小流域降雨因子与水土流失的相关性分析

依据晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区王家沟流域多年的实测降雨量、径流量、输沙量和侵蚀模数,选择了12个降雨因子,进行了降雨因子与水土流失的相关性分析。结果表明,不同降雨因子与水土流失的相关性迥异,不同治理时期降雨因子与水土流失的相关关系存在差异;基于降雨因子与水土流失的关系所拟合的曲线模型多为二次方程与S曲线形;流域治理后期(1971年以后),随着治理面积的逐年增加,综合治理程度的提高,明显改善了降雨、径流和输沙的关系,降雨因子对流域水土流失的影响进一步减弱。     

新民市郎家山小流域土壤侵蚀特征分析

对新民市郎家山小流域水土流失状况利用RUSLE模型进行全面的总结与验证。结果显示:通过流域水文资料推算的评估结果与模型计算得到平均侵蚀模数总体保持一致,为958 t/(km^2·a),在计算分析土壤侵蚀方面RUSLE模型具有较高的精准度与可行性;流域年均侵蚀量1.6×10^5t,流域侵蚀产沙主要来源于轻度侵蚀,在水土保持工程中应注重对轻度侵蚀的综合治理;轻度、中度及以上侵蚀面积分别占全流域的65.63%与12.96%;土壤侵蚀的土地利用类型以农村居民点与旱地为主,地形坡度与土壤侵蚀模数之间存在正相关性,侵蚀地形主要集中在8°~25°坡岸,且该坡段侵蚀量与面积占比均达到最大。     

三峡库区柑桔林水土保持效益分析

对三峡库区2种不同建园方式的柑桔林,从建园开始连续9年定位观测柑桔林水土流失情况,结果表明,梯田柑桔林径流系数在0.047~0.153之间,径流含沙量在425~2170g/m3之间,侵蚀模数在9.37~116.67g/m2之间。25°坡地柑桔林径流系数在0.079~0.378之间,径流含沙量在500~5 050 g/m3之间,侵蚀模数在48.29~1 962.04g/m2之间。在建园初期4年内,25°坡地柑桔林径流系数、径流含沙量和侵蚀模数急剧下降,径流系数由0.378下降到0.103,径流含沙量由5050 g/m3下降到350g/m3,侵蚀模数由1 962.04g/m2下降到131.42 g/m2。4年后,覆盖度的增加有效的抵消了坡度对水土流失的影响,柑桔林覆盖度达到0.82,径流系数,径流含沙量和侵蚀模数分别为0.103~0.253,350~3404 g/m3、14.71~148.4g/m2,表现出较好的水土保持效益。     

新田小流域不同地表景观下的水土流失研究

按流域用地和地形特征,在新田小流域布设了3个水土流失观测点,分别代表流域整体、水田+旱地、果园+林地等不同的地表景观。经对观测到的降雨量、径流量和泥沙输出量数据分析,确定小流域的主要侵蚀区域为坡地果园,并根据观测结果分析确定了不同地表景观下的土壤侵蚀模数,为针对性采取水土保持措施提供了可靠依据。     

陕北河流月径流和月输沙集中特性初步研究

比较几种集中程度的表达公式，结果表明：陕北黄河流域河流月径流和月输沙量的集中指数、不均匀系数、集中度和吉布斯－马丁分散指数之间的相关性极显著，其中以月分量向量合成的集中度的变异系数和极差范围最大，年总径流量和年输沙侵蚀模数与月径流、输沙量的集中度及其相应的集中时相角度之间有显著的相关性，利用集中程度指标分析河流径流和输沙侵蚀模数并规划径流泥沙的调控和流域的水土流失治理途径。     

不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀量的坡度效应

 研究不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀量的坡度效应,以便为退耕还林及坡耕地水保措施提供依据。根据上舍河小流域2000年55场有效降雨资料,对不同土地利用类型(坡耕地、杉木林地)次降雨地表径流量、径流侵蚀模数与坡度、降雨量、降雨强度、植被盖度等影响因子进行相关分析。结果表明:坡耕地、杉木林地的次降雨地表径流量、地表径流侵蚀模数与坡度、降雨量、降雨强度、植被盖度等相关显著。在一定坡度范围内,坡耕地的次降雨地表径流量和径流侵蚀模数,随着坡度的增大而增加,而杉木林分的次降雨地表径流量和径流侵蚀模数,随着坡度的增加而降低。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区径流输沙相关性的尺度效应分析

以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区延河、清涧河、汾川河3条流域作为研究区域,针对该区9个水文站点的6-9月径流量、输沙量的数据,探讨了时空尺度变化对径流与输沙相关性的影响.结果表明二者在不同的时间尺度和空间尺度上其相关程度差异明显.基于径流因子与输沙因子的关系所拟合的曲线模型中,7,8月份的模型拟合优度在整体上高于6月、9月,汛期的模型拟合优度一般低于7,8月份的模型拟合优度.汛期清涧河流域的模型拟合优度高于延河和汾川河流域,区域的模型拟合优度高于延河和汾川河流域,但略低于清涧河流域.     

南小河沟流域不同措施处理下的水土流失规律

以南小河沟流域长期定位试验场为研究对象,研究了10种不同措施处理下水土流失规律。结果表明,泥沙流失量与径流量变化规律并不一致。一般坡度越大,侵蚀量的增量越大。由于坡度越大,需要坡长越长才能和坡度较小的的坡面受水面积相等,这时即使因为坡度加大,入渗率减少,但实际入渗水量也有较大增加,即坡面水流的径流量并不会随着坡度的加大而无限的加大,20°为径流量临界坡度;采用水平阶整地的油松沙棘混交林地,植被覆盖度达到65%,水土流失治理效果显著,平均含沙量2.377kg/m3,比裸地减少了57.77%以上;平均径流量0.121m3,比裸地减少了19.74%以上;以生物措施为主进行水土保持治理的杨家沟小流域与原始生态环境下的董庄沟小流域相比较,2012年侵蚀模数减少了2 589.95t/(km2·a)。     

北京山区灌草坡面水土流失特征及其影响因素

为了揭示区域坡面水土流失规律,以北京山区灌草坡面径流小区定位观测资料为基础,对坡面径流量和侵蚀量与降雨、植被盖度、坡度等主要影响因子进行偏相关分析.结果表明：1）在一定降雨和下垫面条件下,径流量的主要影响因子是降雨量和最大30 min降雨强度,侵蚀量的主要影响因子是径流量、植被覆盖度和最大30 min降雨强度;2）就降雨因子而言,影响径流量的关键性降雨因子是降雨量、降雨历时和最大30 min降雨强度,而影响侵蚀量的关键性降雨因子是最大30 min降雨强度;3）径流量和侵蚀量与植被盖度之间表现出显著的负相关关系,即植被盖度越大,径流量和侵蚀量越小;4）不同坡度等级的径流量和侵蚀量差异显著,随着坡度的增加,径流量和侵蚀量呈现出先增加后减小的趋势;5）灌草坡面的水土保持作用显著,重视和发展植被恢复与重建工作,对北京山区生态环境改善和水土流失治理具有重要的意义.     

基于地形剖面线的陕北黄土高原地貌信息熵差分析

[目的]计算黄土高原地貌评价指标和剖面上高程数据信息熵,用以拟合地形起伏,评价地形,为地貌研究提供新理论依据。[方法]通过对研究区域进行剖面分析,获取地形剖面线,利用高程数据计算不同地貌类型中剖面线信息熵,绘制地形剖面线图和地形剖面线信息熵图,用来检验和评价地貌信息熵对地形的表达效果,统计两者离散程度指标,通过线性拟合找出两者相关性指标。[结果]将两图进行对比分析,发现两图走势具有一定的相似性,采用统计指标作为指示器,结果表明高程曲线与信息熵曲线具有较强的相关性,采用侵蚀模数验证,表明信息熵在表示地貌起伏或侵蚀方面具有可靠性。[结论]地貌信息熵可以用来模拟地形,且模拟效果良好,可以用于评价地貌类型。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前,肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言,因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍,且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化,以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系,为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明,在20世纪60年代,肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍,且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前,肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%,但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比,中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入,大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年,中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明,种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性;农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大,如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比,畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说,农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响,这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.