葡萄籽原花青素对食源性铅诱导的大鼠肾氧化应激的保护作用及机制

为研究转录因子NF-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)对铅(Pb)所致肾脏氧化应激的作用及葡萄籽原花青素(GSPE)对其的影响,40只Wistar大鼠随机分成4组,分别为对照组、醋酸铅组、GSPE干预组、GSPE组,处理30 d后,检测肾脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和谷胱甘肽s转移酶(GST)含量,并测定大鼠肾组织的Pb含量、肾脏病理变化。Nrf2的表达等。结果表明,与醋酸铅组相比,GSPE干预组肾脏中Nrf2的表达明显升高,肾组织中SOD含量升高37%,GSH和GST含量分别升高34%和40%,MDA的含量降低35%。综上所述,GSPE可以通过提高Nrf2蛋白的表达,减缓食源性Pb中毒引起的大鼠肾脏氧化损伤。     

铅对仔鼠学习记忆及海马组织中钙结合蛋白-2mRNA表达的影响

采用自由饮水的方式于母鼠孕哺期染毒,染毒剂量为0.3、1.0、3.0 g/L,每组10只.用石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪测定仔鼠出生后第21天时血液和海马组织中铅含量.用RT-PCR方法测定21 d不同剂量组仔鼠海马组织中钙结合蛋白-2 (Calsyntenin-2) mRNA的表达、结果显示,各剂量染铅组血液、海马组织中铅含量与对照组相比,明显升高(P＜0.05).Y型迷宫试验结果显示,低、中、高剂量铅暴露组21 d的仔鼠,获取记忆的能力(T1)、保持记忆的能力(T2)和记忆保持率(T3)均低于同期对照组仔鼠,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与对照组相比,中、高剂量铅暴露组海马组织中Calsyntenin-2 mRNA的表达明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),但是低剂量组与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结果表明,孕哺期母体铅暴露使铅在仔鼠体内蓄积,引起仔鼠学习记忆功能损害;铅的神经毒性可能与下调海马组织中Calsyntenin-2 mRNA的表达、影响突触的信息传递有关.     

橙皮素对铅致大鼠脑组织氧化损伤的保护效应

为研究铅暴露所致大鼠脑组织氧化损伤和橙皮素的保护作用机制,大鼠用醋酸铅(500mg Pb/L)和橙皮素(50mg/kg)处理。处理结束后测定大鼠脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量。结果表明,铅可显著提高大鼠脑组织中MDA含量(P<0.05),极显著降低GSH含量(P<0.01)和显著降低SOD和CAT活性(P<0.05);与铅处理组相比,橙皮素却能显著降低铅处理脑组织MDA含量(P<0.05),极显著提高GSH含量(P<0.01)和显著提高SOD和CAT活性(P<0.05)。说明铅可导致大鼠脑组织脂质过氧化损伤,橙皮素对铅致脑损伤具有一定保护作用。     

生命早期铅暴露对小鼠海马内IGF1表达的影响

雌性小鼠自妊娠第1天开始经饮水染铅(0.1%、0.5%、1%浓度溶解在去离子水中,对照组饮蒸馏水)至仔鼠出生后21d断乳为止。在出生后的第21天,分别采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血铅和海马组织中铅的水平,免疫组织化学和免疫印迹法检测海马组织中胰岛素样生长因子1(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF1)的表达。结果显示:与对照组相比,铅暴露组血铅水平和海马组织中铅的水平显著增高(P0.05);铅暴露组IGF1的表达比对照组明显下降(P0.05)。结果表明:母体铅暴露使铅在仔鼠体内蓄积,使仔鼠海马组织中IGF1蛋白的表达下调,从而造成海马神经元损伤,引起神经毒性。     

黄芩苷酯化物缓解H2O2诱导的猪小肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)氧化应激反应的研究

试验旨在探讨黄芩苷酯化物(BE)对H₂O₂诱导的IPEC-J2细胞氧化应激的缓解作用及其分子机制。采用CCK-8法检测细胞活性筛选出黄芩苷酯化物的适用浓度;采用ELISA法检测细胞中活性氧(ROS)水平、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量;采用qPCR法检测细胞中HO-1和NQO-1 mRNA的表达量;采用WB法检测胞浆Nrf2蛋白、胞核Nrf2蛋白和HO-1的蛋白表达水平;免疫荧光法检测Nrf2蛋白入核情况。结果显示,BE的适用浓度为10、20、40 mmol/L;与对照组相比,H₂O₂组中ROS、MDA含量显著升高(P<0.05);SOD、CAT活性显著下降(P<0.05);胞浆Nrf2蛋白与胞核Nrf2蛋白表达量显著升高(P<0.05);HO-1 mRNA的表达量显著升高(P<0.05);NQO-1 mRNA (P<0.05)表达量显著降低。与H₂O₂组相比,中、高剂量BE显著降...     

枯草芽孢杆菌对铅暴露鲫鱼的代谢及保护作用

为研究枯草芽孢杆菌WB600对不同浓度铅暴露下鲫鱼各组织内铅代谢及躯干肾抗氧化酶活力的影响。将实验鲫鱼分为对照Ⅰ组;益生菌对照Ⅱ组;铅暴露组(Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅷ组水体铅浓度分别为0. 05 mg/L Pb、0. 5 mg/L Pb、1 mg/L Pb);益生菌治疗组(Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ组分别为0. 05 mg/L Pb+WB600、0. 5 mg/L Pb+WB600、1 mg/L Pb+WB600)。60天后,检测鲫鱼脑、鳃、肝胰脏、躯干肾、肠及肌肉中铅含量及躯干肾CAT、SOD、GSH、T-AOC抗氧化酶活力变化。结果显示,与对照组相比,各组织铅蓄积量随水体铅浓度升高而升高。在0. 05 mg/L Pb浓度下,相比于铅暴露组,添加WB600组肝胰脏、躯干肾、肠及肌肉中铅含量均显著降低(P 0. 05),脑中铅含量虽有降低,但无显著性差异(P 0. 05);伴随着水体铅浓度的增加,除鳃和肌肉外,添加WB600组脑、肝胰脏、躯干肾、肠中铅蓄积量均显著低于铅暴露组。相比于铅暴露组,添加WB600组躯干肾CAT、SOD、GSH及TAOC水平均得到提高。表明在长期低浓度铅暴露下,饲喂WB600可降低鲫鱼脑、鳃、肝胰脏、躯干肾、肠及肌肉中的铅蓄积量,提高机体抗氧化能力。     

孕哺期铅暴露对其仔鼠海马组织中突触蛋白表达的影响

探讨母体受铅暴露对其后代小鼠的海马组织中突触蛋白表达的影响。铅暴露是从母体妊娠初期至断奶为止。将醋酸铅(PbAc)溶于去离子蒸馏水中,再分别浓缩至0.1%,0.5%和1%3个组作为仔鼠饮用溶液。在出生21d后,用石墨炉原子光谱吸收法测定铅指标,用免疫组织化学和Western blot检测海马组织中突触蛋白的表达。结果表明,所有铅暴露组中海马组织和血液中的铅指标均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,突触蛋白的表达显著下降(P0.05)。母体铅暴露引起的仔鼠海马组织中突触蛋白过少表达可能是铅神经毒性所致。     

铅对大鼠睾丸的氧化损伤及柚皮素的保护效应

为研究柚皮素对铅致大鼠睾丸损伤的保护作用。选24只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、柚皮素组、铅组、铅+柚皮素组。各组每日分别灌服生理盐水、柚皮素、醋酸铅、醋酸铅+柚皮素。8周后,处死大鼠收集睾丸。检测睾丸组织中丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量;并取睾丸切片做HE染色。结果表明,铅可显著提高MDA含量和GSH-Px活性(P<0.05),显著降低GSH含量和CAT活性(P<0.05);柚皮素能显著降低铅处理组MDA含量和GSH-Px活性(P<0.05),显著提高GSH含量(P<0.05)和CAT活性(P<0.05)。睾丸组织学研究表明,柚皮素组睾丸组织正常;染铅组和对照组相比,染铅组睾丸组织损伤严重,而柚皮素加铅组损伤明显减轻。说明铅可导致大鼠睾丸组织脂质过氧化损伤,柚皮素对铅导致的损伤具有保护效应。     

母体铅暴露对仔鼠海马内Calsyntenin-1表达的影响

探讨母体铅暴露对仔鼠海马内钙结合蛋白-1(Calsyntenin-1,Clstn-1)表达的影响。采用自由饮水模式建立铅暴露动物模型,将40只孕小鼠,随机分为对照组和低、中、高剂量染毒组,分别饮用去离子水和1、5、10g/L的乙酸铅水溶液。仔鼠21日龄,分别测其血液和海马组织中铅的含量,然后取其海马组织,分别通过免疫组化方法和Western blot技术检测各组仔鼠海马组织中Clstn-1的蛋白表达情况。结果显示,21d仔鼠血铅、海马铅水平均明显高于对照组(P0.01);免疫组化染色结果显示,Clstn-1免疫组化阳性反应主要定位于胞浆,在仔鼠海马组织的CA1区域中,每个铅暴露组仔鼠Clstn-1免疫组化阳性反应物的面密度与对照组相比增加显著,但平均灰度值明显降低(P0.01);Western blot结果显示,与对照组相比,铅暴露组仔鼠Clstn-1蛋白的表达明显高于对照组,并随染毒剂量增加,表达量增高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。母体铅暴露可能通过上调仔鼠海马内钙结合蛋白的表达进而造成海马损伤,引起神经毒性。     

柚皮素对铅致大鼠血液和脑损伤的保护作用

铅是一种重要的环境污染物,为探讨柚皮素对铅致大鼠血液和脑损伤的保护作用。24只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、铅组、柚皮素组、铅+柚皮素组。各组每日分别灌服生理盐水、醋酸铅、柚皮素、醋酸铅和柚皮素。连续8周后,处死大鼠收集血液和脑组织。检测大鼠血液中红细胞(RBC)数和血红蛋白(Hb)含量,脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量。结果表明,铅可显著降低RBC数和Hb含量(P<0.05),极显著提高MDA含量(P<0.01),极显著或显著降低GSH含量(P<0.01)和SOD、CAT活性(P<0.05)。柚皮素对上述生化指标无影响,但能升高铅处理大鼠血液中RBC数和Hb含量,降低脑组织中MDA含量(P<0.05),显著提高GSH含量和SOD、CAT活性(P<0.05)。说明铅可导致大鼠血液和脑损伤,柚皮素对铅导致的损伤具有一定保护作用。     

Anaesthesia and analgesia of the donkey and the mule

The number of donkeys and mules throughout the world is stable, and awareness of their use and concern for welfare, pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. Therefore, accurate information about anaesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to ever more equine practitioners. Since donkeys are physiologically and pharmacologically different from horses, knowledge on species specific aspects of anaesthesia and analgesia are very important. Mules combine elements from both donkey and horse backgrounds, leading to great diversity in size, temperament and body type. Physiologically, they seem to resemble horses more than donkeys. This review highlights the current knowledge on various anaesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkeys and mules. There is still much information that is not available about donkeys; in many circumstances, the clinician must use available equine information to treat the patient, while monitoring carefully to observe for differences in response to therapy compared to the horse.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the caecum and the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon of cattle

The large intestine of 10 cows was examined from the right abdominal wall with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were then slaughtered, and the organs were re-examined in a water bath. The caecum was visualised from the middle region of the abdominal wall. It ran caudo-cranially, varied in diameter from 5.2 to 18.0 cm and was situated immediately adjacent to the abdominal wall. The lateral wall of the caecum appeared as a thick, echogenic, crescent-shaped line. It could be visualised as far cranially as the 12th intercostal space. Although its junction could not be identified, the proximal ansa of the colon was recognised on the basis of its anatomical position and its diameter, which was smaller than that of the caecum. The spiral ansa of the colon and the descending colon were situated dorsal to the caecum and could be identified by moving the transducer horizontally along the abdominal wall to the last rib. The spiral ansa of the colon was situated ventral to the descending colon, and its walls appeared as thick echogenic lines. In a contracted state, the spiral colon had the appearance of a garland.     

The behavior and the husbandry conditions of small laboratory animals--possibilities and limits of the evaluation of the appropriateness and fairness of the treatment of animals

Ethological studies are important means to evaluate the behaviour of small laboratory animals (mouse, rat, guinea-pig and rabbit) and their housing conditions. At any rate, the only sparse range of body expressions, the smallness and preference of night activity of these animals and the erratic occurrence of essential behaviour patterns make the investigations more difficult. On the other hand, the standardization of laboratory housing and the genetic definition of these animals turn out to be favourable. By this way, behaviour-environment-relationships are suitable for evaluation. Taking into consideration methodical and biological restrictions, the specific activities such as fight, relaxed resting behaviour and play as well as unbalanced behaviour patterns and stereotypes can be taken as means of evaluation. Particularly in mice and rabbits, upright position and space consuming activities will be possibly restricted by cage sizes.     

Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig

Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Relation between the concentration of sodium and potassium in the erythrocytes of dairy cows and the concentration of these elements in the plasma and urine and the level of blood glucose

Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine.     

貉,蓝狐,银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞形态分布的研究

本文应用Ｆｏｒｔａｎａ—Ｍａｓｓｏｎ嗜银颗粒染色法研究了貉、蓝狐、银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞的形态分布。结果表明：三种动物胃幽门腺中，嗜根细胞数量最多，呈锥状，嗜银颗粒较粗，密度大、染成深黑色。在胃底及胃贲门腺区、嗜银细胞数量少。在十二指肠部嗜银细胞呈蝌蚪形，嗜银颗粒细，呈黑褐色，密度较小。嗜银细胞的分布密度在三种动物中具有一定的差别。     

Liquid flow and capacity of the caecum and colon of the horse

The rate of flow of fluid from the caecum and from the large colon was measured in four Shetland-type ponies fed a hay diet. In two ponies with cannulas in the caecum and at the origin of the right ventral colon, a continuous intracaecal infusion of a solution of chromium EDTA was used and samples were obtained from the cannula at the origin of the right ventral colon. Based on four determinations, the liquid flow from the caecum was 54.2 +/- 1.89 litres d-1. In the other two ponies with cannulas in the origin of the right ventral colon and near the end of the right dorsal colon, a continuous infusion of chromium EDTA was made into the right ventral colon and samples were obtained from the right dorsal colon. The flow rate towards the end of the dorsal colon was 49.4 +/- 1.25 litres d-1, based on four determinations. The capacities of the caecum and large colon after death were 7.0 +/- 0.8 and 17.7 +/- 3.7 litres, respectively.     

Conduction velocities and reflexes of the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve of the dog

The maximal conduction velocities of compound-action potentials in the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve were determined by averaging potentials evoked and recorded through needle electrodes. Antidromic, triphasic compound-action potentials unipolarly recorded from the distal part of the saphenous nerve were of the same minimal latency as potentials having 4 phases which were recorded bipolarly from the same site. However, the unipolarly recorded potentials were of greater amplitude. Monophasic compound-action potentials were recorded through bipolar chlorided silver electrodes from the surface of fascicles of the distal part of the saphenous nerve. The maximal conduction velocity of these potentials was in agreement with the conduction velocity of compound-action potentials of the distal part of the saphenous nerve which were evoked and recorded through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The specificities of the stimulating and recording sites were verified by recording before and after the saphenous nerve was cut between the stimulating and recording sites. Mean conduction velocities were 62.3 +/- 2.0 m/s for the distal part of the saphenous nerve and 66.3 +/- 2.2 m/s for the proximal part of the saphenous nerve. Reflex-evoked muscle activity was elicited in the ipsilateral tensor muscle of the fascia lata and semimembranous muscle after electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The effects of various stimulus intensities on the latency and duration of these reflex-evoked muscle potentials were determined.