Mycoplasma pneumoniae: proposed nomenclature for atypical pneumonia organism (Eaton agent)

The light intensity-fusion frequency relationship of the goldfish electroretinogram follows the Ferry-Porter law except at the higher intensities. Maximum fusion frequency increases with temperature thus contradicting the results of studies elsewhere on the behavioral responses in sunfish.     

Electroretinogram of the visually deprived cat

Cats kept in darkness from birth show a subnormal b-wave in the electroretinogram to 4 weeks of age but quickly develop the full response upon stimulation. When the cats are kept without light for 1 year, the response recovers slowly after intense stimulation. A 2-day exposure to light is sufficient to reverse this diminution in response.     

Adaptive response of human lymphocytes to low concentrations of radioactive thymidine

When human lymphocytes were cultured with [3H]thymidine, which acts as a source of low-level chronic radiation, and then exposed to 150 rad of x-rays at 5, 7, 9, or 11 hours before fixation, the yield of chromatid aberrations was less than the sum of the yields of aberrations induced by [3H]thymidine and x-rays separately. Often fewer aberrations were found after exposure to radiation from both sources than were found after exposure to x-rays alone. At the same fixation times, nonradioactive thymidine did not affect the yield of x-ray-induced aberrations. The same phenomenon occurred at earlier fixation times, after exposure to 30 or 40 rad of x-rays and [3H]thymidine. This response is analogous to the adaptive response to alkylating agents whereby prior treatment with small doses for a long period reduces the damage occurring from large doses of similar agents given for a short time.     

Spectral sensitivity of the compound eyes of Anomala corpulenta motschulsky (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)

The scarab beetle, Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), is a widespread and destructive pest in China. Vision is one of the most important means of acquiring information about the external environment. In order to contribute to the understanding of the perception of visual stimuli in this species, the light sensitivity and spectral responses of the scarab beetle, A. corpulenta, were measured by using an electroretinogram (ERG) technique. In total, 14 monochromatic light intensities, between 340 and 605 nm, were applied to the compound eyes of A. corpulenta under varying levels of adaptation to dark and light conditions. The results showed that all light stimuli induced an ERG response, with varied amplitudes. The spectral sensitivity curve of dark-adapted eyes showed one major peak (~400 nm; near-ultraviolet), a secondary peak (from 498 to 562 nm; yellow-green) and the third peakat 460 nm. By contrast, in light-adapted eyes, only a near-UV peak was observed. From these results, we conclude that the compound eye of A. corpulenta is likely to have at least three spectral types of photoreceptor. Significance of differences were also recorded in the responses of male and female compound eyes, as well as diurnally and nocturnally. The amplitude of ERG in response to white-light stimuli varied with the light intensity: The stronger the luminance, the higher the ERG value. This suggests that the compound eye of A. corpulenta adapts quickly to changing light conditions, enabling A. corpulenta to maintain nocturnal activities.     

光强对水稻叶色白化突变体苗期生长的影响

为揭示水稻叶色突变体——高光A和9522中脉白苗期对光强的响应,在光照培养箱中采用遮光法,观测了6种光强下2个水稻叶色突变体及其野生型的出叶速度、苗高和叶绿体色素的动态变化．结果表明,相同生长期内,各种光强下水稻叶色突变体的叶龄和苗高均小于野生型,且高光A比9522中脉白对光强更敏感．高光强下的高光A叶片白化表现最明显,而9522中脉白的叶片白化最明显表现在低光强．2个水稻叶色突变体的叶绿体色素含量与野生型差异最小时的光强均为90001x,但高光A和9522中脉白的差异最大时的光强分别为21000lx和18000lx,这为今后深入研究2个水稻叶色突变体的内在机制提供了先决条件．     

X-ray Laue Diffraction from Protein Crystals

In conventional x-ray diffraction experiments on single crystals, essentially monochromatic x-rays are used. If polychromatic x-rays derived from a synchrotron radiation spectrum are used, they generate a Laue diffraction pattern. Laue patterns from single crystals of macromolecules can be obtained in less-than 1 second, and significant radiation damage does not occur over the course of an exposure. Integrated intensities are obtained without rotation of the crystal, and individual structure factors may be extracted for most reflections. The Laue technique thus offers advantages for the recording of diffraction patterns from short-lived structural intermediates; that is, for time-resolved crystallography.     

Insect photoreceptor: an internal ocellus is present in sphinx moths

Adult sphinx moths lack external ocelli. In Manduca sexta and other anocellate moths structures homologous to ocelli have been observed. Histological examination of such a structure in Manduca sexta has shown structural similarities to ocelli of other insects. Electrophysiological studies revealed a response to light stimuli stimilar to the electroretinogram of external ocelli. The evidence strongly suggests that the structures are internal ocelli.     

Bacterial stromatolites: origin of laminations

Laminated mats composed of motile filamentous photosynthetic bacteria and nonmotile unicellular blue-green algae occur in a large number of Yellowstone hot springs at temperatures between 55 degrees and 70 degrees C. Field studies indicate that the bacteria are the predominant mat-forming component. Under low light intensities, mats composed exclusively of bacteria can be formed. The bacteria undergo a diurnal migration, moving on top of the algae dnring the night and becolming mixed again with the algae during the day of differential migration of the bacteria in daily response to reduced light intensities. This response to light is exactly opposite to that previously reported for filamentous stromatolite-forming, blue-green algae, but the net result is the same-formation of a laminated mat.     

The catalytic pathway of cytochrome p450cam at atomic resolution

Members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily catalyze the addition of molecular oxygen to nonactivated hydrocarbons at physiological temperature-a reaction that requires high temperature to proceed in the absence of a catalyst. Structures were obtained for three intermediates in the hydroxylation reaction of camphor by P450cam with trapping techniques and cryocrystallography. The structure of the ferrous dioxygen adduct of P450cam was determined with 0.91 angstrom wavelength x-rays; irradiation with 1.5 angstrom x-rays results in breakdown of the dioxygen molecule to an intermediate that would be consistent with an oxyferryl species. The structures show conformational changes in several important residues and reveal a network of bound water molecules that may provide the protons needed for the reaction.     

小麦品种成株期抗条锈性表达生育期的研究

 对5个携带不同成株期抗性的小麦品种在温室和田间成株期抗病性的研究表明，Chuanyu 12在温室条件下表现感病到中度感病，而在田间表现抗病；携带慢锈性抗性的品种Weebill在温室和田间都表现中度抗病；携带Yr18和2~3个微效抗性基因的品种Chpaio, Tukuru 和 Saar，在温室和田间都表现高度抗病。在温室条件下，对在不同生育期5个抗病品种的反应型和潜育期的研究表明，反应型在分蘖期开始降低，而潜育期随着生育期的发展表现延长。虽然田间严重度和温室反应型、潜育期之间有良好的相关性，成株期抗性的鉴定仍最好在田间进行。     

Vitamin A deficiency effect on retina: dependence on light

The effects of vitamin A deficiency in the rat eye, as measured by the electroretinogram and changes in rhodopsin content, are critically dependent upon the levels of illumination to which the animals are exposed daily. Depleted animals kept in darkness maintained virtually normal electroretinogram function and rhodopsin content for 5 to 6 months while those kept in weak cyclic light lost rhodopsin continuously. A fraction of the retinol released from rhodopsin during illumination disappears presumably from the pigment epithelium into the blood and becomes unavailable for rhodopsin regeneration. A sequence of three first-order reactions was assumed to estimate the rate constant of this disappearance (0.03 per hour). Computer simulation supporting the experimental data illustrates the dependence of the retinal abnormalities on light.     

Neurophysiological localization of the vertical and horizontal visual coordinates in man

The amplitude of the potential evoked by a moving grating, recorded from the occipital scalp, is less when it is oblique compared with vertical and horizontal. This inequality is not found by recording the electroretinogram. Thus, orientational effects must arise between the site of origin of the electroretinogram and the evoked cortical response.     

X-ray holograms at improved resolution: a study of zymogen granules

X-ray holography offers the possibility of three-dimensional microscopy with resolution higher than that of the light microscope and with contrast based on x-ray edges. In principle, the method is especially advantageous for biological samples if x-rays in the wavelength region between the carbon and oxygen K edges are used. However, until now the achieved resolution has not exceeded that of the light microscope because of the poor coherence properties of the x-ray sources and the low resolution of the detectors that were available. With a recently developed x-ray source based on an undulator on an electron storage ring, and high resolution x-ray resist, a hologram has been recorded at about 400-angstrom resolution. The experiment utilized x-rays with wavelengths of 24.7 angstroms and required a 1-hour exposure of the pancreatic zymogen granules under study.     

Chromosomal translocation in domestic fowl induced by x-rays

The effect of x-rays at various voltages and intensities, with monochromatic and polychromatic beams, on Ektachrome daylight and artificial-light film was investigated. The colors were rated according to the Munsell color system and ranged over all the spectrum except red. The color in terms of hue, value, saturation, and chroma was a function of wavelength as well as intensity, and thus the method may be useful in dosimetry as well as in radiography. Microradiographs of metals and wood were remarkable in showing detail not obtainable with conventional black-and-white photographic emulsions.     

不同光照条件下罗甸小米核桃幼苗的生理响应

为探讨喀斯特地区特有物种——罗甸小米核桃在不同光照条件下生理响应特征,并为其早期苗木培育提供一定的理论和技术支持,以1年生罗甸小米核桃幼苗为研究对象,观察其在不同光照强度下的生理参数的动态变化。设置100%(全光照CK)、80%、50%、20%4个光照梯度,每隔14d测定其苗高、地径、渗透物质、叶绿素、抗氧化系统相关物质等相关指标70d内的动态变化,待到动态观测周期结束时测定各处理下植株干重。结果表明,随着光照强度的减弱和时间的延长,相应指标均发生了不同程度的改变,总体来看,在50%光照处理下植物生长状况最佳,相应生理指标如Chl含量、POD活性除个别时期外与CK相比均处于较高水平,而MDA含量、Ssug含量、SOD活性各个处理下与CK并无明显差异,Pro含量随着光照的减弱呈现出逐步降低趋势。试验结果表明,在中等光照(50%)条件下,罗甸小米核桃幼苗具有较高Chl含量和部分保护酶活性,使得罗甸小米核桃幼苗能够积累较大的生物量,在其苗木培育前期采取适度遮阴等措施,能够促进苗木的快速生长。     

薇甘菊光能利用及叶绿素合成在不同光照强度下的响应

【目的】 光是植物进行光合作用的重要生态因素之一,光合色素对光的捕获和利用影响植物的生长发育进程,进而影响其在自然生态系统中的生存和适合度。明确薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha）光合生理特征与叶绿素生物合成途径的基因表达对不同光照强度的响应,以及薇甘菊光合能量与叶绿素转化的相互关系,为解析薇甘菊“快速生长”提供生理生态学证据。【方法】 以薇甘菊为研究对象,采用乙醇浸提法测定不同光照强度（0、20%、40%、100%）下各光合色素含量,分析其叶绿素a和b比值（Chl a/b）的变化规律,比较不同光合途径代表植物（C3、C4和CAM）光合特性;利用微量法和蒽酮比色法分别测定上述光照强度下薇甘菊叶片组织中ATP和淀粉含量;构建不同光照强度下薇甘菊cDNA文库并开展转录组测序;利用OrthoFinder、Blastp、HISAT2、StringTie和R包等生物信息学软件分析不同光照强度变化下薇甘菊叶绿素合成和捕光复合体（LHC）基因表达模式,阐述叶绿素合成途径相关基因表达变化规律。【结果】 在100%的光照强度下,薇甘菊叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量以及Chl a/b与C4植物玉米相近,并且薇甘菊和玉米叶片中Chl a/b显著高于C3（水稻和番茄）和CAM（芦荟）植物。不同光照强度下的薇甘菊叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量变化不显著,但Chl a/b呈现出随光照强度增加而显著增加的趋势;40%和100%光照强度下,薇甘菊叶片中ATP含量变化幅度较小,而淀粉含量随光照强度上升显著升高;当光照强度为0时淀粉含量急剧下降,此时ATP含量呈现升高趋势;薇甘菊叶绿素生物合成中HEMA、CHLH、CRD1和CAO基因家族的基因表达量受光诱导调控,高光照强度下捕光复合体（LHC）基因的表达量较高。【结论】 不同光照强度下薇甘菊叶片可能通过调节叶绿素a和b的合成,调控淀粉和ATP的相互转化,奠定了薇甘菊较高光合速率和较强光适应能力的基础。     

SBR反应器中好氧颗粒污泥处理模拟废水的反应特性

[目的]研究SBR反应器中好氧颗粒污泥处理模拟废水的反应特性。[方法]将SBR好氧颗粒污泥反应器应用于模拟废水的处理,研究反应器中溶解氧随曝气强度的变化规律,并探讨一个反应周期内COD、TN、TP去除率的变化。[结果]不同曝气强度下,SRB反应器开始曝气时（第11 min）溶解氧值均最低,之后呈上升趋势,均在第13 min出现第一个＂平台＂,且曝气强度越大,该＂平台＂越高;50min后溶解氧值波动较小。反应周期结束时,不同气速下COD、TN、TP去除率分别达98%、75%、80%以上,且不同气速对污染物的去除有一定影响。[结论]该研究为今后废水处理工程的实际应用提供了技术指导。     

Ecology of colors of firefly bioluminescence

Dark-active North American fireflies emit green bioluminescence and dusk-active species emit yellow, in general. Yellow light and yellow visual spectral sensitivity may be adaptations to increase the signal-to-noise (that is, foliage-reflected ambient light) ratio for sexual signaling during twilight. The peaks of the electroretinogram visual spectral sensitivities of four species tested, two dark- and two dusk-active, correspond with the peak of their bioluminescent emissions.     

Photoperiodically significant photoreception in sparrows: is the retina involved?

Blind house sparrows (150 birds) and normal ones (199 birds) were subjected to various photoperiodic treatments consisting of cycles of 12 hours light, 12 hours dark and 16 hours light, 8 hours dark at intensities ranging from 20 to 500 lux. The testicular, response of the blind birds was found to be indistinguishable from the response of normal birds under these conditions. The data show that a functional extraretinal photoreceptor exists in this species which is fully capable of mediating the gonadal response to photoperiodic stimuli.     

LIII-Edge Anomalous X-ray Scattering by Cesium Measured with Synchrotron Radiation

Diffraction of monochromatized synchrotron radiation by crystals of cesium hydrogen tartrate has been used to measure the magnitude and phase of x-ray scattering for cesium near the LIII absorption edge. In this wavelength region the scattering amplitude of cesium is reduced by as much as 25 electrons per atom, compared to scattering of copper Kalpha x-rays. This change, which varies as a function of wavelength, affects the diffraction intensities in a manner similar to isomorphous substitution, and it is large enough to have promise for phase determination in the study of macromolecular structures. This experiment also demonstrates that accurate diffractometer measurements are possible with synchrotron radiation produced by an electron storage ring.