Expression patterns of defence genes and antioxidant defence responses in a rice variety that is resistant to leaf blast but susceptible to neck blast

The rice stage resistance variety Jiajing3768 is resistant to leaf blast but susceptible to neck blast. This variety was used to analyze the expression patterns of defence genes and antioxidant defence responses in the leaves at the seedling stage (LSS) and necks at the preliminary heading stage (NPHS), after inoculation with Magnaporthe oryzae. We found that defence genes PR1b (pathogenesis-related class 1b), PR4, PR10a, JIOsPR10 (jasmonic acid induced rice PR 10), Gns1 (1,3; 1,4-β-glucanase), Cht-1 (chitinase), and LOX (lipoxygenase) may play roles in the stage resistance in Jiajing3768; PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and CHS (chalcone synthase) could participate in defending Jiajing3768 against neck blast but not leaf blast. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and malondialdehyde coordinately participate in the stage resistance to blast in Jiajing3768, and that oxidative damage is less in the LSS than in the NPHS.     

Response of the panicles exserted from the caulis and from various effective tillers at four stages of panicle development to neck blast in rice

The rice japonica variety Nipponbare and the indica variety 93-11, the genomic DNA sequences of which are known, were used to analyze the response of the panicles exserted from the caulis and from various effective tillers at four stages of panicle development to neck blast. Disease incidence in the necks (DIN), disease incidence in the rachis nodes (DIRN), lesion length in the necks (LLN), and number of conidia in the necks (NCN) were measured after inoculating the panicles in vitro of two rice varieties with Magnaporthe oryzae. Both Nipponbare and 93-11 were susceptible, DIN and DIRN of all panicles being 100% in both the varieties except DIRN in several panicles at stage 1 (the panicle fully exserted) in Nipponbare. Both LLN and NCN of panicles decreased as the panicles continued to develop. However, the patterns of this decrease in the panicles from the caulis and from various effective tillers were substantially different in the two varieties. In Nipponbare, neck blast became progressively severe in the order of emergence of the panicles from the caulis and from six effective tillers: values of LLN and NCN were the lowest in the panicles from the caulis, intermediate in those from first-class tillers, and the highest in those from second-class tillers. In 93-11, however, the source of panicles had no significant influence on LLN and NCN.     

不同水稻品种对二化螟的抗性及其与形态学和解剖学特征的关系

在实验室条件下研究了6个不同类型的水稻品种对二化螟的抗性及其与形态学和解剖学特征的关系。结果表明，二化螟幼虫在粳稻品种辽粳294和秀水11上的存活率最低，显著地低于在超级杂交籼稻两优培九和杂交籼稻汕优63上的存活率，但超级杂交籼稻协优9308和杂交籼稻汕优10上的存活率无显著差异。60日龄时汕优63的分蘖数最多，汕优10次之，辽粳294最少。杂交水稻品种的株高显著高于普通粳稻品种，而辽粳294和汕优63的叶鞘显著短于其它品种。除协优9308与两个粳稻品种无显著差异外，其它三个杂交稻品种的叶宽和叶角均大于粳稻品种。60日龄时杂交籼稻品种两优培九叶鞘的维管束间距最宽，辽粳294的维管束间距最窄，但其维管束直径最大。辽粳294和秀水11叶鞘硅细胞的密度显著高于其它几个籼稻品种。被二化螟幼虫危害后，除汕优10叶鞘的维管束间距略有下降（-0．28％）外，其它几个品种的叶鞘维管束间距均增大，其中辽粳294增幅最大，为33．33％。而维管束直径和硅细胞密度均有不同程度的下降，其中硅细胞数下降最为明显。     

Identification of blast resistance genes in 358 rice germplasms (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) using functional molecular markers

Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most devastating diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.), and neck blast is the most destructive phase of this disease. Although neck blast causes tremendous yield loss, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the neck blast resistance. To address this issue, we collected 358 rice varieties from different ecotypes in China and assessed them for the neck blast resistance under natural conditions favoring disease development in Jining, Shandong Province. Our results showed that 124 (34.6%) and 234 (65.4%) varieties were resistant and susceptible to M. oryzae under natural field conditions, respectively. Among the 358 rice varieties that were screened for the presence of 13 major blast resistance (R) genes against M. oryzae by using functional markers, 259 varieties contained one to seven R genes. In addition, the relationship between the presence of R genes and the disease reactions was also investigated by integrative analysis of phenotyping and genotyping based on functional markers. Our results showed that the rice blast resistance gene Pi2 was significantly correlated with neck blast resistance. Furthermore, any of the 13 major blast R genes was absent from 32 rice varieties exhibited obvious neck blast resistance, which would be the potential materials for identifying novel neck blast R genes. Taken together, our findings provide insight into the distribution of the 13 major blast R genes in the tested Chinese rice germplasm resources, which will serve as a basis for developing rice blast resistant. Furthermore, 32 rice varieties exhibited neck blast resistance, but they did not harbor any of the 13 major blast R genes. In the future, these varieties may be used to identify novel neck blast R genes.     

水稻品种抗瘟遗传多样性分析及其应用

以水稻的Xa21基因中富含亮氨酸重复区域（leucine-rich repeat regions）设计的XLRR for（CCGTTGGACAGGAAGGAG）与XLRR rev（CCCATAGACCGGACTGTT）为引物,通过PCR扩增、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染检测,进行了江西省水稻主栽品种和地方资源品种的抗病基因类似序列（resistance gene analogue,RGA）分析.结果表明,水稻抗病基因类似序列类型丰富,供试的23个品种的RGA-PCR指纹聚类后,当以欧氏距离4.5划分时,可分为6个遗传相似组.同一遗传相似组内的品种,在品种的特性上,有较强的相似性,如第二组,由两个品种大禾谷和长粒糯组成,它们均为高秆的地方优质老品种,生产上均较感稻瘟病.烂蔸糯和流稻糯两个糯稻品种,属同一遗传相似组.当以欧氏距离5.0划分时,可分为2个遗传相似组,其中一组包括圆粒糯、大禾谷、长粒糯等江西三个地方老品种和巴西陆稻.主栽品种汕优63、两优培九等与烂蔸糯、圆粒糯等优质地方老品种,遗传距离较远.田间试验表明,遗传背景差异较大的品种混合间栽,对稻瘟病平均防效达91.98%～95.68%.     

水稻稻曲病室内人工接种技术

为提高稻曲病人工接种的发病效果和稳定性,在温棚条件下采用水稻孕穗期注射接种法分别研究了稻曲病菌不同接种体、培养时间、接种浓度和接种时期的接种效果。采用病菌马铃薯蔗糖液体培养基（potato sucrose broth,PSB）作为接种体,其穗发病率为100%,明显好于病菌米糠培养液（23.33%）。病菌在PSB中培养5～7天接种效果较好,随病菌培养天数的延长,接种效果明显下降。接种的分生孢子浓度越低水稻病穗率和病粒数也越低。在水稻品种两优培九孕穗中后期,采用含分生孢子浓度为4×106个/mL的病菌PSB培养液注射接种,穗发病率达100%,平均病粒数35.1粒,最高达87粒。研究表明,温棚条件下建立的稻曲病人工接种技术能获得稳定的发病效果,并可区别水稻品种间的抗性差异。     

Races of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Magnaporthe oryzae</Emphasis> in Australia and genes with resistance to these races revealed through host resistance screening in monogenic lines of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis>

Rice blast is the most serious disease threat to rice production worldwide. It is difficult to control due to the complex diversity and wide geographic distribution of the causal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. In Australia, rice blast occurs in northern Australia but remains exotic to the main south-eastern rice growing area; however, there is the potential for rice blast to threaten this area; in addition, rice production is currently expanding from south-eastern Australia into northern Australia, which makes rice blast a major concern and challenge to rice industry in Australia. Prior to this study, there was lack of information on the race status of M. oryzae present in Australia and on how to manage the disease through host resistance. The races of rice blast isolates collected in northern Australia was characterised based on the disease reactions of eight standard rice differentials used in an international race differential system. The following studies revealed genes conferring resistance to these races through investigating the responses of 25 monogenic rice lines with targeted resistance gene against different races. The rice blast isolates were characterised into five races: IA-1, IA-3, IA-63, IB-3 and IB-59. Genes Pi40, Piz-t, Pi9, Pi5(t) and Pi12(t) exhibited resistance to all the isolates belonging to five races. In addition, two genes showed complete resistance to multiple races, viz. Pi9 that showed complete resistance to races IA-1, IA-3, IA-63 and IB-3 and Pita2 that had complete resistance to races IA-3, IB-3 and IB-59. This study provides information about the races of M. oryzae in Australia. Genes identified conferring resistance to multiple races will not only streamline the identification via molecular markers of imported rice varieties with resistance to rice blast in Australia, but will also allow the Australian rice breeding program to develop new varieties with broad-spectrum resistance to rice blast and pyramid multi-gene resistance into Australian rice varieties.     

寒地水稻主栽品种稻瘟病流行规律

稻瘟病是危害我国水稻生产的四大主要病害之一。在自然发病条件下,研究了黑龙江省抗、感不同和熟期不同的6个生产主栽品种稻瘟病的流行规律,分析空气温度、相对湿度、降雨量、雨日数以及初始发病率等多种流行因素对发病率的影响。结果表明,不同熟期品种,感病品种叶瘟及穗颈瘟发病时间早、发展速度快、发病程度高,发病时间比抗病品种早7～10 d,供试品种田间稻瘟病的流行规律可用Logistic模型描述。分别建立了不同抗、感品种的稻瘟病叶瘟和穗颈瘟的预测模型,其中在黑龙江省水稻生产季节雨日和相对湿度对田间稻瘟病的流行速度影响最大,是稻瘟病流行的限制因子。     

Effects of panicle development stage and temperature on rice panicle blast infection by Magnaporthe oryzae and visualization of its infection process

Panicle blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae), directly contributes to yield loss in the field. The effects of panicle development stage and temperature on panicle blast were studied and the infection process of M. oryzae in panicles was visualized. Rice panicles at different development stages from three rice cultivars were inoculated with a conidial suspension in vitro. The rice cultivar Lijiangxintuanheigu was highly susceptible to panicle blast at 5 days postinoculation (dpi) when the pulvinus distance was 15–20 cm. Nanjing 9108 was moderately susceptible to panicle blast when the pulvinus distance was 8–10 cm, but Yliangyou 800 was resistant. The effect of temperature on panicle blast was determined under 22–35 °C temperature treatments. Inoculated panicles placed at temperatures of 28 and 30 °C showed the highest lesion grade based on lesion length at 5 dpi. The infection process of M. oryzae in rice panicles was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). M. oryzae initially formed the appressorium to invade through the epidermis of rice panicles at 24 hours postinoculation (hpi). As the disease progressed, the invasive hyphae formed dense mycelial networks in the inner parenchyma cells at 60 hpi. Our results will contribute to the understanding of panicle development stage and temperature effects on panicle blast and improve resistance evaluation methods. Additionally, visualization of the infection process by CLSM and TEM are valuable methods to observe M. oryzae invasive hyphae inside rice panicle cells.     

防治稻瘟病芽胞杆菌的筛选及效果评价

从232株细菌中筛选获得2株对稻瘟病菌具有明显抑菌活性的菌株S09和S170,对稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae P131菌丝的抑制率分别为90.44%和92.38%;离体叶片法测定表明,菌株S09和S170抑菌效果分别为74.62%和75.52%,与绿地康1号无显著差异。16S rDNA序列分析比对,菌株S09与短小芽胞杆菌Bacillus pumilus基因序列的同源性最高;gyrA基因测序结果表明,菌株S170与解淀粉芽胞杆菌B.amyloliquefaciens基因序列的同源性最高。结合形态观察,确定菌株S09为短小芽胞杆菌,菌株S170为解淀粉芽胞杆菌。菌株S09和S170对稻瘟病的温室防治效果分别是76.56%和80.57%。田间试验结果表明,菌株S09和S170对水稻有明显的促生和增产作用,分别提高水稻种子发芽17.37%和12.34%、促进根长18.68%和33.85%、增加株高12.44%和28.49%、降低空秕率25.17%和35.59%,还可以有效改善稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度。短小芽胞杆菌S09和解淀粉芽胞杆菌S170对叶瘟的田间防治效果分别是70.59%和73.19%,对穗颈瘟的田间防治效果分别是71.55%和74.82%,菌株S170对稻瘟病的防治效果与75%三环唑可湿性粉剂、绿地康1号处理无显著差异。     

超级杂交中稻主要病虫药剂防治新技术

2006—2007年,在桃江县稻瘟病重发区应用超级杂交中稻主要病虫药剂防治新技术防治两优0293大田生育期主要病虫试验,结果表明：该技术可有效防控超级杂交中稻主要病虫危害,对大部分病虫防效好于常规施药技术,且比常规施药技术减少农药用量42.38%～68.59%、增产2.46%～118.00%;其中施用52.5%丙环唑&#8226;三环唑悬乳剂处理对稻瘟病的防效高、增产增效明显。     

浙江省水稻新品种(系)对稻瘟病的抗性研究

用4个稻瘟病菌小种对浙江省280份水稻新品种(系)进行稻瘟病抗性分析,结果表明:浙江省水稻新品种(系)对稻瘟病菌具有较好的抗性,籼稻和粳稻对参试菌株的全抗率分别为21.62%和39.05%,说明粳稻具有较籼稻更广的抗谱;浙江省新品种(系)对ZB13小种具有较高的感病率,籼稻和粳稻的感病率分别为69.37%和52.07%。     

广东省主栽水稻品种稻瘟病主效抗性基因的鉴定及分析

 利用稻瘟病抗性基因进行抗病新品种的培育是控制稻瘟病害最经济、有效的措施。为了明确当前广东省水稻稻瘟病抗性基因的分布特点,本研究利用Pi1、Pi2、Pi9、Pib、Pita等5个已克隆主效抗稻瘟病基因的分子标记,结合叶瘟和穗颈瘟自然抗性鉴定,对70份广东省主栽水稻品种和骨干亲本抗稻瘟病基因的组成进行了分析。结果显示,含有Pi2抗性基因的水稻品种有10份(占14.3%),抗性贡献率显著;Pib和Pita的检出率较高,分别为42份(60%)和37份(52.9%),但对广东省稻瘟病菌的抗性较弱;未检测到上述已知主效抗稻瘟病基因的有13份(18.6%),表现为感稻瘟病;全部供试材料均未检测到含有Pi1和Pi9抗性基因。本研究揭示了广东省主栽水稻品种和骨干亲本抗稻瘟病基因的组成及其对稻瘟病抗性的贡献,为华南稻区抗病新品种的培育提供重要参考。     

广东省主栽水稻品种稻瘟病主效抗性基因的鉴定及分析

利用稻瘟病抗性基因进行抗病新品种的培育是控制稻瘟病害最经济、有效的措施。为了明确当前广东省水稻稻瘟病抗性基因的分布特点,本研究利用Pi1、Pi2、Pi9、Pib、Pita等5个已克隆主效抗稻瘟病基因的分子标记,结合叶瘟和穗颈瘟自然抗性鉴定,对70份广东省主栽水稻品种和骨干亲本抗稻瘟病基因的组成进行了分析。结果显示,含有Pi2抗性基因的水稻品种有10份(占14.3%),抗性贡献率显著;Pib和Pita的检出率较高,分别为42份(60%)和37份(52.9%),但对广东省稻瘟病菌的抗性较弱;未检测到上述已知主效抗稻瘟病基因的有13份(18.6%),表现为感稻瘟病;全部供试材料均未检测到含有Pi1和Pi9抗性基因。本研究揭示了广东省主栽水稻品种和骨干亲本抗稻瘟病基因的组成及其对稻瘟病抗性的贡献,为华南稻区抗病新品种的培育提供重要参考。     

水稻空间诱变育种抗稻瘟病研究

粤香占和青华占2个水稻品种的种子经过高空气球搭载后,选育出株型好、分蘖力强,产量提高的空间诱变高代(6代以上)品系.为了解空间诱变品系对稻瘟病的抗性变异情况,采用36个广东省稻瘟病菌不同致病型的代表菌株分别对粤香占和青华占及其空间诱变品系进行抗谱测定.研究结果表明:①空间诱变能使水稻品种产生稻瘟病抗性变异,有的诱变品系比原种抗病,有的则比原种感病.②空间诱变产生的抗病性变异比较复杂,不同品种的抗病性变异不一样.③空间诱变引起的稻瘟病抗性变异有可能是由多个抗病基因引起的.④空间诱变可以获得抗稻瘟病的特异种质.粤香占是感病品种,本研究测定的抗谱为25%,从其空间诱变品系中,获得高抗稻瘟病的2个品系YX-8和YX-9,抗谱达到94.4%.空间诱变抗病品系的穗颈瘟鉴定试验正在进行中.     

A refined inoculation method to evaluate false smut resistance in rice

False smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is a serious disease of rice worldwide. To evaluate false smut resistance in rice, we developed a method combining the cultivation of the main culm of rice plants in the greenhouse and rapid preparation of a conidial suspension to inject into the leaf sheath. The method was used to evaluate false smut resistance in 18 varieties/lines of rice. For comparison, field trials were also carried out in 2007 and 2008. The results indicated that the greenhouse method was more reproducible than field trials: commercial varieties tested were resistant; almost all the forage varieties were highly susceptible; and blast-resistant varieties/lines were mostly resistant to false smut. Thus, this inoculation method will be useful for determining the level of false smut resistance in rice and for breeding resistant varieties.     

Effect of two systemic fungicides on rice blast control in a rainforest zone of Nigeria

Abstract

Two systemic fungicides, benomyl (methyl 1‐((butylamino)‐carbonyl)‐1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl carbamate) (Benlate 50WP, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.) and tricyclazole (5‐methyl‐1,2,4‐triazole (3,4‐b) benzothiazole) (Beam 75 WP, Eli Lilly & Co.), were sprayed on Faro 29, a popular shallow swamp rice, at full tillering stage for the control of natural infection of rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in the rainforest zone of eastern Nigeria. The rates evaluated for each fungicide were a split application of 150 + 150, 300, and 400ga.i./ha of each fungicide. Both fungicides suppressed foliar and neck blast development, but tricyclazole was superior to benomyl. One application of tricyclazole at 400g a.i./ha at full tillering stage of rice successfully suppressed blast development and resulted in a significantly (P = 005) higher grain yield than the untreated control plants by an average of 42.17% during the 2 years of this study. Similarly, benomyl at 400g a.i./ha produced 18.94% more rice grain than the control. A fungicide such as tricyclazole may therefore be recommended for control of blast in areas where resistant varieties are not available or where popular resistant varieties become susceptible to one or the other phases of the disease.     

云南元阳哈尼梯田稻瘟病菌遗传多样性分析

 利用12对SSR引物,对来自云南元阳哈尼梯田不同海拔高度、不同水稻品种上的稻瘟病菌菌株进行遗传多样性分析,并运用日本清泽建立的鉴别品种对其中62个菌株进行生理小种鉴定。结果显示:稻瘟病菌总体遗传多样性水平较高(He=0.57±0.27,I=1.17±0.60)。聚类分析表明,在80%相似水平下菌株可划分为9个多样性群体。供试菌株划分为16个生理小种,其中002、000和006为优势小种。分离的不同海拔稻瘟病菌生理小种和遗传多样性存在差异。海拔1600~1700m生理小种最丰富,达9个生理小种;海拔1500~1600m、1400~1500m和1700~1800m,生理小种分别为6、5和4个;遗传多样性分析表明,从海拔1400~1500m分离的菌株遗传多样性水平最高(He=0.57±0.24),并划分为6个群体。综合分析表明,在元阳哈尼梯田系统中,栽培传统品种遗传多样性越丰富的区域,其稻瘟病菌群体多样性和生理小种也越丰富。     

Transmission of rice blast from seeds to adult plants in a non‐systemic way

Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is a serious threat to rice production worldwide. In temperate regions, where rice is not cultivated for several months each year, little is known about the initial onset of the disease in the field. The main overwintering and primary inoculum sources reported are infested residues and seeds, but the subsequent steps of the disease cycle are largely unknown, even though a systemic infection has been proposed but not demonstrated. The present work follows rice blast progression in infected seeds from germination to seedling stage, with direct and detailed microscopic observations under both aerobic conditions and water seeding. With the use of GFP‐marked M. oryzae strains, it was shown that spores are produced from contaminated seeds, infect emerging seedling tissues (coleoptile and primary root) and produce mycelium that colonizes the newly formed primary leaf and secondary roots. Using different rice cultivars exhibiting distinct levels of resistance/susceptibility to M. oryzae at the 2/4‐leaf stage, it was observed that resistance or susceptibility of a considered genotype is already established at the seedling stage. The results also showed that when plants are inoculated either at ripening stage (mature panicles), heading stage (flowering/immature panicles) or even before heading (flag leaf fully developed), they produce infested seeds. These seeds produce contaminated seedlings that mostly die and serve as an inoculum source for healthy neighbouring plants, which gradually develop disease symptoms on leaves. The possible rice blast disease cycle was reconstructed on irrigated rice in temperate regions.     

寒地水稻新品种(系)抗稻瘟病性鉴定及利用

１９９２～１９９７年通过稻瘟病人工接种和自然感病２种方法,共鉴定寒地水稻新品种（系）６３２份（次）,鉴定出抗稻瘟病新品种（系）５２份,在黑龙江省先后推广普粘七号、藤系１３７等１２个,获得较好社会效益和经济效益。