长江江苏段浮游动物群落结构调查报告

2004年9月和12月、2005年3月对长江江苏段浮游动物的群落结构进行调查.浮游动物108种,以轮虫最多,45个种属,占41.66%;原生动物12个种属,占11.11%;枝角类25个种属,占23.14%;桡足类26个种属,占24.07%.年浮游动物密度为47.96个/L,生物量0.3663mg/L.全年常见的优势类群为:轮虫的臂尾轮虫属、三肢轮虫属、龟甲轮虫属、晶囊轮虫属;枝角类的象鼻溞属、秀体溞属;桡足类的真剑水蚤属、温剑水蚤属、许水蚤属.     

程海浮游动物种群特征与数量的周年变化

为深入了解程海湖泊生态系统的状况,2009年10月至2010年7月对程海浮游动物进行了季节性调查。结果表明,程海有浮游动物34科、59属、86种;其中,原生动物13科、18属、28种,轮虫10科、23属、34种,枝角类5科、7属、11种,桡足类2科、7属、9种,其他浮游动物4科、4属、4种。原生动物纤毛虫类(Ciliophora)四季均为优势类群,溞钟虫(Vorticella kahli)春季数量较多,而急游虫(Strombidium sp.)和湖累枝虫(Epistylis lacustris)在秋季数量达到高峰。轮虫优势种为暗小异尾轮虫(Trichocerca pusilla)、奇异巨腕轮虫(Pedalia mira)、裂痕龟纹轮虫(Anuraeopsis flasa)和萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)。枝角类种类少、数量多,主要是棘爪网纹溞(Ceri-odaphnia reticulata)、短尾秀体溞(Diaphanosoma brachyurum)、透明溞(Daphnia hyaline)、园形盘肠溞(Chydorus sphaericus)和长肢秀体溞(D.leuchtenbergianum);桡足类种类少、数量低,近剑水蚤(Tropocyclops sp.)、锯齿真剑水蚤(Eucyclops macruroides deticulatus)、透明温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops hyalinus)常见并有一定优势。浮游动物数量为3316.9个/L;其中,春季2635.6个/L,夏季3010.7个/L,秋季3998.0个/L,冬季3623.5个/L;水平分布南部明显偏高,东部数量高于西部,湖心明显偏少。相关分析表明,影响浮游动物数量变动的主要因子是温度、食物和鱼类摄食。在水体富营养化和太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)的强大摄食压力下,程海浮游动物小型化趋势明显。     

鲢鳙占优势的千岛湖浮游动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的相关性

为了解以鲢鳙占优势的千岛湖中浮游动物群落结构特征以及与水温、溶解氧等环境因子的关系,采用方差分析、典范对应分析等方法,对千岛湖河流区、过渡区、湖泊区3个地区的浮游动物种类、数量以及环境因子的月变化特征进行了调查。结果表明:2007—2008年,共鉴定出浮游动物115种,其中原生动物16种、轮虫51种、枝角类23种、桡足类25种。浮游动物密度在春季(2007年:840.9/L,2008年:850.5/L)形成高峰;生物量在春季(2007年:1.89mg/L,2008年:0.837 mg/L)和秋季(2007年:1.63 mg/L,2008年:0.802 mg/L)形成双高峰;现存量从河流区至湖泊区依次递减。河流区和过渡区的浮游动物密度均于4 m水层达最大值,湖泊区于8 m水层达到最大值。各位点4～12 m水层的大型浮游甲壳动物优势种透明溞、蚤状溞、球状许水蚤等和小型浮游甲壳动物优势种长额象鼻溞、颈沟基合溞、台湾温剑水蚤等的生物量较高。原生动物、桡足类生物量与溶解氧显著正相关;轮虫、枝角类生物量与总氮、硝态氮、浮游植物生物量极显著正相关。典范对应分析(CCA)表明,溶解氧、温度、总氮、总磷、硝态氮是影响浮游动物时空分布的主要因子。透明溞在2—6月份主要受到以浮游植物为食物的上行效应的影响较大,而其他月份主要受水温的影响较大。     

苏皖交界河网区后生浮游动物群落结构及其影响因子分析

鉴于长江中下游河网水流条件复杂,河流生境变化导致的浮游动物群落结构特异性,于2012年10月(平水期)和12月(枯水期)在长江下游江苏和安徽交界处的河网区布设6个采样点,进行轮虫和甲壳动物采样调查,并检测NH+4-N、NO-2-N、TN、TP、CODMn和Chl.a含量等水环境指标。结果表明,河网区共检出轮虫31种,优势种包括螺旋龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)和疣毛轮虫(Synchaeta sp.)等;枝角类14种,优势种为象鼻溞(Bosmina sp.);桡足类20种,优势种为跨立小剑水蚤(Microcyclops varicans)、中华窄腹剑水蚤(Limnoithona sinensis)和温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops sp.)。轮虫密度最高,平均为350.69个/L,其次为桡足类3.44个/L,枝角类最少,仅0.15个/L。轮虫和甲壳动物的季节变化规律不同,平水期的轮虫种类多于枯水期,枝角类和桡足类则相反,浮游动物的密度变化规律也类似。CCA分析表明,氮、磷、CODMn和Chl.a共同影响了浮游动物的群落结构与分布,枯水期轮虫密度与枝角类和桡足类密度均显著正相关(P0.01),叶绿素a与3类浮游动物密度也显著正相关(P0.05)。受长江汛后水文条件的影响,河网区浮游动物群落组成及优势种变化有其特定规律,轮虫与甲壳动物的种间关系也对其种类和密度的季节变化造成影响,而食物限制则是枯水期种群竞争的重要因素。     

印江县浮游动物群落结构初步研究

为了解印江县主要水域浮游动物群落结构特征,于2018年7—8月在印江县主要水域进行采样分析。结果显示,在印江县共采集到浮游动物4门22属34种,轮虫类、桡足类、原生动物和枝角类物种数占浮游动物物种总数的比例分别为47.06%、38.24%、8.82%和5.88%。优势种类为4门6属10种,其中桡足类5种,轮虫类3种,原生动物1种,枝角类1种。印江县主要水域的浮游动物密度变幅为24.12~363.89ind./L;生物量变幅为0.2071~1.4118mg/L;群落丰富度指数(Dm)变幅为3.27~5.44;香农指数(H')变幅为0.69~3.69;均匀度指数(J')变幅为0.35~0.88。从多样性指数分析来看,水体介于β-中污染带到轻污染带之间。通过综合分析,印江县水域整体上说为β-中污染或贫营养水平。     

柳叶湖浮游动物调查报告(摘要)

根据1983—1985年11次采样观测的结果,柳叶湖浮游动物有98种,其中原生动物占39％,轮虫占33％,枝角类占19％,桡足类占9％。浮游动物生物量平均为4.44(2.27—5.76)毫克/升;其中原生动物3.4％,轮虫占29％,枝角类占43％,桡足类占24.6％。本文根据浮游动物生长期生物量估算了鳙鱼生产潜力。一、工作方法柳叶湖浮游动物     

西藏尼洋河流域浮游动物群落结构研究

尼洋河是雅鲁藏布江流域内的五大支流之一,具有独特的地理位置和自然环境.在前人研究的基础上,通过扩大干流与主要支流上的采样点、增加对支流巴河上的冰川堰塞湖-巴松错采样,研究尼洋河流域的浮游动物群落结构.经鉴定,浮游动物有47属、78种;其中,原生动物17属、35种,占浮游动物总物种数的45％;轮虫17属、30种,占39％;枝角类9属、9种,占12％;桡足类4属、4种,占4％.结果表明,尼洋河流域动物群落结构在种数上以原生动物和轮虫为主,密度上主要取决于原生动物和轮虫密度的多寡,枝角类和桡足类所占的比例极低;生物量以轮虫、枝角类和桡足类为主,原生动物所占比例最少.结合各采样点的生境特征分析,尼洋河干流和支流中的巴郎曲和巴河浮游动物物种丰富、群落结构复杂、群落稳定性较高;本研究再次证明尼洋河地区肉足虫类是以古北区种类分布为主的特点,并对筒壳亚目(Tintinnina)在西藏及其周边地区的分布情况进行了研究,对解决西藏原生动物的起源和演化具有十分重要的意义.统计分析表明,相较于海拔高度的变化,小环境对浮游动物的分布有更大的作用.     

涨渡湖的浮游动物

1991年4—10月对涨渡湖浮游动物的种类和数量进行了调查,结果表明涨渡湖浮游动物为68属,其中原生动物27属,轮虫19属,枝角类9属,桡足类13属。浮游动物平均数量为8252个/L,平均生物量1.778mg/L,由此推算出涨渡湖浮游动物的鱼产力为23kg/公顷。     

锦江河特有鱼类国家级水产种质资源保护区浮游动物群落结构

为研究锦江河特有鱼类国家级水产种质资源保护区浮游动物群落结构特征,于2015年1月、4月、7月和10月按季度在锦江河保护区进行采样分析。结果显示,在保护区共采集到浮游动物4门51属82种,轮虫类、原生动物、桡足类和枝角类物种数占浮游动物物种总数的比例分别为46.34%、29.27%、15.85%和8.54%。优势种类为4门6属16种,其中轮虫类6种,原生动物4种,枝角类4种,桡足类2种。保护区浮游动物密度变幅为297.76~1 430.10 ind/L,平均为855.13 ind/L;生物量变幅为5.73~26.36 mg/L,平均为14.37 mg/L;群落丰富度指数(D_m)变幅为3.18~4.90,平均为3.96;香农指数(H')变幅为2.11~3.12,平均为2.81;均匀度指数(J')变幅为0.81~0.89,平均为0.86。研究表明,在被摄食压力下降及饵料生物资源下降的共同影响下,保护区外界环境对个体较小的原生动物和轮虫有利,群落生态优势度也集中于上述浮游动物类群。受到水文特征的影响,锦江河核心区的浮游动物物种数、密度和生物量以及多样性指数总体高于实验区。     

梁家湾水库浮游动物群落结构及与水体理化因子的相关性研究

自2014年10月至2015年10月逐月对山西省长治市沁县县城境内的梁家湾水库浮游动物群落进行调查和分析,共检出浮游动物58种(属),其中,原生动物22种(属)、轮虫30种(属)、枝角类3种(属)、桡足类3种(属)。浮游动物年均密度为16 418个/L,年均生物量为9.894 mg/L。种类数、密度、生物量均呈现夏秋两季相对较高的特点。相关性分析显示,水温、总磷、叶绿素a是影响浮游动物群落变化的重要因素,表明梁家湾水库浮游动物群落结构的季节变化与水体营养状况密切相关。综合运用水质理化因子、综合营养状态指数、多样性指数及浮游动物优势种对梁家湾水库进行水质污染水平和富营养化评价,得出2015年梁家湾水质状况属于β-中污染,营养程度为中营养型水库     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.