E.tenella河北株SO7基因在毕赤酵母系统中的表达及免疫保护力评价

为了确定重组质粒pPIC9-IL-2-SO7在毕赤酵母系统中的表达及重组蛋白SO7的免疫保护力,采用RT-PCR方法克隆E.tenella河北株SO7基因并测序,将目的基因与IL-2及真核表达载体pPIC9串联,构建真核表达载体pPIC9-IL-2-SO7,转染毕赤酵母细胞GS115,SDS-PAGE电泳及Western blot方法验证其在毕赤酵母系统中的表达。将纯化后的重组蛋白SO7分别在雏鸡7,21日龄以50,100,150μg/只进行免疫,28日龄时,除阴性对照组外的其他试验组口服接种E.tenella孢子化卵囊8×10~4个/只,测定各组存活率、相对增重率、盲肠病变值和卵囊值,并计算抗球虫指数(ACI)。结果显示,阳性重组子具有2条带,分别为2 200,1 100 bp,表明成功将重组质粒pPIC9-IL-2-SO7转染毕赤酵母细胞GS115,Western blot检测证明表达的蛋白具有免疫原性;3个免疫组的ACI分别比阳性对照组提高了29.66%,33.33%和19.72%,其中以免疫剂量为100μg/只时,抗球虫效果最好。     

E.tenella河北株EtMIC-2基因的克隆及毕赤酵母系统表达

为表达鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)河北株EtMIC-2蛋白,本试验采用RT-PCR方法克隆出E.tenella河北株EtMIC-2基因,连接到毕赤酵母分泌表达载体pPIC9中,构建重组表达载体pPIC9-EtMIC-2。将其线化后转化到巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115中,甲醇诱导表达,饱和硫酸铵4℃沉淀浓缩后,用His选择镍-亲和层析柱纯化EtMIC-2蛋白。采用SDS-PAGE和Western blot方法验证其蛋白的表达。结果表明,构建的重组表达载体pPIC9-EtMIC-2在毕赤酵母菌中表达出相对分子质量约为45 000的目的蛋白,表达的EtMIC-2蛋白能被E.tenella阳性血清识别,具有良好的免疫反应原性。为进一步研究EtMIC-2蛋白功能及构建DNA疫苗奠定基础。     

鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白基因在毕赤酵母GS115中的表达

为了利用酵母表达技术制备鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白,试验采用基因工程技术,将编码鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白基因亚克隆至含有分泌信号肽序列的毕赤酵母表达载体中,构建成分泌型重组表达载体pPIC9K-Mx;用电转化法将线性化的pPIC9K-Mx转化至毕赤酵母菌株GS115中,G418梯度筛选转化菌;再经MM与MD平板对比生长试验筛选,PCR鉴定目的片段,筛选出高拷贝重组子,该高拷贝菌株分别经0.5%、1%甲醇诱导,表达产物再经SDS-PAGE检测。结果表明:成功构建了鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白基因的毕赤酵母表达载体,经G418抗性筛选得到高拷贝菌株;在甲醇含量维持在1%时,鸡抗病毒Mx蛋白在毕赤酵母GS115中获得良好表达,表达产物大小约为75ku;表达蛋白约占表达上清液的39.2%。     

鼠层粘蛋白α5链G结构域E3和E8基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

为探索层粘连蛋白G结构域在甲醇型酵母（Pichia Yeast）中的表达，用PCR的方法获得了鼠层粘蛋白α5链G结构域的E3（LG4-5）和E8（LG1-3）基因片段，并将其克隆到P．pastoris分泌型表达载体pPIC9中，构建了pPIC9-E3和pPIC9-E8等2个毕赤酵母重组质粒。将测序正确的质粒用电转化的方法转化酵母表达受体菌GS115。通过表型和PCR的方法筛选出P.pastoris重组子。用甲醇诱导表达后．进行SDS-PAGE和Western-blot鉴定。结果表明，鼠层粘蛋白α5链G结构域的E3和E8片段在毕赤酵母中获得了成功的表达。     

禽传染性支气管炎病毒S1基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

根据GenBank已公布的传染性支气管炎病毒(Infectious bronchitis virus,IBV)株S1基因序列及pPIC9K表达载体序列,设计1对IBV S1基因表达片段的PCR引物,用RT-PCR方法扩增出长度为1 566 bp IBV S1基因表达片段,5′端不含信号肽序列,3′端添加了终止密码子。用限制性内切酶SnaB和Not将S1基因和载体pPIC9K酶切回收后连接,构建了重组表达载体pPIC9K-S1。用限制性内切酶Bgl将表达质粒pPIC9K-S1线性化,然后用电转化的方法导入毕赤酵母GS115,在MD平板上生长的转化子经过PCR鉴定和表型筛选后,获得了整合型阳性重组菌株GS115/pPIC9K-S1 His Muts。将重组菌株在1%甲醇中进行诱导分泌表达,并对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE、Western blot分析。结果显示,IBV S1基因在毕赤酵母中成功获得了表达,表达蛋白的分子量约为76 000,能与IBV阳性血清特异性结合,表达的蛋白占上清中总蛋白量的12.5%。     

巴什拜羊SPLUNC1基因的克隆与真核表达

为了克隆巴什拜羊SPLUNC1基因并表达该蛋白,本试验从巴什拜羊肺脏组织中提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR方法扩增出SPLUNC1基因开放阅读框序列,将该基因片段插入到真核表达质粒pPIC9K中构建pPIC9K-SPLUNC1重组质粒,然后将pPIC9K-SPLUNC1重组质粒线性化并电击转化入毕赤酵母GS115中,经甲醇诱导蛋白表达后用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析鉴定目的蛋白。结果表明,经RT-PCR扩增成功获得大小为748 bp的SPLUNC1基因;构建的pPIC9K-SPLUNC1重组质粒经PCR、酶切及测序鉴定与预期结果一致;SDS-PAGE及Western blotting检测鉴定结果表明获得大小为25.53 ku的SPLUNC1蛋白。本试验结果为进一步研究巴什拜羊SPLUNC1蛋白的生物学活性奠定基础。     

巴什拜羊SPLUNC1基因的克隆与真核表达

为了克隆巴什拜羊SPLUNC1基因并表达该蛋白,本试验从巴什拜羊肺脏组织中提取总RNA,利用RTPCR方法扩增出SPLUNC1基因开放阅读框序列,将该基因片段插入到真核表达质粒pPIC9K中构建pPIC9K-SPLUNC1重组质粒,然后将pPIC9K-SPLUNC1重组质粒线性化并电击转化入毕赤酵母GS115中,经甲醇诱导蛋白表达后用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析鉴定目的蛋白。结果表明,经RT-PCR扩增成功获得大小为748bp的SPLUNC1基因;构建的pPIC9K-SPLUNC1重组质粒经PCR、酶切及测序鉴定与预期结果一致;SDS-PAGE及Western blotting检测鉴定结果表明获得大小为25.53ku的SPLUNC1蛋白。本试验结果为进一步研究巴什拜羊SPLUNC1蛋白的生物学活性奠定基础。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫真核起始因子3d基因的酵母表达分析

在毕赤酵母真核表达系统中表达柔嫩艾美耳球虫真核起始因子3d(Emeria tenella eukaryotic initiation factor 3d,EteIF3d)基因,并获得具有天然构象的活性蛋白。将EteIF3d基因克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9k上,将构建正确的重组质粒通过电激转化入酵母细胞GS115,用组氨酸缺陷培养基和G418分别进行筛选,获得含重组质粒的酵母表达细胞。在含1%甲醇的BMMY培养基中诱导培养,收集1~3 d的表达上清。表达产物进行SDS-PAGE检测,并用Western blot进行免疫学分析。结果表明,本研究成功构建了重组质粒pPIC9k-EteIF3d,并成功表达该蛋白,且该蛋白能与兔抗EteIF3d血清特异性结合,具有良好的抗原性。EteIF3d基因可在真核表达系统毕赤酵母中表达,且获得蛋白具有抗原性,从而为进一步研究该蛋白的结构和功能奠定了基础。     

鸡贫血病毒vp1和vp2基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及产物免疫学特性的初步研究

利用特异性引物从pBluemCAV中PCR扩增得到鸡贫血病病毒（CAV）vp1、vp2基因,经EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ双酶切处理,纯化后,克隆至EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ双酶切处理的表达载体pPIC9K中,构建了真核表达质粒pPIC9K-VP1和pPIC9K-VP2。将pPIC9K-VP1和pPIC9K-VP2转化至毕赤酵母SMD1168中,在0.5%甲醇诱导下表达CAV-VP1、CAV-VP2蛋白,运用Westernblot和Dot-ELISA鉴定表达蛋白。结果表明,重组酵母菌株表达出约54ku和24ku的目的蛋白,与针对鸡贫血病毒的单克隆抗体发生特异性反应。将表达产物乳化后免疫6周龄BALB/c小鼠,用ELISA、IFA检测免疫小鼠血清,均检测到抗体。     

堆形艾美球虫广东株3-1E基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

以重组质粒pGEM-3-1E为模板，扩增了序列两端分别含有EcoRⅠ和XbaⅠ酶切位点的堆形艾美球虫（Eimeria acervulina）广东株3-1E基因（长度为529bp），将3-1E基因克隆至巴斯德毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPICZαC中，构建了酵母表达质粒pPICZαC-3-1E。转化毕赤酵母X-33得到含有3-1E基因的重组酵母，甲醇诱导产生的目的蛋白经SDS-PAGE分析和免疫印迹检测，表明毕赤酵母成功表达了3-1E基因。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …