中药复方发酵粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和消化酶活性的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加中药复方发酵粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和消化酶活性的影响。选择32头体重为(14.96±0.96)kg的健康42日龄"杜×长×大"三元断奶仔猪,随机分成4个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,其余3组分别在基础日粮的基础上添加金霉素75 mg/kg、中药复方发酵粉600 mg/kg及金霉素75 mg/kg+中药复方发酵粉600 mg/kg。试验期为42 d。结果表明,日粮中添加中药复方发酵粉显著提高了仔猪的干物质、有机物和碳水化合物的表观消化率及表观消化能(P0.05),提高了必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸(甘氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、胱氨酸、酪氨酸)的表观消化率及脂肪酶活性(十二指肠、空肠、回肠)和淀粉酶活性(回肠)(P0.05)。金霉素和中药复方发酵粉对仔猪日增重、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质的表观消化率及表观消化能和亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸的表观消化率有显著的交互效应(P0.05);与对照组相比,金霉素组和中药复方发酵粉组显著提高了日增重、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质的表观消化率及苯丙氨酸和丝氨酸的表观消化率(P0.05),但两组间差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,日粮中添加600 mg/kg中药复方发酵粉能提高断奶仔猪养分表观消化率、氨基酸表观消化率和肠道消化酶活性。     

益生菌制剂对仔猪养分消化率的影响

试验以断奶仔猪为研究对象,探讨在仔猪饲料中添加不同水平益生菌制剂对营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选择28日龄的断奶仔猪160头,随机分为4个处理组（每组4个重复,每个重复10头猪）,每组40头断奶仔猪。各组断奶仔猪依次饲喂含有0 （对照组）、0.1%（试验1组）、0.2%（试验2组）、0.3%（试验3组）的益生菌制剂,饲喂28 d后,检测断奶仔猪的营养物质表观消化率指标。结果显示,试验2组和试验3组断奶仔猪的干物质表观消化率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;试验2组和试验3组断奶仔猪的粗蛋白表观消化率显著高于对照组和试验1组（P<0.05）;试验2组和试验3组断奶仔猪的粗脂肪表观消化率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;试验2组和试验3组断奶仔猪的钙表观消化率显著高于对照组和试验1组（P<0.05）。研究表明,在断奶仔猪养殖生产中使用0.2%～0.3%的复合益生菌制剂可以有效提高机体对干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及钙的表观消化率,且复合益生菌制剂最适添加量为0.2%。     

中药复方发酵粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和消化酶活性的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加中药复方发酵粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和消化酶活性的影响。选择32头体重为（14.96±0.96）kg的健康42日龄"杜×长×大"三元断奶仔猪,随机分成4个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,其余3组分别在基础日粮的基础上添加金霉素75 mg/kg、中药复方发酵粉600 mg/kg及金霉素75 mg/kg+中药复方发酵粉600 mg/kg。试验期为42 d。结果表明,日粮中添加中药复方发酵粉显著提高了仔猪的干物质、有机物和碳水化合物的表观消化率及表观消化能（P<0.05）,提高了必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸（甘氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、胱氨酸、酪氨酸）的表观消化率及脂肪酶活性（十二指肠、空肠、回肠）和淀粉酶活性（回肠）（P<0.05）。金霉素和中药复方发酵粉对仔猪日增重、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质的表观消化率及表观消化能和亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸的表观消化率有显著的交互效应（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,金霉素组和中药复方发酵粉组显著提高了日增重、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质的表观消化率及苯丙氨酸和丝氨酸的表观消化率（P<0.05）,但两组间差异不显著（P>0.05）。由此可见,日粮中添加600 mg/kg中药复方发酵粉能提高断奶仔猪养分表观消化率、氨基酸表观消化率和肠道消化酶活性。     

茯苓多糖对仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及免疫功能的影响

文章旨在研究茯苓多糖对仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及免疫功能的影响。试验将120头三元杂交断奶仔猪随机分为4组，每组3个重复，每个重复10头。其中试验1组饲喂基础日粮，试验2、3、4组分别在基础日粮中添加0.05%、0.1%、0.2%的茯苓多糖，预试期7 d，试验期40 d。结果表明：（1）与试验1组相比，试验2、3、4组仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量显著提升（P<0.05）；试验3、4组仔猪料重比显著降低（P<0.05）。（2）试验2、3、4组粗蛋白质表观消化率相较试验1组显著提升（P<0.05）；试验3、4组粗灰分表观消化率较试验1组显著提升（P<0.05）；试验2、3、4组磷表观消化率相较试验1组显著提升（P<0.05），同时试验3组磷表观消化率较试验2、4组显著提升（P<0.05）。（3）与试验1组相比，试验2、3、4组仔猪血清中IgA、IgM、IgG、IL-2含量显著升高（P<0.05），其中试验3组提升效果最佳。综上所述，添加不同水平茯苓多糖可以提高仔猪生长性能、养分表观率及免疫功能，但随着添加量的提升，其带来的正向效果反而会下降，在...     

酶制剂和微生态制剂对断奶仔猪养分利用率和生长性能影响的研究

试验分为两个部分,旨在研究添加抗生素、酶制剂和微生态制剂对仔猪养分利用率和仔猪生长性能的影响。饲养实验:选用体重基本一致的28日龄商品断奶仔猪320头,试验分为4个处理,每个处理4个重复,处理1为对照组(无抗生素、酶制剂、微生态制),处理23、、4分别在处理1的基础上添加抗生素(喹乙醇)100 mg/kg、酶制剂350 mg/kg、微生态制剂1 000 mg/kg。试验期35 d。消化试验:选用55日龄仔猪16头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理4个重复,试验采用全收粪法,日粮和设计同饲养试验。试验结果表明,酶制剂和微生态制剂与对照组相比显著地提高了仔猪蛋白表观消化率(P<0.05),与抗生素组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。酶制剂试验组与其他各组相比,显著提高了仔猪中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率(P<0.05)。酶制剂和微生态制剂对仔猪总能和干物质的表观消化率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。酶制剂试验组和抗生素组与微生态制剂组和对照组相比显著提高了仔猪平均日增重(P<0.05),而微生态制剂组与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。微生态和酶制剂组与抗生素和对照组相比显著降低了料重比(P<0.05)。酶制剂、微生态制剂和抗生素试验组对仔猪的平均日采食量没有产生显著的作用(P>0.05),但显著降低了仔猪腹泻率(P<0.05)。酶制剂和微生态制剂可以提高仔猪养分表观消化率和生产性能。从对仔猪生产性能和养分表观消化率影响上看,酶制剂和微生态制剂可以代替抗生素应用在仔猪生产中。     

饲料中添加复合微生态制剂对仔猪生长性能及养分表观消化率的影响

为研究复合微生态制剂对仔猪生长性能和养分表观消化率的影响,试验选取120头(60头雌性和60头雄性)28日龄断奶的三元杂交仔猪,称重后随机分为4组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在基础日粮中分别添加0.05%、0.1%、0.2%的复合微生态制剂,试验期30 d。试验结果显示:相比于对照组,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组仔猪平均末重分别增加9.3%、6.5%(P 0.05),平均日增重分别增加20.6%、14.7%(P 0.05),Ⅱ组料肉比降低11.3%(P 0.05)。试验Ⅱ组粗蛋白质的表观消化率较对照组提高9.6%(P 0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组粗纤维表观消化率较对照组分别提高19.0%、64.9%、35.3%(P 0.05),试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组粗脂肪表观消化率较对照组分别提高10.5%、8.1%(P 0.05),Ⅱ组总钙表观消化率提高5.1%(P 0.05),其他指标差异不显著(P 0.05)。综述,饲料中添加复合微生态制剂有助于仔猪的生长并能显著提高仔猪对营养物质的表观消化率,其中添加量为0.1%时效果较好。     

复方中草药超微粉对肉羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及免疫机能的影响

为研究不同水平的复方中草药超微粉对肉羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及免疫机能的影响,试验选择体重相近的杜寒杂交肉羊80只,随机分成4组,每组20个重复,每个重复1只,1组为空白对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验2、3、4组分别在基础日粮中添加2.0%、4.0%、8.0%的复方中草药超微粉,试验期为60 d。结果表明:(1)试验3、4组的平均日增重较1组相比分别提高9.1%、8.7%(P 0.05),试验3、4组料重比较1组相比分别降低10.6%、7.0%(P 0.05),试验2、3、4组平均采食量均高于1组(P 0.05);(2)试验3、4组的粗蛋白质、粗灰分表观消化率较1组相比分别提高13.8%、 13.6%、13.7%、10.4%(P 0.05),试验2、3、4组的粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙、磷表观消化率均高于1组(P 0.05);(3)试验3、4组血清中的IgG、IgA、IL-2含量较1组相比分别提高11.0%、10.3%、10.1%、8.6%、23.5%、21.2%(P 0.05),试验2、3、4组血清中的Ig M、IL-6含量均高于1组(P 0.05)。综上,不同水平的复方中草药超微粉可以提高杜寒杂交肉羊的生长性能、养分表观消化率及免疫机能,添加量以基础日粮的4.0%为适宜。     

中草药添加剂提高猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病猪免疫力的试验研究

文章旨在评估中草药添加剂对感染猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病猪的生长性能、养分消化及免疫力的影响。试验将450头平均体重为（20.63±0.51）kg的猪随机分为3组，每组5个重复，每个重复30头。对照组为健康猪只饲喂基础日粮（对照组），T1和T2组猪经鼻接种500个基因组单位的PRRS病毒并分别饲喂基础日粮+0和200 mg/kg中草药添加剂，试验为期6周。结果：T1组猪第3周体重显著低于对照组（P＜0.05），同时第6周体重显著低于对照组和T2组（P＜0.05）。对照组猪0～3周平均日增重和饲料效率显著高于T1和T2组（P＜0.05）。在4～6周时，T1组平均日增重最低（P＜0.05），整个试验期对照组平均日增重显著高于T1组（P＜0.05）。在0～6周时，T1组饲料效率最低（P＜0.05）。T1组干物质和总能表观消化率均显著低于对照组和T2组（P＜0.05），而氮表观消化率显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。T1组血清尿素氮浓度显著高于对照组和T2组（P＜0.05）。对照组与T2组血液IgG和IL-6浓度显著高于T1组（P＜0.05）。T2组CD3与CD8比值显著高于T1组（P＜0.05），同时T2组CD4与CD8比值也显著高于对照组和T1组（P＜0.05）。结论：在本研究条件下，日粮添加200 mg/kg中草药添加剂可以改善感染猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病猪的饲料效率、养分消化及免疫力。 [关键词]中草药|猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病|免疫力|生长性能     

脂肪酸制剂对2～3月龄湖羊生长、消化和瘤胃发酵性能的影响

试验旨在研究不同脂肪酸制剂对2~3月龄湖羊生长性能、养分表观消化率和瘤胃发酵的影响。选取24只7周龄身体健康、体重相近的湖羊随机分成3组(n=8),分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加1%脂肪酸钙(对照组)、1%丙酸制剂(丙酸组)以及1%丁酸制剂(丁酸组)的试验日粮,预试期7 d,正试期28 d。结果表明,试验第2、4周各组干物质采食量、平均日增重和料肉比差异都不显著(P0.05),且各组中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗蛋白质(CP)等养分表观消化率差异也不显著(P0.05)。瘤胃发酵指标中,第2周丁酸组和对照组瘤胃液氨氮(NH3-N)浓度均显著高于丙酸组(P0.05);第2、4周瘤胃液中微生物蛋白(MCP)含量数值上均是丁酸组对照组丙酸组,且第4周丁酸组MCP显著高于丙酸组(P0.05)。综上可见,丙酸制剂和丁酸制剂对2~3月龄湖羊生长性能与养分表观消化率都没有显著提高,而丁酸制剂对瘤胃发酵有较好的促进效果。     

不同水平的微生物发酵苜蓿干草对肉羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及免疫指标的影响

为研究不同水平的微生物发酵苜蓿干草对肉羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及血清中免疫指标的影响,选择健康、体重相近的肉羊30只随机分成3组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只,1组为对照组饲喂苜蓿干草,试验2组饲喂50%苜蓿干草+50%微生物发酵苜蓿干草,试验3组饲喂微生物发酵苜蓿干草,预试验7 d,试验期56 d。试验结束测定肉羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及血清生化指标。结果表明:(1)试验3组的平均日增重显著高于1组(P 0.05);试验3组的料重比显著低于1组(P 0.05);试验2、3组的平均采食量均高于1组(P 0.05)。(2)试验2、3组干物质、粗蛋白质、钙、磷表观消化率均高于1组(P 0.05);试验3组的中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维显著高于1组(P 0.05)。(3)试验2、3组血清中IgG、IgM的含量均高于1组(P 0.05);试验3组血清中的IgA含量显著高于1组(P 0.05)。综上,微生物发酵苜蓿干草替代苜蓿干草可以提高肉羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及免疫机能,具有临床应用与推广价值。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.