雏鸡运输的注意事项

目前,我国主要采用以下五种方法进行羽毛粉的加工生产。一高温高压水解法水解羽毛粉主要依靠水解过程中时间、压力、温度的控制。其加工过程为：收集羽毛,除尘清洗后,装入水解罐中,     

羽毛粉的加工方法

<正>1高温高压水解法水解羽毛粉主要依靠水解过程中时间、压力、温度的控制。其加工过程为:收集羽毛除尘清洗后,装入水解罐中,在高温高压条件下水解,然后烘干、粉碎、化验、包装成成品。     

不同氧化方法对羽毛粉中胱氨酸生成磺基丙氨酸效果的影响

采用均匀设计方法研究了过甲酸法、过乙酸法氧化羽毛粉中胱氨酸为磺基丙氨酸的效果，结果表明，两种方法的效果无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。从实用经济角度来考虑，以使用过乙酸氧化法为宜。使用此法的最适条件为：过乙酸用量（Ｘ１）０．１ｍＬ／ｇ羽毛粉，过乙酸组成（Ｘ２）（过氧化氢∶乙酸）１∶８；过乙酸的浓度（Ｘ３）９０％；氧化温度１１０℃（Ｘ４）；氧化时间（Ｘ５）８ｈ。在此条件下，磺基丙氨酸最佳得率为８．０２％。氧化条件（Ｘ）与生成磺基丙氨酸（Ｙ）之间的回归方程：ｙ＝０．９４２２＋０．０６８６Ｘ１＋０．５７８７Ｘ２＋０．００４９Ｘ３＋０．００５２Ｘ４＋０．２９５９Ｘ５。     

不同加工条件对羽毛粉可利用率的影响

羽毛粉是一种具有较高营养价值的蛋白资源，但由于其加工方法的不同，对动物的可利用率差别很大，本试验研究在高压高温水解条件下，控制蒸气压力作用的时间与羽毛粉可利用率的关系。设置加工条件为：在0.7MPa压力下作用时间分别为15min、20min、30min和40min、然后将加工样品依据TME法进行消化代谢试验。试验结果表明，在一定的压力条件下，压力作用的维持时间过长或过短都会降低羽毛粉的营养价值，用高压水解法生产羽毛粉的最适工艺参数为：在0.7MPa压力下维持20─30min。     

羽毛粉的五种加工方法

目前,我国主要采用以下五种方法进行羽毛粉的加工生产. 一 高温高压水解法 水解羽毛粉主要依靠水解过程中时间、压力、温度的控制.其加工过程为:收集羽毛,除尘清洗后,装入水解罐中,在高温高压条件下水解,然后烘干、粉碎、化验、包装成成品.这种加工工艺较为先进,其突出特点是彻底破坏羽毛角蛋白质稳定的空间结构,从而使它变成畜禽可消化吸收的可溶性蛋白,消化率达90%以上,但由于水解后二硫键断裂,会使胱氨酸的含量减少.     

水解膨化羽毛粉

水解膨化羽毛粉是通过物理法，即蒸气压力445千帕，温度121℃，蒸煮30分钟，然后将温度升至150℃熟化，瞬间膨化而成。水解膨化羽毛粉质地疏松，消化率明显提高。其蛋白质含量76%以上，是优质蛋白质原料。在鸡鸭日粮中添加3%的水解膨化羽毛粉可取代2%鱼粉，有利于羽毛生长，缩短换羽毛粉可取代2%鱼粉，有利于羽毛生长，缩短换羽期和防止鸡的啄癖。     

木瓜蛋白酶水解羽毛蛋白的最佳作用条件探索

采用木瓜蛋白酶对鸡羽毛蛋白的水解作用进行了研究，结果表明，木瓜蛋白酶对鸡羽毛蛋白的水解的最适pH值为7．0，最适温度为70度，并且90度时仍具相当的水解能力，经测定在作用时间为12h,羽毛粉：酶干粉＝100：2时，其表观消化率为72．92％。     

鱼粉中几种常见掺杂物的快速鉴别

鱼粉中羽毛粉的鉴别鱼粉中羽毛粉的鉴别未加工的羽毛称为生羽毛，羽梗根部中空半透明，顶部为羽片，在掺杂中较少见。较常见到的是家禽羽毛经高压或酸水解后干燥、粉碎得到的水解羽毛粉，水解后的羽毛粉蛋白质含量高达90％、鉴别时先将样品进行处理，其方法：取被检鱼粉数g，放入100ml烧杯中，加入四氯化碳数ml（以渗泡过样品为准），搅拌后静置几分钟，过滤漂浮层于滤纸中，风于后置40～80倍立体显微镜下观察。经水解处理的羽毛粉失去了通常羽毛的结构特征，有的形同玻璃碎粒，质地与硬度如塑胶，呈灰褐或黑色，在表面可看到深色锯齿状小刺…     

羽毛粉及其利用

集约化养鸡在我国开始得到迅速的发展,其付产品数量也日益增加。羽毛就是其中一种。在国外,大部分羽毛来自大规模的商业性肉鸡群。肉鸡长到8.5-9周就屠宰加工,羽毛每天集中送交专门的工厂,加工成羽毛粉。加工的方法有两种:一种是单批法;一种是连续法。前者是一批一批进行加工,羽毛装入炉内,在30磅/方时的压力下加工30分钟,若是压力更大,时间就更短。后者是采用一种新式连续加工炉,压力是80磅/方时,大约需10分钟。羽毛粉经过水解后,置于旋转蒸气筒内烘干。筒内温度是华氏240度,蒸气压力为     

羽毛蛋白酶解条件的初步研究

试验以羽毛粉为原料,对羽毛蛋白酶解的条件进行初步研究。以紫外分光光度计测得吸光度值为指标,得出酶解的最佳条件。进行单因素试验,以水解温度、加酶量、水解时间和pH作为4个因素,通过试验筛选每个单因素较好的数值。试验结果表明,最适酶解条件为水解温度60℃、加酶量2.5%、水解时间6 h和pH 6.5。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.