矮秆中熟玉米杂交种丹玉71号选育技术报告

丹玉71号是辽宁省丹东农业科学院于2001年以自选系DR179为母本,以自选系E208为父本组配而成的玉米单交种,该品种属于矮秆中熟品种,2002～2003年在辽宁省区域试验与生产试验中表现突出,具有高产、优质、多抗、适应性强、耐瘠薄等特点.一般产量在10 125kg/hm2以上,适宜在东北春玉米种植本玉九号的地区种植.     

玉米新品种丹玉29号(丹639)的选育及利用

丹玉29号（丹639）是丹东农业科学院以自选系丹988为母本，以丹5026为父本组配而成，2001年经辽宁省农作物品种审定委员会审定。该品种具有产量高、抗病性强、米质优等特点，在辽宁、吉林春播生育期122d，比对照种本育9号晚熟2d左右，在河南、河北及安徽一带90d左右，可作为夏播品种。适宜吉林、黑龙江、辽宁种植本育9号、吉单159号、四单19号等品种的地区春播，亦适合山东、河南地区夏播。     

玉米杂交种丹玉55号的选育与应用

丹玉55号是丹东农业科学院以自选系K162为母本，外引系浓137例为父本组配而成的玉米杂交种。该品种属晚熟品种。1996－2000年在各级试验中表现了高产、稳产、优质、抗病，抗倒，出籽率高，活秆成熟，制种产量高等特点，一般产量9450.0kg/hm^2比对照掖单13增产8％以上。适宜辽宁省种植掖单13号、丹玉26例的地区种植，在辽宁南部及渤海、黄海沿岸种植效果更佳。     

玉米单交种丹玉27号(丹638)的选育及应用

玉米单交种丹玉27号(丹638)是丹东农业科学院玉米研究所于1994年以丹1324 2为母本,丹5026为父本组配而成。2000年7月经辽宁省农作物品种审定委员会审定,命名为丹玉27号;在2002年1月经内蒙古自治区农作物品种审定委员会认定通过。该品种为中熟品种,需要≥10℃积温2490℃·d,在辽宁、内蒙古、吉林生育期115～120d,在河南、河北及安徽一带生育期85～90d,产量平均比对照种本育九号增产10%以上。     

玉米杂交种丹玉56号选育研究与应用

丹玉56号是丹东农业科学院以自选系K162为母本，78599为父本组配而成的晚熟玉米杂交种。1996－2000年在各级试验中表现出高产、稳产、优质、抗病、抗倒、出籽率高、活秆成熟、制种产量高等特点。一般产量9750kg/hm^2，比对照掖单13号增产8％以上。适宜辽宁、吉林省种植掖单13号、丹玉26号的地区种植，在辽宁南部及渤、黄海沿岸种植效果更佳。     

玉米杂交种铁单20号的选育与应用

铁单20号是铁岭市农业科学院2000年冬在海南以自选系铁97005-1为母本,以自选系铁D9125为父本组配而成的中熟玉米单交种.该品种在各试验中表现产量高、稳定性好,穗均匀,同时品质优良,抗病、抗逆性强,活秆成熟,适宜在本育9种植区域推广种植.     

玉米杂交种丹玉35号品种特征特性及栽培技术

丹玉35号是丹东农业科学院以自选系S80为母本，丹340为父本组配的玉米单交种。该品种在各级试验中表现产量高、稳定性好，边行优势不明显，稳均匀，最高单产可达10762．5kg／hm^2，同时品质优良、抗病、抗旱、耐涝、活秆成熟，适合丹东地区南部、辽南渤黄海沿岸及辽宁中北部平原地区种植。     

丹东地区水稻品种产量稳定性研究

以29个区域试验的水稻品种(系)为试材,研究了水稻的产量和产量的稳定性。结果表明,不同水稻品种的产量差异、不同地点的产量差异和品种与地点间的产量互作差异都达极显著水平。辽星1号、港育10号和东研7号具有较好的产量、丰产性和稳产性,适宜在丹东地区种植。     

玉米新品种丹玉89号特征特性及栽培要点

丹玉89号(丹689)是丹东农业科学院于2001年冬在海南岛以自选系丹663为母本,自选系DH34为父本组配的晚熟玉米单交种。丹玉89号2005至2006两年区域试验平均产量683.9 kg/667 m2,比对照丹玉39号增产14.0%,居参试组合第2位;2006年参加生产试验平均产量656.96/667 m2,比对照丹玉39号增产7.5%,居全部参试组合第9位。具有抗病性强、高产、适应性强、活秆成熟等特点。     

玉米杂交种丹玉89号的选育

丹玉89号（丹689）是丹东农业科学院于2001年冬在海南岛以自选系丹663为母本,自选系DH34为父本组配的晚熟玉米单交种。丹玉89号2005～2006两年区域试验平均产量为10258．5kg／hm^2,比对照丹玉39号增产14．0％,居参试组合第2位;2006年参加生产试验平均产量为9849kg／hm^2,比对照丹玉39号增产7．5％,居全部参试组合第9位。具有抗病性强、高产、适应性强、活秆成熟等特点。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).