不同放牧率对内蒙古草地土壤理化性质的影响

在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟南部太仆寺旗研究不同放牧率对草地土壤物理化学性质的影响,研究结果表明:随着放牧率的增加,土壤0～10cm含水量减少,容重增加;土壤有机质、全磷和速效磷含量减少,全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量增加。     

不同放牧强度下西藏高山嵩草草甸土壤养分的变化

以西藏高山嵩草(Kobuesia tygmaea)草甸土壤为研究对象,分析不同放牧强度下土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾,速效氮、速效磷、速效钾,有机质及p H值的变化。结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,在不同土层中,全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量减少;而全钾含量随着放牧强度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势;重度放牧显著降低了土壤中全氮、速效氮和速效钾的含量(P0.05);随着放牧强度的增加,土壤有机质含量逐渐减少;放牧强度对土壤p H值影响没有显著影响(P0.05)。因此,延迟+适度放牧和适度放牧可以有效地保护草地,防止高山嵩草草甸进一步退化。     

放牧强度对昭苏草甸草原土壤有机质及速效养分的影响

采用小区控制放牧试验,在伊犁昭苏草甸草原上研究了短期放牧条件下轻度、中度和重度放牧对草地土壤有机质、土壤碱解氮、土壤速效磷及土壤速效钾的影响。结果表明,随放牧强度的增加,草地地上生物量呈降低趋势,但各放牧强度间差异不显著(P0.05);同一年度放牧强度间0～10、10～20和20～30cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾含量差异不显著,但与放牧前比,放牧后0～30cm土层养分含量增减趋势并不一致,体现出年度间的差异性;相关分析表明,0～30cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾与放牧强度间均无显著相关性,且随着放牧强度的增加,其响应规律存在一定差异性;无论放牧与否,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾含量均随土层深度的增加呈降低趋势。     

甘肃马鹿春秋季放牧对高寒草原土壤理化性质的影响

为了探究甘肃马鹿(Cervus elaphus kansuensis)春秋季放牧对土壤理化性质的影响,本研究设置了6个放牧强度的样地,分析了0–40 cm土层的理化性质。结果表明,1)0–40 cm土层土壤容重随放牧强度的增强而逐渐上升,对表层土壤影响尤为显著(P 0.01);2)0–40 cm各土层土壤水分、土壤有机碳密度、土壤全氮密度和总量、土壤速效磷密度和总盐含量总体上随放牧增强呈下降趋势,其中土壤水分、全氮、速效磷密度和总盐含量与放牧强度呈极显著负相关(P 0.01),土壤有机碳密度与放牧强度呈显著负相关(P 0.05),0–40 cm土层植物根碳占土壤总有机碳比例随放牧率增加而逐渐升高,与放牧率呈显著正相关(P 0.05);10–20 cm土层全氮密度最大,土壤速效氮占全氮的比例随放牧增强呈上升趋势;0–40 cm各土层和土壤总C/N值均随放牧率增加呈下降趋势。研究结果可为揭示祁连山草原土草畜互作机制和可持续管理提供科学依据。     

不同放牧强度下奶牛对多年生黑麦草/白三叶草地土壤特性的影响

本文作者在湖南南山牧场通过放牧试验研究了不同放牧强度下奶牛对多年生黑麦草／白三叶人工草地土壤物理和化学特性的影响。结果表明：放牧强度直接影响着多年生黑麦草／白三叶人工草地土壤的物理结构。随放牧强度增加，奶牛对草地土壤的践踏加剧，导致土壤紧实度增加，容重上升，通气性变差，含水量下降。放牧强度对土壤物理特性的影响随土层深度增加而减轻。土壤中全磷、速效磷、碱解氮和有机质随放牧强度的增加而减少，而全氮、速效钾则随放牧强度的增加而增加。土壤中各养分含量随季节变化波动很大。     

放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响

在河北省承德鱼儿山牧场研究不同放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响，研究结果表明：随放牧强度增加，土壤表层0－10cm容重增大，土壤变得紧实，渗透性降低；土壤全磷和速效磷含量降低，而全氮和速效钾含量增加。     

放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响

在河北省承德鱼儿山牧场研究不同放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响，研究结果表明随放牧强度增加，土壤表层0～10cm容重增大，土壤变得紧实，渗透性降低；土壤全磷和速效磷含量降低，而全氮和速效钾含量增加。     

放牧对草地土壤理化特性影响的研究进展

综述了放牧对草地土壤物理特性(容重、渗透率)和化学特性(有机质、全氮、全磷等)的影响。由于草地土壤生态系统本身的复杂性和弹性,放牧对草地土壤特性的影响并没有一致的结论。一般而言,随着放牧强度的增加,牲畜的践踏作用变强,土壤容重逐渐增加,土壤的渗透性降低,导致土壤的含水量下降,随着土壤深度增加其影响减弱。但在有机质含量很低的沙质土壤中,超载过牧造成有机质含量降低,土壤的团粒结构减少,稳定性团聚体减少,土壤结构遭到破坏,使得土壤容重降低。放牧对土壤有机质的影响受多种因素的影响,如温度、降水、植被、土壤和管理措施(持续放牧、轮牧、围栏等),所以有机质的动态转化过程十分复杂,已有的文献放牧管理对土壤有机质的影响有3类结论:无影响、增加和降低。放牧家畜通过采食、践踏、排泄等行为直接或间接地影响土壤中氮的含量,随放牧强度增加,土壤全氮含量呈现出降低、不变和增加等。土壤磷对放牧的响应也有不同的研究报道,有的认为随放牧强度的增加,土壤全磷下降,而速效磷增加,也有研究认为长期放牧对草地的全磷和速效磷变化不大。不合理的放牧是造成土壤退化的最普遍原因,故认识不合理放牧导致草原土壤退化的过程和机制,对遏止草原退化、实现草地畜牧业的可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

奶牛放牧对人工草地土壤理化特性的影响

2004-2005年在华北农牧交错带研究奶牛不同放牧强度及放牧制度对紫花苜蓿、无芒雀麦、新麦草和蓝茎冰草混播人工草地土壤理化特性的影响，结果表明：放牧强度对人工草地土壤的物理结构影响较大，与轻度轮牧相比，中度连续放牧使土壤（0-20cm）紧实度增加19．8％，容重上升2．8％，孔隙度减少2．1％，通气性变差，含水量下降5．8％，〉0．25mm团聚体比例降低14％。放牧强度对土壤物理特性的影响随土层深度增加而显著减小，土壤pH值、全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量增加，而速效磷含量降低。     

青藏高原高寒湿地不同季节土壤理化性质对放牧模式的响应

本文分析了青藏高原东缘高寒湿地在全年放牧、冬季放牧和全年禁牧3种放牧模式下土壤理化性质的变化,探讨其在不同土层深度的变化及季节性动态。结果如下:1)沿着全年禁牧—冬季放牧—全年放牧3种放牧模式,土壤表层(0~15 cm)及下层(15~30 cm)的土壤含水量和有机碳含量显著减小。2)土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、全磷和速效氮含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,而速效磷表现为无规律。3)3种放牧模式下表层土壤有机碳含量均为:9月>5月>7月;全氮和全磷含量一般都在9月份较高,而速效氮和速效磷含量9月份最低,每种放牧模式下它们之间的具体差异也不完全相同。4)除5月份,两个土层土壤全氮含量均与有机碳含量呈极显著正相关。综上,全年放牧模式加快了土壤中C、N、P的周转,使土壤养分输出量增加,进而导致土壤肥力下降,草地退化。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …