A model for the tertiary structure of p21, the product of the ras oncogene

A model was developed for the structure of p21, the protein with a molecular weight of 21,000 that is produced by the ras genes. This model predicts that p21 consists of a central core of beta-sheet structure, connected by loops and alpha helices. Four of these loops comprise the guanine nucleotide binding site. The phosphoryl binding region is made up of amino acid sequences from 10 to 16 and from 57 to 63 of p21. The latter sequence may contain a site for magnesium binding. Amino acids defining guanine specificity are Asn-116 and Asp-119, and sequences around amino acid 145 may contribute to guanine binding. The model makes it possible to visualize how oncogenic mutations of p21 affect interaction with guanine nucleotides.     

A cytoplasmic protein stimulates normal N-ras p21 GTPase, but does not affect oncogenic mutants

The role of guanine nucleotides in ras p21 function was determined by using the ability of p21 protein to induce maturation of Xenopus oocytes as a quantitative assay for biological activity. Two oncogenic mutant human N-ras p21 proteins, Asp12 and Val12, actively induced maturation, whereas normal Gly12 p21 was relatively inactive in this assay. Both mutant proteins were found to be associated with guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in vivo. In contrast, Gly12 p21 was predominantly guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound because of a dramatic stimulation of Gly12 p21-associated guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity. A cytoplasmic protein was shown to be responsible for this increase in activity. This protein stimulated GTP hydrolysis by purified Gly12 p21 more than 200-fold in vitro, but had no effect on Asp12 or Val12 mutants. A similar factor could be detected in extracts from mammalian cells. It thus appears that, in Xenopus oocytes, this protein maintains normal p21 in a biologically inactive, GDP-bound state through its effect on GTPase activity. Furthermore, it appears that the major effect of position 12 mutations is to prevent this protein from stimulating p21 GTPase activity, thereby allowing these mutants to remain in the active GTP-bound state.     

Ras p21 as a potential mediator of insulin action in Xenopus oocytes

The oncogene protein product (p21) of the ras gene has been implicated in mediating the effects of a variety of growth factors and hormones. Microinjection of monoclonal antibody 6B7, which is directed against a synthetic peptide corresponding to a highly conserved region of p21 (amino acids 29 to 44) required for p21 function, specifically inhibited Xenopus oocyte maturation induced by incubation with insulin. The inhibition was dose-dependent and specific since (i) the same antibody had no effect on progesterone-induced maturation, (ii) immunoprecipitation and Western blotting indicated that the antibody recognized a single protein of molecular weight 21,000 in oocyte extracts, and (iii) inhibition was not observed with identical concentrations of normal immunoglobulin. Thus, p21 appears to be involved in mediating insulin-induced maturation of Xenopus oocytes. Furthermore, the mechanism may involve phosphorylation of p21, as p21 was found to be a substrate of the insulin receptor kinase.     

Frequent activation of c-kis as a transforming gene in fibrosarcomas induced by methylcholanthrene

The DNA's from two of four methylcholanthrene-induced mouse fibrosarcomas contained transforming genes that were identical in their pattern of restriction endonuclease resistance to inactivation of biologic activity. This transforming gene was identified as the activated homolog of the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus onc gene, v-kis. The finding that a defined carcinogen reproducibly leads to activation of kis as a transforming gene should be of value in elucidating the role of oncogenes in the neoplastic process.     

Guanosine triphosphatase activating protein (GAP) interacts with the p21 ras effector binding domain

A cytoplasmic protein that greatly enhances the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity of N-ras protein but does not affect the activity of oncogenic ras mutants has been recently described. This protein (GAP) is shown here to be ubiquitous in higher eukaryotes and to interact with H-ras as well as with N-ras proteins. To identify the region of ras p21 with which GAP interacts, 21 H-ras mutant proteins were purified and tested for their ability to undergo stimulation of GTPase activity by GAP. Mutations in nonessential regions of H-ras p21 as well as mutations in its carboxyl-terminal domain (residues 165-185) and purine binding region (residues 117 and 119) did not decrease the ability of the protein to respond to GAP. In addition, an antibody against the carboxyl-terminal domain did not block GAP activity, supporting the conclusion that GAP does not interact with this region. Transforming mutations at positions 12, 59, and 61 (the phosphoryl binding region) abolished GTPase stimulation by GAP. Point mutations in the putative effector region of ras p21 (amino acids 35, 36, and 38) were also insensitive to GAP. However, a point mutation at position 39, shown previously not to impair effector function, did not alter GAP-p21 interaction. These results indicate that GAP interaction may be essential for ras p21 biological activity and that it may be a ras effector protein.     

斑马鱼p53基因原核表达载体的构建及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

利用原核表达系统克隆表达斑马鱼p53基因。RT-PCR法从斑马鱼胚胎中扩增获得p53基因编码区,并将其克隆至原核表达载体pET28a上,构建重组质粒pET28a/z-p53,将重组质粒转化E.coli BL21(DE3)受体菌,IPTG诱导表达,表达产物经镍柱纯化、尿素透析复性,SDS-PAGE电泳分析,结果表明,p53基因在大肠杆菌中成功表达,表达的p53融合蛋白分子量大约为53kD,透析复性后获得了高纯度可溶性的p53蛋白。     

Nucleotide sequence of the Rasheed rat sarcoma virus oncogene: new mutations

The nucleotide sequence of the oncogene of the Rasheed strain of rat sarcoma virus was determined. The oncogene (Ra-v-ras) encodes a 29,000-dalton (p29) transforming protein. This protein is distinct from the immunologically related 21,000-dalton protein (p21) of the Harvey murine sarcoma virus in its amino terminus and in having additional mutations in its carboxyl terminus. Although the functional significance of these changes is unknown, they appear to occur only in rat sarcoma virus.     

Nucleotide sequence of the p21 transforming protein of Harvey murine sarcoma virus

Harvey murine sarcoma virus is a retrovirus which transforms cells by means of a single virally encoded protein called p21 has. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of 1.0 kilobase in the 5' half of the viral genome which encompasses the has coding sequences and its associated regulatory signals. The nucleotide sequence has identified the amino acid sequence of two additional overlapping polypeptides which share their reading frames and the carboxyl termini with p21 but which contain additional NH2-terminal amino acids.     

番茄黄化曲叶病毒CP基因的原核表达载体构建选择

[目的]筛选出目的蛋白能够高效表达的重组质粒。[方法]利用原核表达载体pET-32a(+)和pET-28a(+)成功构建了番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus,TYLCV)外壳蛋白(Coat Protein,CP)基因的重组质粒p32a-CP和p28a-CP,并通过PCR和双酶切鉴定了序列连接的正确性;再分别将2个载体转化至BL21(DE3)中,采用不同浓度的IPTG对其进行诱导表达,并进行SDS-PAGE电泳检测。[结果]测序结果显示TYLCV-CP基因已定向插入p32a-CP和p28a-CP中;SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示分子量约为50 kD的目的蛋白在重组载体p32a-CP中得到了高效表达,而在重组载体p28a-CP中未表达。[结论]为下一步的抗体制备及TYLCV的免疫学检测奠定了基础。     

壮骨止痛胶囊含药血清对成骨细胞CDK4和p21表达的影响

目的 观察壮骨止痛胶囊含药血清对成骨细胞CDK4和p21表达的影响,探讨壮骨止痛胶囊治疗骨质疏松症的机制。方法 40只SD雌性大鼠随机分为模型组、阳性对照组、壮骨止痛胶囊组、假手术组,每组10只。模型组、阳性对照组以及壮骨止痛胶囊组的SD大鼠制作骨质疏松大鼠模型,假手术组SD大鼠作为对照。不同组SD大鼠喂养不同药物,假手术组和模型组大鼠灌胃生理盐水,阳性对照组灌胃尼尔雌醇,壮骨止痛胶囊组灌胃壮骨止痛胶囊药物,连续喂养13周之后,处死大鼠,提取各组大鼠含药血清备用。另取5只新生SD小鼠颅骨的成骨细胞,应用上述各组含药血清进行细胞培养,连续培养3代后,采用碱性磷酸酶染色和茜素红染色法鉴定成骨细胞,细胞免疫组化法检测各组含药血清培养的成骨细胞CDK4蛋白和p21蛋白的表达。结果 CDK4和p21蛋白阳性表达主要在成骨细胞的细胞核。与假手术组比较,模型组CDK4表达轻度降低,p21表达轻度升高（P>0.05）;与模型组比较,阳性对照组和壮骨止痛胶囊组CDK4表达均升高,p21表达均下降（P<0.01）;与阳性对照组比较,壮骨止痛胶囊组CDK4表达升高,p21表达下降（P<0.01）。结论 壮骨止痛胶囊可通过提高成骨细胞CDK4的表达,抑制p21的表达,从而增加成骨细胞G1期调节蛋白的表达,推动增殖周期的完成,达到治疗骨质疏松症的目的。     

Activation of the cellular proto-oncogene product p21Ras by addition of a myristylation signal

The 21-kD proteins encoded by ras oncogenes (p21Ras) are modified covalently by a palmitate attached to a cysteine residue near the carboxyl terminus. Changing cysteine at position 186 to serine in oncogenic forms produces a nonpalmitylated protein that fails to associate with membranes and does not transform NIH 3T3 cells. Nonpalmitylated p21Ras derivatives were constructed that contained myristic acid at their amino termini to determine if a different form of lipid modification could restore either membrane association or transforming activity. An activated p21Ras, altered in this way, exhibited both efficient membrane association and full transforming activity. Surprisingly, myristylated forms of normal cellular Ras were also transforming. This demonstrates that Ras must bind to membranes in order to transmit a signal for transformation, but that either myristate or palmitate can perform this role. However, the normal function of cellular Ras is diverted to transformation by myristate and therefore must be regulated ordinarily by some unique property of palmitate that myristate does not mimic. Myristylation thus represents a novel mechanism by which Ras can become transforming.     

Regulation of Ras-GAP and the neurofibromatosis-1 gene product by eicosanoids

Ras-GAP (GTPase activating protein) is a regulatory protein that stimulates the intrinsic guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity of the proto-oncogene product p21ras. A domain of the neurofibromatosis gene product (NF1) that has sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of Ras-GAP and to yeast IRA gene products also has a specific stimulatory activity toward p21ras GTPase. Arachidonic acid and phosphatidic acid inactivate GAP, but no agents have been identified that stimulate GAP and thereby switch p21ras off. With the use of recombinant Ha-c-Ras and Ras-GAP, NF1, and GAP catalytic domains, it was found that prostaglandins PGF2 alpha and PGA2 stimulated Ras-GAP and that prostacyclin PGI2 inhibited Ras-GAP. The stimulatory effect of PGF2 alpha was saturable and structure-specific and competed with the inhibitory effect of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid also inhibited the catalytic activity of NF1, but prostaglandins were not stimulatory. These results suggest a mechanism for the allosteric control of Ras function through the modulation of arachidonate metabolism.     

谷朊粉酶解物对断奶仔猪血清生化指标、免疫功能及小肠发育的影响

为研究谷朊粉酶解物对断奶仔猪血清生化指标、免疫功能及小肠发育的影响,选取108头平均体重(8.08±0.36)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪,按体重相近原则随机分为4个处理,每处理3个重复,每个重复9头猪,各处理组分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组)﹑添加血浆蛋白粉日粮﹑添加1.5%和3.0%谷朊粉酶解物日粮,饲喂期21 d。结果表明,(1)添加1.5%谷朊粉酶解物组的血清总蛋白和球蛋白均高于其他3组;(2)断奶第21天,添加谷朊粉酶解物组血清GSH-Px和SOD的活性明显高于对照组和血浆蛋白粉组;(3)断奶第21天,对照组和血浆蛋白粉组血清T3的含量均显著高于3.0%谷朊粉酶解物组,分别高12.4%和12.1%,而血浆蛋白粉组血清IGF-1含量显著高于其他3组;(4)断奶第10天,添加1.5%谷朊粉酶解物组血清lg A的含量显著高于其他3组;(5)断奶第21天,添加1.5%谷朊粉酶解物组的十二指肠绒毛高度最长,分别比对照组和血浆蛋白粉组长29.0%和21.4%,而隐窝深度相反,分别比对照组和血浆蛋白粉组短21.1%和23.8%。     

A 32-kD GTP-binding protein associated with the CD4-p56lck and CD8-p56lck T cell receptor complexes

The guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins include signal-transducing heterotrimeric G proteins (for example, Gs, Gi), smaller GTP-binding proteins that function in protein sorting, and the oncogenic protein p21ras. The T cell receptor complexes CD4-p56lck and CD8-p56lck were found to include a 32- to 33-kilodalton phosphoprotein (p32) that was recognized by an antiserum to a consensus GTP-binding region in G proteins. Immunoprecipitated CD4 and CD8 complexes bound GTP and hydrolyzed it to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). The p32 protein was covalently linked to [alpha-32P]GTP by ultraviolet photoaffinity labeling. These results demonstrate an interaction between T cell receptor complexes and an intracellular GTP-binding protein.     

锯缘青蟹呼肠孤病毒p40蛋白的体外表达与单克隆抗体制备

锯缘青蟹呼肠孤病毒(Scylla serrata reovirus,SsRV)第9节段(S9)编码的p40蛋白可能为病毒的甲基转移酶(methyltransferase)。为了便于确认p40在病毒复制过程中扮演的角色,将S9片段的开放阅读框(ORF)克隆到原核表达载体pET28a(+),实现了在宿主表达菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中的高效表达,进而纯化了重组表达蛋白p40(rp40),并制备了抗SsRV p40蛋白的2株单克隆抗体(4B7、3E5)。经Western blot分析表明,2株单克隆抗体均可特异地识别rp40蛋白,以及识别SsRV病毒蛋白中分子量为46 ku和40 ku 2条蛋白条带。实验结果不但确认SsRV p40为SsRV的结构蛋白,也提示p40和p46蛋白可能具有相同的抗原表位。为该蛋白的后续功能研究奠定了基础。     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒外壳蛋白p1O的原核表达和抗血清制备及应用

南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(SRBSDV) p10蛋白由其基因组片段S10编码,根据SRBSD海南分离物S10序列(EU523360)设计特异性引物扩增编码p10蛋白的片段,并亚克隆至原核表达载体pET-28a+,以大肠杆菌BL21 plysS为宿主菌进行高水平表达,利用纯化的p10蛋白免疫兔子,制备了p10蛋白的特异性抗血清.ELISA检测显示,p10蛋白的抗血清可与来自湖南不同地区的白背飞虱病汁液发生强烈的血清学反应,表明该抗血清适用于田间SRBSDV的快速诊断.     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒外壳蛋白p1O的原核表达和抗血清制备及应用

南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(SRBSDV) p10蛋白由其基因组片段S10编码,根据SRBSD海南分离物S10序列(EU523360)设计特异性引物扩增编码p10蛋白的片段,并亚克隆至原核表达载体pET-28a+,以大肠杆菌BL21 plysS为宿主菌进行高水平表达,利用纯化的p10蛋白免疫兔子,制备了p10蛋白的特异性抗血...     

人核糖体40S亚基RPS11蛋白的原核表达和纯化

RPS11是核糖体小亚基40S的组成部分,属于核糖体蛋白S17p家族,由RPS11基因所编码,主要存在于真核生物中。本研究通过PCR扩增RPS11基因,构建pET43a-RPS11和pGEX-4T-1-RPS11原核表达载体。将重组质粒转入E.coli DH5α,序列测定正确后,将其转入E.coli BL21(DE3),加入IPTG诱导表达。表达蛋白经SDS-PAGE分析后,利用亲和层析法纯化蛋白。结果成功克隆RPS11基因,构建了原核表达载体pET43a-RPS11和pGEX-4T-1-RPS11,转化宿主菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中进行了表达。SDS-PAGE分析证实表达目的蛋白正确。通过Ni-TNA和GSH-Sepharose层析柱获得纯化蛋白,为进一步研究该蛋白的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

牛瑟氏泰勒虫双拷贝p23表面蛋白基因真核表达

为构建牛瑟氏泰勒虫双拷贝p23表面蛋白基因真核表达质粒,根据GenBank牛瑟氏泰勒虫p23表面蛋白基因序列（D84447）,分别设计2对特异性引物,利用全血基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取牛瑟氏泰勒虫基因组DNA,采用SOE—PCR技术构建双拷贝p23基因,克隆到pMD-18-T载体上,经过PCR、酶切鉴定及测序后,亚克隆到pVAX-Ⅰ真核表达载体上,经过鉴定后采用脂质体法将重组质粒pVAXI-2p23转染到BHK-21细胞,用IFA和RT—PCR来鉴定目的基因的表达情况．结果表明,成功构建了牛瑟氏泰勒虫双拷贝p23表面蛋白基因真核表达质粒,并在BHK-21细胞中获得表达．