猪的氟烷基因和连锁标记基因单倍型推断

实验猪群由从ＥＳ特殊实验群和湖北白猪Ⅳ系选出的７头公猪、１４头母猪及其生产的１９窝１３６头仔猪组成。利用子代的氟烷测验结果和连锁标记位点的表型（ＰＨＩ、ＰＯ２、ＰＧＤ）推断了５头公猪、１０头母猪及其１５窝１０９头仔猪的氟烷和连锁标记基因的单倍型（Ｈａｌ－ｍａｒｋｅｒｈａｐｌｏｔｙｐｅ），并推断了其余４窝３７头仔猪亲代和子代的标记基因单倍型（ｍａｒｋｅｒｈａｐｌｏｔｙｐｅ）。结果发现，只有以家系为单位，在已知亲本一方为ＨＡＬ＋个体或是Ｈａｌｎ携带者，或者子代中有ＨＡＬ＋阳性个体的条件下，才能进行ＨＭ单倍型推断。本试验测得Ｈａｌｎｎ基因型的外显率为９１．８９％。     

猪的氟烷基因和连锁标记基因蝉倍型推断

实验猪群由从ＥＳ特殊实验群和湖北白猪Ⅳ系选出的７头公猪、１４头母猪及其生产的１９窝１３６头仔猪组成。利用子代的氟烷测验结果和连锁标记位点的表型（ＰＨＩ、ＰＯ２、ＰＧＤ）推断了５头公猪、１０头母猪及其１５窝１０９头仔猪的氟烷和连锁标记基因的单倍型，并推断了其余４窝３７头仔猪亲代和子代的标记基因单倍型。结果发现，只有以家系为单位，在顺亲本一方为ＨＡＬ个体或是Ｈａｌ携带者，或者子代中有ＨＡＬ阳性个体条件     

中国瘦肉猪新品系DⅣ系氟烷敏感性检测

采用英国产Ｆｌｕｏｔｅｃ型半封闭式氟烷麻醉仪，对中国瘦肉新品系ＤⅣ系１９６头猪进行氟烷测验（其中公４５，母１５１），结果２头呈阳性反应，阳性率为１．０３％。公母猪间对氟烷的耐受性差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。个体间氟烷耐受性的差异颇大。选择３６头氟烷阳性猪进行肥育测定至９０ｋｇ屠宰和肉质评定，各肉质指标均在正常范围内。     

猪白细胞抗原与产仔性能的关系

采用微量淋巴细胞毒试验对９０头经产母猪（二花脸６５头，大约克猪２５头）进行了血清学分型，计算了单倍型在两品种中的分布频率，运用单因子和双因子最小二乘分析法分析了ＳＬＡ单倍型与产活仔数之间的相关性。结果发现：（１）不同单倍型对猪产活仔数影响有明显的差异，Ｈ６、Ｈ１０有明显的正效应，Ｈ２、Ｈ１２、Ｈ３１有负效应。（２）单倍型对产活仔数影响在品种间有差异，在太湖猪中Ｈ６、Ｈ７、Ｈ１０和Ｈ２３几种单倍型频     

旋毛虫不同株同工酶比较的研究

本文对７株旋毛虫６种同工酶进行了分析比较，各株旋毛虫原始虫科分别来自哈尔滨，长春，天津，河南邓县，新野，云南保山及西安。除长春株畜主为犬外，其余均为猪。采用ＩＥＦ电泳，分别显示６种酶：ＧＰＩ，ＰＧＭ，Ｇ６ＰＤＨ，ＭＤＨ，ＡＬＡＴ及ＡＳＡＴ。结果长春犬株与哈尔滨猪株在ＧＰＩ，ＰＧＭ，Ｇ６ＰＤＨ，ＭＤＨ，ＡＳＡＴ５种酶的同工酶谱均有差异。同工酶分析及长春犬与哈尔滨猪株在其它生物学特征方面的差异提示它们     

禽源大肠杆菌O2,O78分离株外膜蛋白型的研究

从１７个禽大肠杆菌病病例的Ｏ２、Ｏ７８分离株提取的主要外膜蛋白（ＯＭＦ），在ＳＤＳ－ｐＡＧＥ中出现了２个ＯＭＰ型。其中，９个Ｏ２分离株属２个ＯＭＰ型，８个Ｏ７８分离株均属其中的１个ＯＭＰ型。结果表明，分离到的Ｏ２、Ｏ７８大肠杆菌具有多样性的ＯＭＰ型，而且两者存在着共同的ＯＭＰ型。     

皮特兰,比利时长白猪氟烷敏感检测试验

本试验采用国产５０１型全封闭式吸入麻醉机，并选用特制猪尖嘴形面罩进行。麻醉剂采用美国ＳＩＧ－ＭＡ公司生产的氟烷气体，分子式为Ｃ２ＨＢｒＣＩＦ３。试验时气温为２０℃左右，氧流速 为２．５升／分钟，氟烷浓度３％，每次试验最长时间为３分钟。试验共测定４９头猪，其中：皮特兰阳性猪１５头，阳性率为１００％；比利时长白猪阳性猪１１，阳性痃为７３．３３％；皮梅猪和长（比）梅猪氟烷阳性率为零。故用皮特兰和比利时长     

猪氟烷基因的检测及其对生长与肉质的影响

对中国瘦肉猪新品系ＤＩ和ＳＪ系３０１头仔猪进行氟烷测验,阳性率为１．３３％。随机抽取氟烷阴性猪３４头进行基因型检测,有６头为杂合子,由此推知ＮＮ、Ｎｎ和ｎｎ的频率分别为８１．２６％１７．４１％和１．３３％,Ｎ和ｎ的频率分别为８９．９７和１０．０３％。对三种基因型的肉质进行评定结果显示,４头氟烷阳性猪（ｎｎ）肉质最差,出现３头严重ＰＳＥ肉和一头轻度ＰＳＥ肉,而氟烷阴性猪未发生ＰＳＥ肉。２８头ＳＪ系氟烷阴性猪用阳性公猪测交,对产出的２０窝２０８头后代进行氟烷测定,共检出４窝中的２１头阳性猪,对测交后代进行肥育性能和肉质测定,结果阳性猪的日增重和饲料转化率等较低,屠宰率、眼肌面积和瘦肉率等较高,肉质较差。     

猪sCD2对其天然配体及SRBC培养上清液促淋转效应的影响

以２、４、１６、３２倍稀释猪血清ｓＣＤ２或５、１０、１００、５００倍稀释猪ＰＢＭＣｓＣＤ２，分别替代最优水平组合中的ｓＣＤ２，进行淋转抑制试验。试验结果提示，２、４倍稀释猪血清ｓＣＤ２或５、１０倍稀释猪ＰＢＭＣｓＣＤ２，分别对猪血清ｓＣＤ２配体或ＳＲＢＣｓＣＤ２配体促淋转及协同ＰＨＡ－Ｐ促淋转效应有显著或极显著的掏作用（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１）。在ＳＲＢＣ培养上清液和猪血清中可能存在一定量的ｓ     

猪血清淀粉酶多态性及遗传规律研究

采集２６７头二花脸、大约克纯种猪及它们的不同杂交组合后代血样，利用水平聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法，对血清中淀粉酶（Ａｍ）的遗传多态型及遗传规律进行研究，并分析了血清淀粉酶型对猪初生重的影响。结果表明猪血清症粉酶表现出多态性，有九种表现型并分别受四个共显性复等位基因控制，而其他文献大多提及Ａｍ受三个共显性复等位基因控制，并有六种表现型。Ａｍ基因型的九个交配组合后代基因型经Ｘ￣２检验，有两个交配组合（ＢＤ×ＣＤ，ＢＤ×ＡＤ）的分离比Ｘ￣２值Ｐ＜０．０１差异极显著；有两个组合（ＢＤ×ＢＣ，ＢＣ×ＣＤ）的分离比Ｘ￣２值Ｐ＜０．０５，差异显著；其他五个组合（ＢＤ×ＡＣ，ＣＤ×ＢＢ，ＣＤ×ＡＢ，ＢＤ×ＣＣ，ＢＣ×ＤＤ），分离比Ｘ￣２值Ｐ＞０．０５，差异不显著，符合孟德尔遗传规律。有些交配组合分离比与预期比不符合，是否由于某些基因型与生命力有关，还有待于进一步探讨。猪血清淀粉酶型与仔猪初生重相关关系不明显。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -