植物生长调节剂对烟草生长及营养代谢的调节作用

在烟草栽培中利用植物生长调节剂的调节作用来改善烟叶品质已引起广泛的关注，本文介绍了这方面的研究概况。主要从生长调节剂对烟草种子萌发、根系生长、钾素营养、烟碱合成、腋芽抑制等的调节作用方面进行阐述。指出通过生长调节剂的调节作用来协调烟株生长发育、物质代谢平衡等是进一步提高烟叶质量的有效途径。     

植物生长调节剂对马铃薯根系理化特性的影响

在大田栽培条件下,以马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum L.）荷兰212为材料,叶面喷施不同植物生长调节剂,通过比较根体积、根鲜重、根干重的变化,根系活力,根系中多酚氧化酶、淀粉酶和抗坏血酸氧化酶活性的变化,研究了喷施植物生长调节剂对马铃薯根系理化特性的调控效应。结果表明:2-N,N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯（DTA-6）对根系理化特性的影响较大,它可以有效地调控根系抗坏血酸氧化酶活性的变化规律,在喷药后24 d时,与对照相比,降低了根系的鲜重、体积、干重以及根系活力和淀粉酶活性。SOD模拟物（SODM）可以提高喷药24 d后的根系体积。氯化胆碱（Cc）对根系的形态指标略有影响,对根系活力、淀粉酶以及抗坏血酸氧化酶和多酚氧化酶活性的影响不明显。     

植物生长延缓剂对万寿菊穴盘苗生长的控制作用研究

试验研究不同浓度的植物生长延缓剂比久(B9)、矮壮素(CCC)和多效唑(PP333)溶液对万寿菊穴盘苗生长的控制作用结果表明,B9、CCC及PP333处理万寿菊穴盘苗的最佳浓度分别为2500mg/kg、0.3%和60mg/kg,适宜浓度分别为1000~2500mg/kg、0.1%~0.3%、10~60mg/kg。3种延缓剂最佳浓度处理对万寿菊穴盘苗生长的控制作用60mg/kg PP333处理>0.3?C处理>2500mg/kg B9处理,且60mg/kg PP333处理成本最低。当CCC处理浓度>1.0%时万寿菊穴盘苗出现药害现象。     

Effect of plant growth regulators on paddy rice

The effect of 4 plant growth regulators (FOR), BAS 111, DCiB, EL 500, Terpal C, on growth and yield of paddy rice was studied in field experiments in Southern China. PGR-application was practiced by seed soaking, root dipping at transplanting and leaf spraying at elongation stage respectively, using a 2, 5 × 10^?5 M concentration of the particular PGR. There was only a minor stem reducing effect of the PGRs at the early stage of tillering, most pronounced after seed soaking. But at harvest time all trials reached the same plant height. In spite of this, seed soaking with EL 500, BAS 111 and Terpal C increased grain yield between 10 and 13 % in the first crop. The results are discussed in connection with a direct PGR-effect on the generative phase of rice.     

耕作与植物生长调节剂对优质粳稻产量及光合特性的影响

为探明耕作方式与植物生长调节剂（Plant Growth Regulators,PGRs）对连续旋耕稻田优质粳稻光合特性和产量的影响,解决或缓解不合理耕作带来的产量形成不利问题,该研究于2018－2019年在大田条件下以绥粳18、垦稻12和三江6为试验材料,在连续旋耕稻田上设置深耕（Deep Tillage,DT）与旋耕（Rotary Tillage,RT）2种耕作处理,于剑叶展叶期分别喷施己酸二乙氨基乙醇酯（Diethylaminoethyl caproate,DA-6）,6-苄氨基腺嘌呤（6-benzylaminoadenine,6-BA）和亚精胺（Spermidine,Spd）3种PGRs,并设置清水对照,研究深耕与PGRs对优质粳稻生育中后期产量形成及光合物质生产特性的调控效应。结果表明：与RT相比,DT处理增加了生物量和茎鞘物质转运能力,提高了齐穗期和蜡熟期叶片叶绿素相对含量（Soil and Plant Analyzer Development,SPAD）和净光合速率,增加了齐穗后叶面积指数和群体生长速率,延长了齐穗后绿叶面积持续时间,增加了每平方米有效穗数、每穗粒质量、千粒质量、收获指数及籽粒产量,其中两年产量增幅5.15%～14.54%（P<0.05）。不同PGRs作用下,与CK相比,喷施6-BA能够提高齐穗后净光合速率和SPAD值,增加结实率、收获指数、每穗粒数及粒质量,实现两年产量增幅4.93%～13.88%（P<0.05）。在互作效应上,耕作与PGRs互作对收获指数和产量存在显著影响,其中DT+6-BA处理产量最高,该处理增产途径是在较高有效穗数前提下,增加了齐穗后绿叶面积持续时间,提高了齐穗后生物量、粒叶比、净光合速率和SPAD值,促进齐穗后高光效群体的形成,提高了穗粒数和收获指数,增加了籽粒产量,其次是DT+DA-6处理;而RT+6-BA处理较清水对照下的RT处理两年增产8.83%～13.88%（P<0.05）。综上所述,在连续旋耕稻田上采用1次深耕耕作方式和叶面喷施6-BA有利于提高优质粳稻光合物质生产能力和增加产量,可以作为提高本区域优质粳稻高产高效栽培的一种可持续耕作制度和有效栽培措施。     

Interactive effects of plant growth regulators and nitrogen on corn growth and nitrogen use efficiency

Our objective was to determine the combined effect of some plant growth regulators and nitrogen (N) on corn growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency. A potted experiment was conducted with two levels of growth regulators [i.e. with or without treatment with Seed king (Kinetine), Root king (Indole-butyric acid) and More king (Chitosan)], two maize cultivars (Calabar White and Obatanpa-98 and three nitrogen rates (0, 90 and 180 kg/ha in the form of urea). The measured parameters were growth attributes, nitrogen uptake, dry matter yield, harvest-index, shoot to root ratio, yield attributes and agronomic and physiological nitrogen use efficiency. Calabar White had taller plants (154.53 cm) more leaves (12.00) and larger leaf area (466.98 cm²) than obatanpa-98 at 6 weeks after sowing. The dry matter yield of both leaf and stem increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing N rates but the growth regulators significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased only the leaf dry matter. The interaction between growth regulators and nitrogen significantly affected the leaf dry matter but not the stem dry matter. There was a considerable (P ≤ 0.05) increase in harvest-index (HI) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with growth regulators and Obatanpa-98 had better HI (30.81%) than Calabar White (27.41%). Obatanpa 98 also had much (P ≤ 0.05) higher grain yield (87.42 g/plant) than Calabar White (65.40 g/plant) but for both cultivars, the grain yield increased progressively with increasing N rate. The uptake of N differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) among the different partitions of maize (leaves, stems and grains) at various growth stages. Calabar White had the highest N uptake in the leaves and stem whether at silking or at harvest. Obatanpa-98 partitioned more N to the grains than Calabar White. Agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) was highest (21.31 gg^?1) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with Obatanpa-98 having a superior (20.26 gg^?1) ANUE to Calabar White (15.94 gg^?1). The physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) was also highest (8.14 g/kg) at the 90 kg/ha N rate with Obatanpa-98 being more efficient (8.08 gkg) than Calabar White (6.26 g/kg). Thus, both cultivars treated with 90 kgN/ha with or without growth regulators would best optimize nitrogen fertilizer use. However, the growth regulators increased the yield of Calabar White significantly only when no N was applied. In contrast, they increased the yield of the hybrid Obatanpa-98 at all N rates especially at the 180 kgN/ha rate. Thus, under the low input cropping common with Calabar White, treatment with the growth regulators would boost yield. A combined treatment of 180 kg N/ha with the growth regulators would ensure the best yield of Obatanpa-98.     

Effect of plant growth regulators on nitrate uptake and its reduction in radish cotyledons

Pretreatment of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings with exogenous hormones in the absence of external nitrate, resulted in a system having enough hormone levels to mediate the responses or activate the metabolic pathways which are necessary for nitrate (NO₃) uptake and reduction. Effects of pretreatment of radish seedlings with KN, GA, and ABA on the induction of NO₃ transport and corresponding NR activity, upon exposure to NO₃ were investigated. A low NO₃, uptake rate was observed with hormones when compared to DW‐control, while its induction pattern exhibited a sort of biphasic kinetics. It was observed that each hormone treatment affected NO₃ uptake and reduction specifically at different ambient concentrations of NO₃. On the basis of this, the operation of different constitutive and inducible (CHATS, LATS, HATS, and IHATS) transport systems was resolved for different hormonal treatments. Further, the hypothesis that nitrate uptake has direct role on nitrate reduction was supported by all treatments, except KN where highest NR activity despite lowest NO₃ uptake, was recorded. The results with KN points towards enhanced NR mRNA and de novo synthesis of enzyme.     

S3307和DTA-6对大豆叶片生理活性及产量的影响

【目的】化控技术是提高作物产量的一项重要技术,研究植物生长调节剂对大豆鼓粒期至成熟期叶片生理活性及产量的影响,旨在探讨调节剂提高大豆产量的作用机理,为调节剂在农业生产上的应用提供科学依据。【方法】于2013 ~ 2014年在黑龙江八一农垦大学林甸试验基地,进行叶面喷施烯效唑(S3307)和2-N, N-二乙氨基乙醇酯(DTA-6)田间试验。试验于初花期(R1期)叶面喷施1次,设3个处理: 1)CK,喷施清水; 2)喷施DTA-6,浓度60 mg/L; 3)喷施S3307,浓度50 mg/L。大豆盛荚期(R4期),用叶绿素仪测定大豆倒3叶和倒9叶的叶绿素值;大豆鼓粒始期(R5期)开始第一次取样,以后每隔5 d 取样一次,共取样7次,测定叶片中的可溶性糖、蔗糖、淀粉和淀粉酶总活性。大豆成熟期测定产量。【结果】在喷植物生长调节剂后22 d,调节剂极显著增加了大豆植株不同部位,尤其是下部叶片的叶绿素含量,S3307和DTA-6处理的倒3叶叶绿素含量比CK增加9.32%、 7.02%,倒9叶叶绿素含量比CK增加11.12%、 10.38%,各处理倒3叶和倒9叶的叶绿素含量与产量及产量构成因素均达到正相关。DTA-6和S3307在喷植物生长调节剂后40、 45和50 d叶片中的可溶性糖含量均高于CK;DTA-6和S3307处理的蔗糖含量分别在喷植物生长调节剂后40~50 d和35~50 d达到了最大增加量,S3307对蔗糖积累的作用效果较好;DTA-6和S3307处理在喷植物生长调节剂后50、55和60 d叶片中的淀粉含量均高于CK;不同调节剂处理对淀粉酶总活性也产生了一定影响,喷植物生长调节剂后第45 d时,调节剂作用的淀粉酶总活性达到最大值,各处理淀粉酶活性的高低顺序为S3307、 DTA-6＞CK均与CK处理差异显著。不同调节剂处理均增加了单株荚数、粒数、粒重,S3307处理的单株荚数和粒数与CK相比,差异均达到了显著水平,DTA-6处理的各产量因素与CK相比,差异均未达到显著水平。2013年S3307和DTA-6处理的产量分别比CK增加20.74%和14.96%;2014年S3307和DTA-6处理的产量分别比CK显著增加19.33%和14.13%。【结论】初花期(R1期)叶面喷施S3307和DTA-6均显著增强了大豆叶片的生理代谢。尤其在喷施调节剂后50 d,此时恰处于籽粒灌浆期,S3307和DTA-6处理的叶片可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量均高于CK。两调节剂均显著促进了生育后期大豆叶片的生理活性,延缓了叶片衰老,进而提高了大豆产量。     

Effects of growth regulators on mineral nutrition of tomato

This research deals with the effects of exogenous growth regulators on mineral nutrition of the tomato plant (Lyeopersieon esaulentum Mill. cv. Miguel Pereira). To study the influence on mineral nutrition, (2‐chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) , at concentration of 2,000 ppm, succinic acid‐2, 2‐dimethylhydrazide (SADH) (4,000 ppm), gibberellic acid (GA) (100 ppm), (2‐chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (CEPA) (200 ppm), indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) (100 ppm) and 6‐furfurylamino purine (FAP) (500 ppm) were applied. Higher levels of nitrogen, calcium and magnesium occurred in the stem of plants sprayed with CCC. Treatments with FAP, SADH and CEPA caused an increase in nitrogen level in the stem. CEPA also increased calcium content in stems. These growth regulators did not alter the levels of macronutrients in the leaves in relation to control.     

Alleviation of seeding chlorosis by plant growth regulators in drip-irrigated rice

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it extends rapidly in water-scarce northern China. However, drip-irrigated rice seedlings often exhibit Fe chlorosis. The objective of this field experiment was thus to determine the ability of plant growth regulators to alleviate chlorosis in drip-irrigated rice seedlings. The study compared three plant growth regulators (1-naphthylacetic acid, NAA; sodium nitrophenolate, CSN; and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, DA-6) applied in two ways (seed-soaking and drip-application). The results showed that CSN increased root oxidation activity by 37% in the seed-soaking treatment and by 45% in the soil-application treatment. Seed soaking with NAA, CSN, and DA-6 increased the active Fe content in leaves by 8.8%, 17.5%, and 11.4%, respectively, compared with untreated seedlings. Iron absorption and SPAD values were both greater in the soil-application plots than in the seed-soaking plots. Among the plant growth regulators, CSN resulted in the highest yield (2.2% greater than untreated rice in the seed-soaking treatment and 12.8% greater than untreated rice in the soil-application treatment). In conclusion, CSN significantly improved root Fe uptake at the seedling stage and reduced chlorosis in drip-irrigated rice. Therefore, CSN drip application can be recommended for alleviating rice chlorosis in practical use.     

生长调节剂的不同配比对龙眼控梢促花效应的研究

采用“311－B”最优混合设计进行田间试验，研究多效唑、乙烯利、细胞分裂素三种生长调节剂的不同配比在龙眼控梢和促花上的效应，通过建立龙眼控梢（y^a)、促花（y^b)三元二次回归模型来寻求出三种生长调节剂在龙眼控梢、促花上的最佳浓度和配比。由回归分析结果得出，在试验条件，多效唑、乙烯利、细胞分裂素对龙眼控梢的最佳浓度和配比分别为：400.00mg/L、150.00mg/L、2.50mg/L，对龙眼促花的最佳浓度和配比分别为：494.97mg/L、185.61mg/L、0.969mg/L。     

Influence of plant growth regulators on some enzymes of nitrogen assimilation in mustard seedlings

Effect of plant growth regulators (PGR) viz. gibberellic acid (GA), kinetin (KN), and abscissic acid (ABA) were investigated on growth and activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in mustard (Brassica juncea) seedlings. All the PGRs tested promoted in vivo NR activity in cotyledons, but the magnitude differed with different treatments. Cytosolic GS in root and hypocotyl was promoted by GA treatment and inhibited by ABA and KN treatments although the latter showed slight promotion initially in hypocotyl; the trend was not clear in cotyledons. Determination of K_m value of GS extracted from 96‐h‐old cotyledons recorded lower K_m value in GA treatment (2.5 mM), while it increased in ABA treatment (4.35 mM), There was little change in K_m value in KN (3.03 mM) treatment. The kinetics of GS enzyme in cotyledons of different treatments showed marked variation in V_max . Both GA and ABA treatments inhibited GS activity while no significant effect by KN treatment was observed. It is argued that GA treatment inhibits chloroplastic GS (an enzyme which has higher K_m value), while ABA‐induced inhibition may not be specific to cytosolic or chloroplastic isoforms. Kinetin treatment was ineffective in promoting or inhibiting GS activity in cotyledons. The above conclusion is further supported by chloroplastic pigment data where inhibition is recorded in all the PGRs tested.     

Effect of plant growth regulators,calcium and citric acid on copper toxicity in pea seedlings

The present investigation aims to study the potential protective role of exogenous applications of gibberellin, auxin, citric acid and calcium on the growth and cellular redox state of pea (Pisum sativum L.) germinating seeds exposed to copper stress. All tested treatments alleviated the adverse effects of Cu-induced toxicity on the growth, cell viability and mobilization of nutrients from the cotyledons. This alleviation of Cu toxicity occurred by limiting heavy metal biosorption and maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Redox balance, examined through the study of the redox state of nicotinamide couples NAD⁺/NADH and NADP⁺/NADPH appeared to be protected by the treatments. This correction was correlated to a modulation of NAD(P)H-oxidase and dehydrogenase activities, such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. The present research provides evidence that supplementation of plants with gibberellin, auxin, citric acid and calcium was an effective approach for enhancing Cu tolerance in pea seedlings.     

火棘果实成熟与贮藏中代谢生理及植物生长调节剂的作用

研究了火棘果实发育成熟和贮藏过程中呼吸作用、相关氧化酶、营养成分的动态变化以及植物生长调节剂赤霉素（GA3）和6－苄基腺嘌呤（6－BA）的作用，果实采收前2个月用80mg/kg GA3喷施，刺激其呼吸强度升高，过氧化氢酶活性增强，可溶性糖、游离氨基酸含量提高及果胶、总酸度等下降。采用2个月用50mg/kg 6-BA喷旋，则火棘果实呼吸强度下降，多酚氧化酶活性增强，能显著提高其在常下的耐藏性。若采后用GA3处理，刺激贮藏前期呼吸强度和多酚氧化酶活性增强。用6－BA处理，对整个贮藏期呼吸强度均有一定刺激作用，可保留较多的可溶性糖和维生素C。     

Soil‐plant manganese relationships with emphasis on soybeans

Abstract

Manganese deficiency of soybeans is very prevalent in the United States. This deficiency occurs most frequently on poorly‐drained, sandy‐textured soils with water pH levels of approximately 6.0 or above. Yield increases of as high as 2,520 kg of soybean seed/ha have been obtained from correction of Mn deficiency. Manganese deficiency of soybeans can be corrected by band, broadcast or foliar application of Mn. Foliar application of Mn generally is the most convenient and economical method for alleviating Mn deficiency in soybeans. This review covers soil‐plant relationships of importance in diagnosis and correction of Mn deficiency in soybeans.     

接种密度对植物生长及烃降解的影响

The combined use of plants and bacteria is a promising approach for the remediation of soil contaminated with organic pollutants. Different biotic and abiotic factors can affect the survival and activity of the applied bacteria and consequently plant growth and phytoremediation efficiency. The effect of inoculum density on the abundance and expression of alkane-degrading genes in the rhizosphere of plant vegetated in hydrocarbon-contaminated soil has been rarely observed. In this study, an alkane-degrading bacterium (Pantoea sp. strain BTRH79), at different inoculum densities (10⁵ to 10⁸ cells cm^-3 soil), was inoculated to ryegrass (Lolium perenne) vegetated in diesel-contaminated soil to find the optimum inoculum density needed for its efficient colonization and hydrocarbon degradation activity. Bacterial inoculation improved plant growth and hydrocarbon degradation. Maximum plant growth and hydrocarbon degradation wwereobserved with the inoculum having the highest cell density (10⁸ cells cm^-3 soil). Moreover, the inoculum with higher cell density exhibited more abundance and expression of alkane hydroxylase gene, CYP153. This study suggests that the inoculum density is one of the main factors that can affect bacterial colonization and activity during phytoremediation.     

Effects of magnesium remobilization and allocation on banana plant growth

Magnesium (Mg) is known as one of the mobile elements and can move from the lower to upper leaf blade when the plants suffer from Mg deficiency. It is generally recognized that symptoms of Mg deficiency appear on lower leaves. This study was conducted to reveal the effect of Mg deficiency stress on remobilization of Mg and nitrogen in banana plant and to collect the typical symptoms of Mg deficiency. Quartz sand cultures were used to study the effect of Mg deficiency on banana growth and its mobilization and allocation in the plants. Results showed that chlorosis, a typical symptom of Mg deficiency, occurs in the second leaf from top of banana plant after 35 days of Mg deficiency. Necrosis of the whole leaf in the middle part of banana and a significant reduction of leaf area from the top to middle leaves are detected. However, older leaves remain green, and their area is not affected. Mg is more stable in the banana plant and cannot be remobilized and transported from the old to young leaves under Mg deficiency. After 195 days of Mg deficiency, the growth and Mg nutrition of Mg-deficient plant can be normalized by the restoration of Mg nutrient after 49 days of deficiency. Therefore, Mg in banana leaves is not mobile and reusable from older to younger leaves.