Influence of NaCl Salinity on Growth and Metabolic Status of Protein and Amino Acids in Rice Seedlings

Seeds of four rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance when grown under increasing level of NaCl salinity and seedling vigour as well as metabolic status of total and soluble proteins, amino acids were evaluated in seedlings at increasing days of growth it was observed that increasing level of salinity caused loss in dry wt. of seedlings as well as reduction in lengths of root and shoot. In both sets of cultivars salt stressed seedlings showed higher levels of total as well as soluble proteins, total amino acids compared to non salinized seedlings. In roots of salt susceptible cvs. Ratna and Jaya increased salinity up to 14 mmhos/cm remarkably increased total as well as soluble protein level whereas in shoots moderate level of salinity increased protein level compared to controls and higher salinity level caused suppression in such increase. Tolerant cultivars always maintained higher levels of total as well as soluble proteins and total amino acids in salt stressed seedlings compared to susceptibles. Amino acids which accumulated greatly in salinized seedlings were arginine, phenylalanine, alanine, leucine, proline, valine and glutamine. Results suggest possible role of proteins and amino acids in confering salt tolerance in rice.     

Behaviour of Polyphenol Oxidase, IAA Oxidase and Catalase in Germinating Rice in Relation to Salt Tolerance

Activities of the enzymes polyphenol oxidase, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) oxidase and catalase were compared from endosperms and embryoaxes of germinating rice ( Oryza sativa ) seeds of two sets of cultivars differing in salt tolerance, raised under increasing levels of NaCl salinity. Salt sensitive cvs. Ratna and Jaya were characterized by higher polyphenol oxidase activity in embryoaxes under salinisation as compared to salt tolerant cvs. CSR-1 and CSR-3. In endosperms of salt sensitive cultivars the enzyme activity decreased under salinisation whereas in tolerants it increased due to salinity. In vitro studies using desalted enzyme extracts showed a continuous increase in polyphenol oxidase activity with increasing concentration of NaCl (0–1000 mM) in the reaction medium. IAA oxidase activity increased due to salinity in embryoaxes of both sets of cultivars, the effect was greater in sensitive cultivars than tolerants. NaCl when incorporated in the reaction medium caused decrease in IAA oxidase activity. Activity of catalase decreased with increase in salinity with greater decrease in sensitive cultivars than tolerants. Results suggest possible different behaviours of oxidative enzymes in germinating seeds of rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance and that salt tolerance ability is associated with lower polyphenol oxidase and IAA oxidase activities and higher catalase activity in embryoaxes under salinisation.     

N-新戊酰,O-异丙醇酯衍生法分析小麦氨基酸含量与碳氮稳定同位素

以2-氨基己二酸为内标,采用异丙醇和新戊酰氯将氨基酸衍生化成N-新戊酰基,O-异丙醇酯(NPP),利用气相色谱-质谱仪分析了小麦籽粒蛋白质氨基酸含量,同时利用气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比值质谱仪分析了氨基酸的碳氮稳定同位素组成。结果表明,N-新戊酰基,O-异丙醇酯(NPP)衍生化法可以得到丙氨酸、甘氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸和酪氨酸的较高的回收率(83.3%～104.9%)和较好的线性关系(相关系数为0.994～1.000);此方法还可以得到丙氨酸、甘氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸/天冬酰胺、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、蛋氨酸、谷氨酸/谷氨酰胺、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸和酪氨酸的可靠的碳氮同位素比值。此方法可以为今后作物品质、营养和氨基酸代谢的深入研究提供更加有利的手段。     

桑蚕蛹中氨基酸测定及分析

为开发蚕蛹新资源,本文测定了桑蚕蛹中13种氨基酸含量。采用OPA柱前衍生化,反相高效液相色谱法,梯度洗脱方法,荧光检测器检测,分析蚕蛹中各种氨基酸含量。蚕蛹中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、组氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、丙氨酸、牛磺酸、蛋氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸的含量分别为63.97 mg/g、72.48 mg/g、32.46 mg/g、52.21 mg/g、6.531 mg/g、35.63 mg/g、31.37 mg/g、21.39 mg/g、1.806 mg/g、71.01 mg/g、68.08 mg/g、35.86 mg/g、25.34 mg/g,总氨基酸含量为518.15 mg/g,其中人体必需氨基酸占45.88%。建立的反相高效液相色谱法测定微量氨基酸的方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确。     

小米蛋白质的氨基酸组成及品质评价分析

分析北方具有代表性不同品种小米中的粗蛋白质含量和氨基酸组成,研究了小米中氮含量和赖氨酸含量的相关性。结果表明,不同品种小米中粗蛋白质含量变幅为11.02%～15.97%,平均值为12.91%。谷氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸和天门冬氨酸是小米氨基酸的主要组成部分;赖氨酸和苏氨酸是限制性氨基酸,其评分分别为35.56和83.75,必需氨基酸指数为76.22。     

Yield and Agronomic Traits of Norin 10-derived Spring Wheats Adapted to Northwestern Mexico

Activities of enzymes nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) were determined in rice seedlings differing in salt tolerance raised under increasing levels of NaCl salinity. Salinity caused marked increase in in vivo NR activity in roots and shoots of salt tolerant cvs. CSR-1 and CSR-3 whereas in salt sensitive cvs. Ratna and Jaya a marked inhibition in in vivo NR activity was observed under salimzation. Under both controls as well as salt treatments in all cultivars roots always maintained higher level of in vivo NR activity than shoots. In vitro NR activity increased in both roots and shoots of all cultivars during early days of growth with maximum at 10–15 days and decreased thereafter. In salt tolerant cultivars salinity caused an increase in in vitro NR activity in shoots but not in roots whereas in salt sensitives activity of the enzyme was always more in salt stressed seedlings compared to controls. Salinity increased NiR activity in seedlings of sensitive cultivars whereas in tolerants suppression in root NiR activity was observed due to salinity. Like NR the activity of NiR was also higher in roots than shoots. 1 M NaCl in the enzyme assay medium suppressed in vivo NR activity in roots of 15 days old nonsalinized seedlings with more suppression in sensitive cultivars than tolerants. Results suggest possible different behaviours of nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance and that salt tolerance ability is associated with high in vivo NR activity in seedlings and its further activation under salinization.     

离体筛选甘蓝抗性变异体及其生化特性研究

利用多步正筛选系统 ,以不同剂量的60 Coγ -射线对甘蓝离体再生不定芽进行诱变处理 ,处理后的无性系经连续多代离体筛选后 ,获得了甘蓝抗性变异体C4 - 6K ,C4 - 8K ,C4 - 12K ,再生植株。甘蓝抗性变异体对HYP表现抗性 ,且抗性保持相对稳定 ;变异体游离脯氨酸的含量比野生型有了很大的提高 ;游离氨基酸总量亦较野生型高 ,且多种游离氨基酸的含量发生变化 ,除胱氨酸含量微少 ,天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸的含量较野生型有所下降外 ,其他 11种游离氨基酸的含量均有不同程度的提高 ,以精氨酸、脯氨酸、丙氨酸的含量增加最为明显。在水分胁迫、盐分胁迫、高温胁迫等逆境条件下 ,甘蓝抗性变异体表现出比野生型更耐旱、耐盐 ,变异体和野生型对高温胁迫表现的抗性差异不大 ;SOD ,POD活性均高于野生型 ;MDA含量较野生型低 ,以上的情况表明变异体比野生型有更强的抗逆性     

中国小黑豆抗源对大豆孢囊线虫4号生理小种抗病的生化反应

抗源品种灰皮支黑豆、元钵黑豆和高感品种鲁豆１号为供试大豆材料，大豆孢囊线虫４号生理小种卵和二龄幼虫为接种物。接种后１７天，测定大豆根部的营养物质和次生代谢物含量。与不接种对照比，抗源品种灰皮支黑豆和元体黑豆根部的总糖含量分别降低２４．９１％和３７．７７％，而感病对照鲁豆１号升高４６．０１％；果糖和麦芽四糖含量在感病对照根上增加幅度较大，分别为１４４．３０％和６２．９０％，但在抗源品种根上或是具有小     

Variation in Salinity Tolerance in Sunflower (Helianthus annum L.)

Forty-five accessions of sunflower collected from different countries were screened for salinity tolerance after 2 weeks growth in sand culture salinized with 150 meq l^?1 of NaCl₂+ CaCl₂ (1:1 ratio equivalent wt. basis) in half strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. The results for plant biomass of 45 accessions show that there was considerable variation in salinity tolerance. In a further greenhouse experiment, the salinity tolerance of three tolerant (HO-1, Predovik, Euroflor) and two sensitive (SMH-24, 9UO-985) lines (selected on the basis of their performance in the seedling experiment) was assessed at the adult stage to evaluate the consistency of salinity tolerance at different growth stages. All three salt tolerant accessions produced significantly greater plant biomass, seed yield and seed oil content than the salt sensitive accessions. The tolerant accessions accumulated less Cl^? and more K⁺ in the leaves under saline conditions compared with the salt sensitive accessions. The salt tolerant accessions also maintained relatively high leaf K:Na ratio and K⁺ versus Na⁺ selectivity. Although statistically nonsignificant, all three tolerant accessions had greater soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins, total free amino acids and proline in the leaves than the sensitive accessions. A field trial conducted in a salt-affected field confirmed the greenhouse results of the selected accessions. This study shows that salinity tolerance of sunflower does not vary with stage of plant cycle, so selection for increased salt tolerance can be carried out at the initial growth stage. Secondly, it is found that there is great variation of salt tolerance in sunflower. Low uptake of Cl^?, high uptake of K⁺, and maintenance of high K:Na ratios and K⁺ versus Na⁺ selectivity in the leaves and possibly the accumulation of organic osmotica such as soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins, proline and free amino acids seem to be the important components of salt tolerance in sunflower.     

盐胁迫对大白菜幼苗生理生化特性的影响

为了探讨大白菜耐盐机理、筛选耐盐性鉴定指标,建立苗期耐盐性鉴定方法,选用了６个具有不同耐盐性的大白菜材料,用Hoagland营养液水培方法,研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫处理下大白菜盐害指数、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、游离氨基酸含量和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化规律。结果发现,随着NaCl处理浓度的增加以及胁迫时间的延长,大白菜幼苗叶片中的MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量以及游离氨基酸含量均呈上升趋势。不同大白菜品种的盐害指数表现出不同程度的增加。盐害指数和MDA含量在不同品种间表现了明显差异,能较好地反映大白菜各品种苗期的耐盐性,可作为大白菜耐盐性的筛选指标。     

Distribution Pattern of Free Proline in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under Low Light Irradiance

The variation in free proline levels of two rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars grown under normal and low light intensities was studied. The aim of the present investigation was to find the distribution pattern of free proline in the whole plant. Free proline levels were determined in Flag leaves, culm and pollen grains, milky, dough and mature grains of Swarnaprabha (SP) and Ratna cultivars. The Flag leaf of Ratna had higher proline levels compared with (SP) under both light levels. Among the parts studied, pollen grains had the maximum free proline content in both the cultivars. Low light irradiance did not alter free proline levels of pollen grains in both the cultivars, indicating that proline could be important for the pollination process. Milky, dough and mature grains had lower proline levels under low light. The varietal, treatment and their interaction was not significant for mature grains of both low light tolerant 'SP' and standard Ratna Cultivars. It was indicated that low light stress is unique with regard to free proline.     

棉花ms5ms6核雄性不育花药中碳水化合物和游离氨基酸的变化

棉花ms5ms6核雄性不育花药中缺乏淀粉积累.不育花药蛋白质氨基酸组成异常,游离天门冬氨酸、游离谷氨酸含量明显高于可育花药,游离脯氨酸、游离苯丙氨酸含量明显低于可育花药.不育花药中缺乏淀粉积累和游离天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸含量异常与花粉败育有关.     

Evaluation of seedling cold tolerance in rice cultivars: a comparison of visual ratings and quantitative indicators of physiological changes

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is sensitive to prolonged exposure to low temperature, which at the seedling stage can result in significant chilling injury and mortality. The objective of this study was to quantify physiological and biochemical changes in rice seedlings undergoing chilling stress and compare those changes with visual evaluation of tolerance. Seedlings from the cultivars M-202 (tolerant) and IR50 (sensitive) were subjected to 9°C for 14 days in a controlled environment chamber. Leaf tissues were harvested at various time points for determination of electrolyte leakage, proline, malondialdehyde, ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione. Significant differences between M-202 and IR50 were detected in electrolyte leakage, proline, and ascorbic acid starting at 7 days with IR50 exhibiting higher levels of these indicators. Most IR50 seedlings were dead at 14 days. A set of fifty rice accessions including M-202 and IR50 was evaluated at 10 days of cold treatment to examine the correlation of visual ratings with the physiological indices. Visual ratings were most highly correlated with electrolyte leakage and least correlated with proline content. Based on visual ratings and the physiological indices, we identified several cultivars that outperformed M-202 in cold tolerance while IR50 had the lowest tolerance of the cultivars tested.     

Effect of Sodium Chloride on Germination and Seedling Characters of Different Types of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The rice eultivars grown in the tropies and sub-tropics can be broadly categorized as aromatic small grain, local coarse grain and modern high yielding varieties (HYV). The first two categories are traditional rice, and are generally palatable. The aromatic rice has better market value than HYV rice, yet farmers are unwilling to expand its cultivation because of the low yield potential. One possibility to expand the cultivation of traditional rice is o t find stress tolerant cultivars for growing in marginal land. The salinity tolerance of nine rice cultivars representing three from each type of aromatic small grains, local coarse grains and HYV types, was analysed at germination and early seedling stage. Seeds were placed for germination and the seedlings were allowed to grow for nine days at NaCl concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM. NaCl decreased the germination index (GI), speed of germination, seedling height and seedling dry matter weight. Seedling characteristics were decreased more than GI. In general aromatic small grain type showed more salt sensitivity than the other two types. Among the nine cultivars Shakkorkhora (aromatic type) showed the least salt tolerance in relation to germination and seedling characters while the other two cultivars of the same group showed tolerance as high as the tolerant cultivars in other types. Generalization of group salt tolerance of rice, therefore, has little value from the agronomic point of view at least at early growth stage. As the number of cultivars employed in this study was only three from each type it is suggested that more cultivars be considered for the purpose of salt tolerant improvement programme of various types of rice.     

小麦-玉米轮作体系下长期定位秸秆还田对籽粒产量及品质的影响

以莱阳潮土区长期定位秸秆还田小麦-玉米轮作为研究对象,探讨秸秆还田条件下施用氮肥以及单施有机肥对小麦、玉米产量以及籽粒品质的影响。采用氨基酸组成分析法、半微量凯氏定氮法以及残余法,对不同秸秆还田施肥处理下籽粒品质做出分析,得出2季秸秆还田施氮肥(WCN)处理小麦、玉米籽粒粗脂肪含量较1季秸秆还田施氮肥(WN)处理显著提高5.72%和9.49%。秸秆所占比例越大越有利于提高籽粒粗脂肪含量。WCN处理小麦、玉米籽粒蛋白质含量较2季秸秆还田(WC)处理显著提高32.53%,72.44%,表明氮肥所占比例越大越有利于提高蛋白质含量。单施有机肥与2季秸秆还田施氮肥能显著提高小麦、玉米产量。不同秸秆还田处理对小麦籽粒赖氨酸、胱氨酸、丙氨酸影响较小,对玉米籽粒胱氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸影响也较小,除天门冬氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸、胱氨酸、丙氨酸外,长期不同秸秆还田处理对其他氨基酸的影响趋势与氨基酸总量的变化规律类似。综上所述,在秸秆还田的基础上配施氮肥能够得到较高的产量,提高籽粒品质。     

有色糙米发芽过程中游离氨基酸含量的动态变化

旨在了解有色糙米随着发芽时间的延长,人体利用率高的游离氨基酸含量及组分配比变化特点。选取红米(BP480)、黑米(BP602)和白米(BP015, CK)的糙米材料,进行发芽处理,在发芽后9个不同时间点(24、30、36、42、48、60、72、84、96 h)对γ-氨基丁酸及其他17种氨基酸进行检测,分析γ-氨基丁酸、必需氨基酸、限制氨基酸、风味氨基酸的动态变化。结果表明有色米（红米、黑米）和白米大部分游离氨基酸（包括γ-氨基丁酸）含量呈持续增长趋势,发芽96 h达到最大值,并且必需氨基酸所占总游离氨基酸含量的百分比不断升高,红米从20.3%升到48.0%,黑米从19.2%升到48.1%,白米从16.6%升到49.2%。苏氨酸成为含量最高的游离氨基酸。发芽可以改善糙米游离氨基酸的组成特性,显著提高糙米蛋白成分的利用率。     

Identification and verification of pleiotropic QTL controlling multiple amino acid contents in soybean seed

Soybean is important throughout the world due to its high seed protein and oil, while the quality and quantity of seed amino acids need to be improved. To improve the multiple amino acid concentrations in soybean simultaneously, detecting and utilizing the pleiotropic quantitative trait loci (QTL) and related genes become increasingly important. In view of this, a F_6:7 recombinant inbred line population was genotyped using 1739 polymorphic SNP and 127 SSR markers in the present study and was phenotyped for seventeen types of amino acids simultaneously. In total, twelve co-located or overlapped pleiotropic additive QTL clusters, which explained 2.38–16.79% of the amino acid variation, were identified. Of them, one novel pleiotropic QTL cluster with a phenotypic variation explained ranging from 8.84 to 16.79% for ten kinds of amino acid contents (glycine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine and phenylalanine), was located at the same position on linkage group D2, and the confidence interval was only 0.8 cM. Moreover, the individuals in this family-based population (345 lines) and another cultivar-based population (254 varieties) with different genotypes at the common flanking markers for this QTL cluster showed significantly different amino acid contents, which further validated the QTL mapping results. Additionally, some candidate genes that might participate in the amino acid biosynthesis process were found in these pleiotropic QTL regions. Thus, novel pleiotropic QTL clusters could be applied in marker-assisted selection breeding or map-based candidate gene cloning in soybean for multiple amino acid genetic improvements in seed in the future.     

绿茶滋味定量描述分析及其化学成分的相关性研究

以不同地域的绿茶为代表,依据滋味得分将其分组,利用滋味定量描述分析法对其滋味的4个分属性（苦、涩、鲜、甜）进行评定,利用HPLC、LC-MS法对茶汤中主要呈味化学组分定量分析,对不同组间的绿茶进行差异性分析,并对化学组分与滋味分属性进行相关性分析。结果表明,优质茶汤滋味以鲜、甜为主,各滋味分属性间相关性极显著;茶汤中氨基酸（天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、茶氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸及氨基酸总量）、儿茶素（EGC、EGCG、GCG及儿茶素总量）、有机酸（没食子酸、琥珀酸、乳酸、抗坏血酸及有机酸总量）以及蔗糖与各滋味相关性显著(P＜0.05)。     

水稻品种对几种逆境的多重耐性及与ABA的关系

从一些耐旱和耐冷品种中筛选出几个具多重耐性的品种,其中大黄谷耐渗透胁迫和盐胁迫,芝麻糯耐盐和冷胁迫,桂溪和湘中籼2号耐渗透胁迫,也较耐冷胁迫.以大黄谷、芝麻糯和桂溪为材料,研究了多重耐性与ABA积累的关系.在渗透胁迫、盐胁迫和冷胁迫下,各水稻品种内源游离ABA含量迅速积累,耐性品种积累的ABA量都较敏感品种高,     

抗虫棉不同类型品种苗期耐盐理化特性差异研究

 为揭示不同基因型抗虫棉耐盐性差异的生理机制,指导抗虫棉耐盐品种鉴选和盐碱地棉花生产,以耐盐性差异显著的两类转Bt基因抗虫棉品种——耐盐性强的鲁K536、鲁棉研18优选系,耐盐性弱的新棉33B优选系、鲁K1258——为试验材料,利用不同盐分含量砂培与土培试验相结合,比较研究它们苗期的主要理化指标变化。结果表明,在NaCl胁迫下,耐盐性强的品种苗期叶片内的K⁺含量显著高于耐盐性弱的品种,Na⁺含量显著低于耐盐性弱的品种,丙二醛含量也显著低于耐盐性弱的品种,而游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、类胡萝卜素含量均显著高于耐盐性弱的品种。耐盐性强的品种棉苗的过氧化物酶活性、叶绿素a、b和a+b含量以及净光合速率明显高于耐盐性弱的品种。表明棉花的耐盐性强弱因基因型而异,基因型间的耐盐性差异与丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、类胡萝卜素含量和保护酶活性以及盐离子在叶片中累积量的差异有关。