酯交换法生产生物柴油的研究进展

生物柴油是一种清洁可再生的生物能源,近年来已引起了人们的极大关注。酯交换法是生产生物柴油主要方法。对酯交换法生产柴油做了重点介绍,并对几种酯交换技术进行了讨论。分析和阐述了未来生物柴油的发展和需解决的问题。     

超声波联合混凝法处理制药废水的研究

为了探讨单独超声波降解法、混凝法及2种方法联合处理制药废水的可行性,研究了超声波辐射时间、功率以及混凝剂的种类、浓度对制药废水中COD和NH3-N去除的影响。结果表明：（1）超声波单独处理制药废水时,COD和NH3-N去除率先随着超声波辐射时间(200~1000 s)的增大而增大,最佳时间为1000 s,COD和NH3-N的最大去除率分别为27.80%、45.34%;超声波辐射时间为1000 s,COD和NH3-N去除率随着超声波辐射功率的增大而先增大后减小。（2）单独用混凝剂处理制药废水时,COD的去除率随着混凝剂的浓度(0.1~0.6 g/L)的增大而先增大后减小,PAC在0.3 g/L时为最佳,COD的去除率为40.10%,NH3-N的平均去除率保持在5%左右。（3）在各自的最佳状态下,先用超声波处理后加混凝剂比先加混凝剂后用超声波处理的COD和NH3-N的去除率高,分别为61.24%、58.63%。试验表明,先用超声波处理后加混凝剂比先加混凝剂后用超声波处理对COD和NH3-N的去除率高。     

固废生物炭净化处理猪场废水研究初探

为了探索固废生物炭对集约化猪场废水的净化处理效应,选取玉米秸秆(CS)、松球(PC)、开心果皮(PS)、棕榈皮(PR)等4种不同农林固体废弃物生物质材料制取生物炭,处理编号分别为CS500、PC500、PS500、PR500、PR700,对其理化特性及对猪场废水的吸附净化效果进行了初步研究。结果表明,不同来源的生物炭材料组分存在一定差异,同时生物炭各组分含量还受裂解温度的影响,其中玉米秸秆生物炭CS500的C、K、Cu、Zn含量最高,棕榈皮PR500的N、P、Fe含量最高,而棕榈皮PR700的Ca、Mg含量和pH最高;5种材料对猪场废水都有一定的净化效果,其中化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)的吸附效果明显,最大吸附量分别为81.62、43.67、10.46mg/g,总磷(TP)效果不显著。综合考虑,CS500的吸附效果最优,对COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的吸附量分别为81.62、20.75、10.46、1.19mg/g。本研究对农林固废生物炭的吸附净水效应做了初步探讨,为进一步开发利用生物炭材料在污水处理工程中的应用提供科学参考。     

新型流化床生物滤器处理海水养殖废水性能研究

为提升流化床生物滤器的水处理性能,优化滤器的工艺运行参数,研制了新型流化床生物滤器,并以玻璃珠为填料,将该生物滤器应用于斑石鲷循环水养殖系统,探讨了其对养殖水体中营养盐和有机物的去除效果。结果表明：新型流化床生物滤器实现了床层高度的稳定,避免了滤料的流失,优化了滤器内部的流态。在海水养殖工况下,新型流化床生物滤器经过一个月的自然挂膜,可实现滤器的成功启动。通过扫描电镜观察,挂膜前后生物膜载体表面发生了显著的变化。流化床生物滤器的硝化作用主要发生于床层的底部,表层对其贡献率不显著。在稳定工况下,新型流化床生物滤器对TAN、NO2--N、BOD5和SS 的去除率分别达到了(48.7±5.23)%、(64.28±9.88)%、(59.19±4.98)%和(40.06±10.21)%,对TAN的平均去除负荷达到了(245.2±50.5) g/(m3 ·d)。本生物滤器硝化性能及稳定性优于常规生物滤器,可为该滤器在循环水养殖系统中的高效运行和应用提供一定的技术支撑。     

抗生素替代品的研究进展

生长促进用抗生素的大量使用导致细菌耐药性问题日趋严重,同时传统抗生素的研发已进入瓶颈期,给细菌感染性疾病的治疗带来许多不安因素。这种情况下抗生素替代品逐渐成为世界各国的研究热点。文章就抗菌疫苗、免疫调节剂、噬菌体及其裂解酶、抗菌多肽、微生态制剂、植物提取物、细菌致病力抑制剂以及饲用酶这8类抗生素替代品的研发进展及存在问题进行分析和讨论,得出以下结论：兽用抗生素替代品由于其局限性尚不能完全替代抗生素,只有建立科学的监控体系和继续开发完善抗生素替代品才能减少抗生素不规范使用带来的负面效应,保证动物性食品的安全,从而实现畜牧业的绿色和健康发展。     

以花生壳为生物吸附剂去除废水中重金属的研究进展

生物吸附法是一种正在迅速发展的废水处理方法。为研究中国农业废弃物作为生物吸附剂处理重金属废水的研究及利用现状,通过简述了花生壳作为吸附剂的吸附机制、吸附模型和热力学参量等,并分析影响吸附过程的主要因素、材料再生和金属回收等,进而提出展望,旨在为进一步提高重金属去除效率和农业废弃物资源化方面提供理论指导。     

含锰废水的粉煤灰处理

为解决含锰工业废水对环境、土壤及生物带来的危害,研究采用热电厂废弃物粉煤灰作为吸附剂,希望能找到最佳吸附条件,同时为粉煤灰的综合利用提供更多机会;采用EDTA滴定法,对含锰废液进行了吸附研究,模拟测定了影响粉煤灰吸附特性的几种因素:重金属离子浓度、吸附时间、粉煤灰颗粒度以及待吸附液的pH等;结果表明:在其它条件相同的情况下,随着废液Mn2 浓度的增大,去除率逐渐降低;在吸附中60min为最佳震荡时间;随着粉煤灰粒度的减小,去除率增加;pH值应控制在中性偏碱性(pH值约为8.0最好)范围;可见,采用粉煤灰吸附含锰工业废水在适当工艺条件下可以有很好的处理效果,这种方法较简便,成本低廉,能达到以废治废的目的。     

生物法制备纳米硒的研究进展和应用前景

硒是人体必需的微量元素之一,对人类生存发展至关重要。作为一种新兴的生物纳米技术,研究制备纳米硒的方法越来越受到人们的重视,有着广阔的应用前景。本研究归纳了3种制备纳米硒的方法,即物理法、化学法和生物法。并详细介绍了生物法合成纳米硒,这种合成方法反应条件更温和、反应更迅速、绿色无污染且可持续发展,是制备纳米硒的3种方法中最优良的合成方式。本研究归纳了国内外近5年常见的表征纳米硒方法,如透射电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射和紫外可见吸收光谱,并就目前的研究进展,对硒产业的应用方向进行归纳,即植物补硒、动物补硒和药物开发,希望给其他学者探索研究制备纳米硒提供新思路,并对探索纳米硒的应用研究进行展望。     

橡胶树死皮研究进展

橡胶树死皮是一个世界性的难题,给天然橡胶生产带来了很大的损失。作者综述了橡胶树死皮的概念、症状、发生机制的相关假说及防治技术。大部分学者认为,橡胶树死皮是由过度割胶引起的一种复杂的生理综合症。笔者认为,植物激素失衡可能是橡胶死皮的一个重要因素。     

抗真菌农用抗生素有效成分研究进展

本文介绍了抗真菌农用抗生素的研究概况,以及有效成分研究的重要性,特别综述了农业上广泛应用的抗生素的有效成分的研究进展,并对其发展前景进行了讨论。     

Progress of Respirometry in Wastewater Biological Treatment

The consumption of oxygen is the most significant biological response in wastewater biological treatment,and the OUR(Oxygen Uptake Rate) of microorganism can be obtained by respirometry.So the respirometry becomes a valuable means for the theoretical research and process operation administration of wastewater biological treatment.The(progress) of respirometry is reviewed and the advantage and disadvantage of each are evaluated.The basic principle and difficulty in implementation of "ultimate" hybrid respirometer are emphasized and also the drawbacks of simpler hybrid respirometer being used presently are discussed.Finally the implementary approach for the development of hybrid respirometer with higher precision by designing novel systems of reactors and temperature control is put forward and the initial result is shown.     

Functional Microbial Diversities in Wastewater Biological Treatment

Molecular biotechnology as one of culture-independent methods has been increasingly used in the studies of wastewater microorganisms, and many uncultured populations have been revealed, which have changed many views of microbial ecology. This paper gives a succinct review of recent studies in wastewater microorganisms. Some novel, in many cases yet not cultured bacteria were identified to be responsible for filamentous bulking and foaming as well as phosphorus and nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment systems ; however, some predominate population recognized previouslY were proved unimportant. The data give some insights about microbial diversity, population dynamics, terns stability and specific microbial population activity, and they will be helpful to optimize plant design and parameter control. ecosysprocess     

Discussion on the Combined Domestic Wastewater Treatment Installation

This paper sums up and analyzes the combined domestic wastewater treatment installation. The significance of existence and the effect of its treatment were affirmed. Some problems at present were pointed out. Suggestions on its research, manufacture and operation as well as its standardization and serialization are presented.     

A Study on Mechanism of Biological Denitrification and Phosphorus Removal for Urban Wastewater

The treatment parameters in municipal treatment plant include COD, BOD5, SS, N and P etc. The paradoxical relationships are inevitably produced because of the different requirements on denitrification and phosphor removal. In this paper, the fundamental mechanism of biological denitrification and phosphor removal and their present situation and progress are presented. On the basis of analysis on the paradoxical relationship between biological denitrification and phosphor removal, the development of denitrification and phosphor removal process was discussed and the further study in this field was proposed.     

Advances in Immobilized Microorganism and Its Applications of Wastewater Treatment

By in troducing the way of the immobilized cell and conparing the carriers, this paper presented the advances in immobilized microorganism and its applications of wastewater treatment are presented. It is believed that immobilized microorganism treatment is a more effective mediod than general biological method. The paper discusses its application in treating heavy metal wastewater, organic wastewater, hydroxybenzen wastewate, and nitrogen wastewater,et ac. And the research indicates the advances and the problems of immobilized microorganism.     

Study on N-Phenylglycinonitrile Wastewater Treatment by Anoxic-Aerobic Process

The anoxic-aerobic process was used to treat n-phenylglycinonitrile wastewater from a chemical plant. Furthermore, the chemical process was used to remove ammonia from effluent of bio-chemical process. The results show that when the influent contains COD Cr 1 000-2 000 mg/L and NH 3-N 300 mg/L, the effluent would contain COD Cr 200-300 mg/L and NH 3-N 30 mg/L. The treated water can be reused as cooling water for the factory.     

Research Status of Dyeing Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater of dyeing industry has complicated constituents, and usually contains many kinds of dyes. It has deep tinct and strong toxicity, and it is difficult to decompose it. Its pH value fluctuates widely, and it has high concentration and large water quantity.The development status of the dyeing wastewater treatment inside and outside China is introduced, and the physics method, chemical method, physical chemistry method and biological method are stated in detail. The applicable conditions and treating effect of the four methods are listed and the advantages and disadvantages are concluded.     

Biological Pretreatment Processes of Nitrilon Wastewater

The nitrilon wastewater was pretreated with aerobic activated sludge, suspended carrier expanded bed and anaerobic biological reactor. The results showed that the aerobic activated sludge was unfit for treating nitrilon wastewater due to its CN - toxicity and high concentration of difficult degraded organic matter. With the increase of operational time, the activity of sludge lost gradually and a lot of microbe died. The effect of suspended carrier expanded bed treating nitrilon wastewater was worse and the removal efficiency of contaminated matter was under 15%. The anaerobic biological reactor was good at treating nitrilon wastewater and the removal efficiency of contaminated matter was up to 35%. Meanwhile the wastewater quality was improved and the biochemical performance of nitrilon wastewater was enhanced, which were beneficial for advanced treatment to nitrilon wastewater by sequential biological treating processes.     

物化与生物组合工艺在苎麻脱胶废水处理工程中的应用

传统的工艺设计不能满足苎麻化学脱胶废水处理的要求,本文对苎麻脱胶废水处理工程进行了改造,采用了“生化-物化”组合工艺,该工艺具有耐冲击负荷、运行稳定、易于管理和运行费用低等优点。     

Research Advances on Energy Consumption and Energy Efficiency in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Process

Municipal wastewater treatment process could be attributed to energy-intensity integrated technology. Research advance is summarized across from energy comsuption analysis, energy audit and management to development on energy saving processes or performance modes. The author think that due to theory frame of energy consumption and energy efficiency not being established, analytical approaches and evaluation means lag behind practical application. So consequent trend of intercrossing and syncretizing between biothermodynamics, chemical thermodynamics, energy engineering and basic knowledge in wastewater treatment domain would emerge. The trend will promote systematism and diversification occur in study on processes energy consumption and energy efficiency, and promote all kinds of research productions to be integrated and popularized.