additionally, seasonal hepatic lipid concentrations were substantially higher in juveniles. Concentrations of lipid classes (free cholesterol [C], triacylglycerol [TAG], free-fatty acids [FFA], esterified cholesterol [CE] and phospholipid [PL]) of all tissue types varied significantly among season, sex, and maturity categories. Changes with all lipid classes in the ovary coincided with those occurring in total ovarian lipid. Mobilization and transport of TAG and PL from the liver to the ovary appeared to occur during gametogenesis. All class concentrations in juveniles were invariably higher in liver than in muscle, but seasonally variable among hepatic and gonad tissues of adults. Juvenile males showed slightly greater hepatic C concentrations than other groups. Muscle and hepatic C were generally higher in juveniles.     

Diet of the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède), in Lake Naivasha, Kenya

Abstract The major food items of adult largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède), in Lake Naivasha, Kenya are not markedly different from those in its native range. Although insects and their larvae are major components of the diet for both temperate and equatorial populations of juvenile bass, the equatorial population also eats Procambarus clarkii (Girard), juvenile fish and aquatic weeds. In temperate populations they also eat crustaceans, rotifers and oligochaetes. The frequency of occurrence of the major prey organisms in the stomachs of M. salmoides varies seasonally with population peaks in these organisms. Similar to North American populations, the Naivasha population feeds during the day between dawn and dusk. In contrast to temperate populations, the population of M. salmoides in this equatorial lake feeds throughout the year, with feeding intensity correlated with water temperature.     

Influences of dissolved oxygen on juvenile largemouth bass foraging behaviour

Summer stratification often leads to large areas of hypolimnetic hypoxia in lakes and reservoirs. These areas of hypoxia alter fish behaviours and distributions as well as restrict access to valuable prey resources, yet few studies have examined foraging behaviour of fish in response to low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. We observed foraging behaviour of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, in response to varying DO concentrations in tanks that simulated a stratified lake water column during the summer: 28°C oxygenated epilimnion, 15°C deoxygenated hypolimnion. Compared with saturated concentrations (8.0–9.0 mg/L), hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations of 3.0 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L resulted in a drastic decrease in prey consumption, handling efficiency and time spent below the thermocline mainly due to avoidance behaviour of hypoxic conditions. However, we found at high hypolimnetic prey densities, individual fish were more willing to venture into reduced oxygen concentrations. Several unique behaviours including transporting prey above the oxycline for consumption, aquatic surface respiration and gill flaring were employed by largemouth bass foraging in low oxygen environments. Reduced hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations may influence and alter feeding strategies, especially for fish that rely on benthic prey resources.     

Activity patterns of largemouth bass in a subtropical US reservoir

Abstract  Nine largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacepède, >1.5 kg were implanted with radio tags and tracked for 1 year in an embayment of Lake Seminole, Georgia, USA. Most largemouth bass movement was <50 m h⁻¹ in all seasons and at all times of day. During the day largemouth bass were offshore in deeper water near large woody structures and moved little. Movement was lower during dusk and night periods, and a general movement towards shoreline areas was evident. Water depths where largemouth bass were located had bimodal distributions in all seasons and diel periods, with one mode typically at depths <1 m and another around 3 m. Home ranges were typically largest in the summer and smallest in the winter. Largemouth bass appeared to divide their time between an offshore resting area, primarily occupied during the day, and a near-shore area, where foraging presumably occurred, primarily used during low-light periods. The largemouth bass population in Lake Seminole consists of multiple overlapping subpopulations, offering the opportunity for embayment-specific management.