利用计划烧除对野生动物栖息地进行管理的探讨

根据西双版纳国家级自然保护区目前开展的计划烧除工作,分析了西双版纳保护区管理部门开展计划烧除工作的现状,计划烧除区域的主要选择条件。分别从计划烧除对植被和动物两个方面的影响进行分析,认为在西双版纳开展计划烧除仅会对地表的草本植物、枯枝落叶、幼树造成一定的影响,但影响是短暂的。通过计划烧除可有效提高土壤肥力,促进林下植物的生长,为野生动物提供更多的食物,在一定程度上可增加野生动物在计划烧除区域的种群数量和活动时间。同时,提出了开展好计划烧除工作,确实做好野生动物栖息地保护与管理的有关建议。     

计划烧除对林下植物的影响分析——以曼搞保护区为例

通过对西双版纳国家级自然保护区曼搞片区计划烧除前后对3块暖性针叶林和2块季风常绿阔叶林的调查及监测结果显示,在曼搞保护区开展计划烧除,对各个群落内的乔木层没有影响,小乔灌层有一定的影响,高度在2m以下或基径3cm以下的幼树基本会被烧死,高度在2m以上的影响较小,草本层植物地上部分全部被烧死。但是在烧除后的3个月内,所有物种基本上都得到了不同程度的恢复,6个月后,所有草本植物的高度基本恢复到了恢复前的水平。通过分析认为,计划烧除对群落不会造成长时间的影响,通过计划烧除,可有效提高土壤养分,促进植物的生长,但是过多的丛生苗对林分的质量会有一定的影响。     

计划火烧对尚勇子保护区哺乳动物栖息地恢复成效的影响

对尚勇子保护区内冷山河区域实施火烧干扰前后哺乳动物对栖息地的利用情况进行监测,分析计划烧除对哺乳动物群落多样性和丰富度的动态影响。结果表明,计划烧除后野生动物群落的多样性、物种丰富度、均匀度均有明显增加,但随着时间的推移多样性指数逐渐恢复到未干扰月份;不同物种在烧除前后被监测到的痕迹数量变化趋势具极大的相似度。研究认为,计划充分和管理完善的火烧间伐在改善野生动物栖息地方面发挥着积极的作用。     

西双版纳保护区计划烧除林下可燃物对大型食草哺乳动物群落结构及动态的影响

2008～2011年在西双版纳保护区曼稿子保护区的了望台和曼稿老一号桩、勐养子保护区的莲花塘和关坪等地实施有计划地林下可燃物烧除，调查监测计划烧除前后动植物的变化情况，对大型食草哺乳动物群落结构及动态影响进行初步研究。结果表明，共有大型食草哺乳动物3科5种；在原生林季风常绿阔叶林、次生林及荒地（灌丛）3种生境中，烧除后，动物群落的多样性、优势度、均匀度都有所增加，增加值为0．04～0．2，其中，动物群落多样性指数、均匀度以及优势度变化最大的是在次生林中（0．26），其次是在荒地、灌丛中（0．07）。认为林下可燃物烧除加速了可燃物的更替，改善了动物的食源供应，提高了生境的利用率。     

计划烧除对西双版纳保护区思茅松林的影响

对西双版纳自然保护区内思茅松林进行计划烧除的影响情况监测。分析认为,计划烧除对思茅松林的乔木层树种不会产生明显影响,影响较大的是灌木层和草本层植物。在计划烧除过程中,灌木层和草本层植物大部分被烧死,但草本植物在烧除后3个月内已大部分重新萌发,1a后基本达到了烧除前的水平,6个月后灌木树种已基本从死亡植株的基部重新萌发出新的植株。计划烧除对思茅松林不会造成长期的影响,同时由于烧除后郁闭度减小,有利于林下植物的生长和外部植物的进入,可适当增加物种多样性,但丛生的植株对植物的生长有一定的影响。     

计划烧除对森林碳汇的影响分析

计划烧除释放大量CO2,对森林碳汇产生重要影响。通过分析计划烧除对种子、叶子、树种、森林群落演替的作用和影响,肯定计划烧除,特别是低强度的计划烧除可以促进森林碳的吸收和固定,提高森林碳汇能力,并估算计划烧除CO2释放量以及火烧后林下植物恢复碳汇量。同时根据我国森林资源现状,提出加强森林管理和增加森林碳吸收的措施和建议。     

利用林火对西双版纳国家级自然保护区生态系统进行有效管理的探讨

结合保护区开展的控制性火烧工作,分析了西双版纳自然保护区内林火具有火强度低、蔓延速度慢的特点.认为开展控制性火烧工作可有效缩短火灾周期,减少发生重特大火灾的机率,对增加野生动物食物来源,增加群落生物多样性,改变群落物种的组成结构,增加土壤肥力等方面均会起到积极的促进作用.藉此提出了全面开展利用林火管理生态系统的建议.     

佛坪自然保护区生态旅游对野生动物活动影响分析

佛坪自然保护区草坪—黑龙潭—大城壕属保护区实验区,是保护区境内最主要生态旅游线路。通过2004年至2010年对该区域入区人员的统计和日常巡护及定期监测中收集的野生动物活动数据分析,研究保护区开展生态旅游对野生动物活动的影响,探索了保护区生态旅游方向,使之既能实现一定的旅游收入,又对自然环境和野生动物的影响降到最低限度。     

美国大自然保护中心的计划烧除情况分析

依据美国大自然保护中心所属林地上计划烧除面积、次数及预备火烧面积等数据,研究计划烧除的特点和规律。分析表明,计划烧除的烧除面积、烧除次数及预备烧除面积均是东南方位的计划烧除最大,南部地区次之;计划烧除间隔为2-5年;1988-2008年十年间,计划烧除面积总体增加,2008-2018年十年间,计划烧除面积也在增加,但与1988-2008相比,增加面积较少;每年的计划烧除面积与计划烧除次数和为计划烧除所准备的面积大小有关,呈一定的正相关,即计划烧除次数越多,为计划烧除准备的面积越大,计划烧除面积就越大。建立起来的认识能为我国的计划烧除和林火管理提供借鉴。     

辽宁省主要林区可燃物计划烧除的应用分析

计划烧除是有效预防森林火灾,减少病虫害发生、促进林业资源更新的有效措施之一。为了确保计划烧除的安全性,相关工作的开展要科学地分步骤进行。对辽宁省主要林区中计划烧除的做法及相应的防控措施进行分析,指出计划烧除工作存在的问题,并提出相关建议。     

Dry coniferous forest restoration and understory plant diversity: The importance of community heterogeneity and the scale of observation

Maintaining understory plant species diversity is an important management goal as forest restoration and fuel reduction treatments are applied extensively to dry coniferous forests of western North America. However, understory diversity is a function of both local species richness (number of species in a sample unit) and community heterogeneity (beta diversity) at multiple spatial scales, while studies of restoration treatment effects often only examine local species richness at one or two spatial scales. We studied experimental thinning and prescribed fire treatment effects on understory plant species richness and community heterogeneity at three spatial scales using additive diversity partitioning. We also evaluated treatment effects on understory plant species colonization and extirpation at two spatial scales. There was no evidence that active restoration treatments reduced species richness or increased local extirpation of species. Restoration treatments significantly increased herbaceous species richness at the treatment-unit level primarily by increasing community heterogeneity among sampling points within the units. The combination of thinning and burning produced the greatest increase in community heterogeneity, and increased colonization by species that were not sampled prior to treatment. These results suggest that restoration treatments designed primarily to reduce fire hazard and promote sustainable conditions in these fire-adapted ecosystems can also increase community heterogeneity and facilitate colonization by new understory species without significant local extirpation of extant species.     

Potential CO2 emissions mitigation through forest prescribed burning: A case study in Patagonia, Argentina

Wildland fire is a natural force that has shaped most vegetation types of the world. However, its inappropriate management during the last century has led to more frequent and catastrophic fires. Wildland fires are also recognized as one of the sources of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases (GHG) that influence global climate change. As one of the techniques used to reduce the risk of destructive wildfires, prescribed burning has the potential of mitigating carbon emissions, and effectively contributes to the efforts proposed as part of the Clean Development Mechanism within the Kyoto protocol. In order to apply this concept to a real case, a simulation study was conducted in pine afforestation in the Andean region of Patagonia, Argentina, with the objective of evaluating the potential of prescribed burning for reducing GHG emissions. The scenario was established for a ten year period, in which simulated prescribed burning was compared to the traditional management scheme, which included the probability of annual average of wildfire occurrence based on available wildfire statistics. The two contrasting scenarios were: (1) managed afforestation, affected by the annual average rate of wildfires occurred in the same type of afforestation in the region, without prescribed burning, and (2) same as (1) but with the application of simulated prescribed burning. In order to estimate carbon stocks, and CO₂ removals and emissions, we followed the guidelines given for GHG inventories on the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) sector of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), while the terminology used was the established by IPCC (2003). Data of afforested area, thinnings, and biomass growth were taken from previous surveys in the study area. Downed dead wood and litter (forest fuel load, FFL) was estimated adjusting equations fitted to those fuels, based on field data. Results show that comparing the two scenarios, prescribed burning reduced CO₂ emissions by 44% compared to the situation without prescribed burning. The prescribed burning scenario represented about 12% of the total emissions (prescribed burning plus wildfires). Furthermore, avoided wildfires by simulated prescribed burning allowed an additional 78% GHG emissions mitigation due to extra biomass growth. Simulated prescribed burning in commercial afforestation of Patagonia appears to be an effective management practice not only to prevent wildfires, but also an efficient tool to mitigate GHG emissions. However, more studies in different scenarios would be needed to generalize these benefits to other ecosystems.     

Soil organic matter in a ponderosa pine forest with varying seasons and intervals of prescribed burn

Prescribed burning is used to reduce fuel loads and return ponderosa pine forests of the Western U.S. to their historical structure and function. The impact of prescribed burning on soil is dependent on fire severity which is largely managed by burning in the fall or the spring; frequency of fire will also regulate long-term fire impacts. The objective of this study was to determine if soils and soil organic matter (SOM) were affected by prescribed burning in the fall or the spring using singular or multiple prescribed burns. Prescribed burning was initiated in the spring of 1997 and fall of 1997 at 5-year intervals and once during a 15-year period on a study site located within the Malheur National Forest of the southern Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon. Soils were sampled by major genetic horizon in 2004. The 5-year interval plots had burned twice with 1–2 years of recovery while the 15-year interval plots had burned only once with 6–7 years of recovery. Samples were analyzed for pH, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), C/N ratio, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, water repellency, and humic substance composition by alkali extraction. Fall burning decreased C and N capital of the soil (O horizon +30 cm depth mineral soil) by 22–25%. Prescribed burning did not have an effect on fulvic or humic acid C concentration (FA and HA, respectively) of the mineral soil and only a minor effect on FA and HA concentration of the O horizon. One or two fall burns decreased humin and the alkali non-soluble C (NS) content of O horizon by 15 and 30%, respectively. Initiating fall burning in fire-suppressed stands may not preserve soil C, N, humin, and NS content, but may replicate the natural fire regime. Spring burning using a return interval of 5 or more years reduces the fuel load while having little impact on soil C, N, and SOM composition and may be used to prepare a site for subsequent fall burns.     

计划烧除的作用与应用研究综述

计划烧除是管理森林可燃物、预防森林火灾发生的有效方法,同时也是防治病虫害、促进山林复壮更新的重要措施。文章回顾了计划烧除在国内外的发展历史,阐述了计划烧除的应用及研究,总结出实施计划烧除的主要技术及操作程序,论述了国内目前计划烧除应用研究中存在的问题及发展前景。     

森林采伐迹地清理方式对迹地土壤理化性质的影响

采伐剩余物迹地清理是森林作业的重要组成部分之一。本文通过在黑龙江省带岭林业局野外迹地取样和实验室分析 ,对森林采伐剩余物迹地清理方式对迹地土壤的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,迹地清理方式对作业迹地土壤理化特性产生一定程度的影响 ,进而影响森林采伐后的迹地天然更新与苗木生长质量。研究结果还表明 ,火烧和堆积方法对迹地土壤物理特性影响不十分显著 ,但对土壤的化学特性影响十分显著 ,尤其是火烧迹地土壤养分流失程度差异比较显著     

Long-term impacts of prescribed burning on regional extent and incidence of wildfires—Evidence from 50 years of active fire management in SW Australian forests

Prescribed burning is advocated for the sustainable management of fire-prone ecosystems for its capacity to reduce fuel loads and mitigate large high-intensity wildfires. However, there is a lack of comprehensive field evidence on which to base predictions of the benefits of prescribed burning for meeting either wildfire hazard reduction or conservation goals. Australian eucalypt forests are among the very few forest types in the world where prescribed burning has been practised long enough and at a large enough spatial scale to quantify its effect on the incidence and extent of unplanned fires. Nevertheless even for Australian forests evidence of the effectiveness of prescribed burning remains fragmented and largely unpublished in the scientific literature.     

Forest management with wildfire risk,prescribed burning and diverse carbon policies

Forests absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and also can release it back into the atmosphere through natural disturbances and management activities. In this study, the impact of different carbon policies on a landowner's management decisions is analyzed at the stand level. Wildfires as a random natural phenomenon and forestry prescribed burning as a fuel treatment tool are all considered within the framework of a generalized Faustmann model. The results reveal that harvesting rotations and land values can be affected by the level and pattern of wildfire risk, and additionally, the consideration of carbon in various policies. In response to different carbon policies, the optimal time of prescribed burning only varies slightly, but its intensity can experience much larger variations. If the landowner needs to pay for carbon emission from prescribed burning but not from a wildfire, the optimal strategy is to conduct the prescribed burning more lightly and later than in the base scenario. Overall, participation in a carbon program results in a higher land expectation value, which is beneficial to the landowner. These research findings are helpful for understanding the relation between carbon policies and the behavior of landowners, and furthermore, for improving carbon policy designs.