Integrated agronomic practices management improved grain formation and regulated endogenous hormone balance in summer maize(Zea mays L.)

Compared with single agronomic practices management during grain formation, knowledge about integrated agronomic practices management on grain-filling characteristics and physiological function of endogenous hormones was limited. In order to clarify this issue, two field experiments, integrated agronomic practices management(IAPM), T1(local conventional cultivation practices), T2(an optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment), T3(treatment based on high-yield studies), and T4(further optimized combination of cropping systems and fertilizer treatment), and nitrogen rate testing(NAT)(four nitrogen rates, 0, 129.0, 184.5, and 300.0 kg N ha–1) were performed with summer maize hybrid Zhengdan 958(ZD958). Results showed that with increased nitrogen rate, the endogenous hormone balance was promoted and the grain-filling characteristics were improved sufficiently to resulting in a significant increase in grain yield. However, the grain-filling characteristics deteriorated and yield was reduced with excessive nitrogen fertilization. However, IAPM could promote hormone balance and improve grain filling characteristic. The indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), zeatin riboside(ZR), and gibberellin(GA3) contents under T2 and T4 treatments were higher and the abscisic acid(ABA) content was lower, and the ZR and GA3 contents under T3 were higher than those under T1. Those resulted in the maximum grain-filling rate(Wmax) and the active grain-filling period(P) under T2, T3 and T4 were significantly increased than those under T1, and hence promoted kernel weight and grain yield. So IAPM promoted hormone balance by improving tillage model, optimizing fertilizer rate and fertilization period, appropriately increasing planting density and delaying harvest, which promoted grain filling rate and lengthened active grain-filling period, finally increased grain yield.     

Characterization of low-N responses in maize(Zea mays L.) cultivars with contrasting nitrogen use efficiency in the North China Plain

Over-use of N fertilizer in crop production has resulted in a series of environmental problems in the North China Plain(NCP). Thus, improvement of nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) in summer maize has become an effective strategy for promoting sustainable agriculture in this region. Using twenty maize cultivars, plant dry matter production, N absorption and accumulation, yield formation, and NUE in summer maize were investigated under three N levels in two growing seasons. Based on their yield and yield components, these maize cultivars were categorized into four groups including efficient-efficient(EE) cultivars, high-nitrogen efficient(HNE) cultivars, low-nitrogen efficient(LNE) cultivars and nonefficient-nonefficient(NN) cultivars. In both two seasons, the EE cultivars improved grain yield together with increased plant biomass, and enhanced accumulative amounts as well as higher average grain yields than the other cultivar groups under deficient-N conditions. Significant correlations were observed between yield and kernel numbers(KN), dry matter(DM) amount and N accumulation at both post-silking and maturity stages. DM and N accumulation at late growth stage(i.e., from silking to maturity) contributed largely to the enhanced yield capacity and improved NUE under N-deficient conditions. Compared with the NN cultivars, the EE cultivars also showed increased N assimilation amount(NAA) and N remobilization content(NRC), and elevated N remobilization efficiency(NRE), NUE and nitrogen partial factor productivity(PFPN). Our investigation has revealed N-associated physiological processes and may provide guidance for cultivation and breeding of high yield and NUE summer maize under limited N conditions in the NCP.     

包膜尿素和普通尿素混施对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

为探索一次性施肥（包膜尿素和普通尿素混施）对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、施肥经济效益和土壤硝态氮残留的影响,以夏玉米品种‘富友9’为材料进行了大田试验,试验设不施氮、常规施氮、减氮10%（30%包膜尿素）、减氮10%（50%包膜尿素）、减氮20%（30%包膜尿素）和减氮20%（50%包膜尿素）共6个处理,分析调查了夏玉米产量、氮素吸收和土壤无机氮动态变化。结果表明,包膜尿素在田间的释放曲线为抛物线形,释放期为81 d（氮素累积释放80%）。与常规分次施氮相比,采用包膜尿素和普通尿素混施处理的夏玉米产量增加2.85%~20.87%,氮肥利用率提高19.1~25.3个百分点。包膜尿素和普通尿素混施的情况下,夏玉米每公顷净收益（扣除肥料投入）比常规施氮增加1 000~4 484元。夏玉米收获后,在100~200 cm土体内残留硝态氮较常规施氮降低35.1%~56.6%,减少了硝态氮淋失风险。研究表明,减氮10%~20%的一次性基施混施肥在夏玉米上实现了增产增收,减少了硝态氮在深层土壤的残留量,降低了环境污染风险,综合夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、施肥经济效益和土壤硝酸氮残留等因素来看,减氮10%（30%包膜尿素）施氮配方的效果最好。研究结果可为为夏玉米轻简化生产和氮肥减施增效提供技术支撑。     

华北平原夏玉米氮利用效率的遗传参数估计

为研究玉米品种氮利用效率相关性状的遗传参数,本试验选择20个具不同氮利用效率的单交种在华北平原的2个地点同期进行试验,氮肥处理设高氮(施氮,折合纯氮225 kg/hm2)和低氮(不施氮,其地块经过连续2年耕种使氮素耗竭)2个水平。试验结果表明,供试品种在低氮水平下的平均产量比高氮降低了22.6%,从8.45 t/hm2降低到6.45 t/hm2,穗粒数减少幅度较大为17.12%;而千粒重、出籽率、干物质含量、株穗率、籽粒含油率、籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量在2个氮水平下的平均表现相近。2个试验点的联合方差分析表明,以上大部分籽粒性状的遗传方差在2个氮水平下均达到显著水平;所有性状的基因型×氮的互作方差都不显著。在2种氮水平下,籽粒淀粉含量与籽粒含油率及籽粒蛋白质含量间都表现出显著负相关,籽粒含油率与蛋白质含量表现出较弱的正相关。高氮和低氮水平下的产量表型相关系数为0.759,表明可以在高氮水平进行氮高效品种的筛选。     

dep1 improves rice grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency simultaneously by enhancing nitrogen and dry matter translocation

The rice cultivars carrying dep1(dense and erect panicle 1) have the potential to achieve both high grain yield and high nitrogen use efficiency(NUE). However, few studies have focused on the agronomic and physiological performance of those cultivars associated with high yield and high NUE under field conditions. Therefore, we evaluated the yield performance and NUE of two near-isogenic lines(NILs) carrying DEP1(NIL-DEP1) and dep1-1(NIL-dep1) genes under the Nanjing 6 background at 0 and 120 kg ...     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对夏玉米氮利用及土壤硝态氮的影响

为探讨秸秆还田对夏玉米氮利用、产量和土壤硝态氮的影响,于2007年在河南省滑县进行了田间小区定位试验.结果表明,与单施纯氮90,180,270和360 kg·hm-2相比,秸秆还田配施同量氮肥,氮收获指数(NHI)分别提高了4.4%,5.6%,3.7%和1.9%;子粒粗蛋白质含量分别提高了0.6,0.6,0.6和0.7 g·kg-1;子粒产量分别增产了5.8%,9.5%,10.1%和9.0%;夏玉米收获后0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮残留量为23.8～121.4 kg·hm-2.初步研究表明,秸秆还田提高了夏玉米氮素利用效率,改善了子粒品质,减少了0～200 cm土层土壤剖面硝态氮残留量.豫北秸秆还田配施纯氮以90～180 kg·hm-2为宜.     

养分专家系统推荐施肥对夏玉米生理特性及产量的影响

为探究养分专家系统推荐施肥对夏玉米生理特性的影响,于2019年6月—10月在河南省鹤壁市、新乡市两地同步开展肥效田间试验,设置农户施肥(FP)、经验施肥(ST)、养分专家推荐施肥(NE)、在NE基础上施用缓控释肥(RNE,50％包膜氮肥,施肥量同NE)、在NE基础上不施氮肥(NE-N)、在NE基础上不施磷肥(NE-P)、在NE基础上不施钾肥(NE-K)共7个处理.以夏玉米浚单22为试验品种,于关键生育时期测试叶片叶绿素、冠层光合有效辐射、光合速率和叶片解剖结构,并于成熟期测定产量,分析计算肥料利用特征,研究不同施肥措施对夏玉米产量和光合生理特性的影响.结果 表明:基于养分专家系统的推荐施肥(NE、RNE)处理较肥料减施状态下(NE-N、NE-P、NE-K)处理分别增产28.69％、23.23％、22.89％,较FP平均增产16.62％、11.40％.氮、磷、钾合理施用有效降低叶片胞间CO2浓度、提高净光合速率,并且对叶片解剖结构和叶绿素含量具有积极影响,光合有效辐射分量在夏玉米整个生育期内对产量的影响较大.进一步研究表明,NE处理氮、磷、钾肥料利用率平均为29.63％、15.23％、40.55％,肥料农学效率分别是11.95、22.59、24.49 kg?kg-1.综上可知,氮磷钾合理施肥显著改善夏玉米生育期叶片的光合性能,提升肥料利用率,促进干物质的合成,提高了夏玉米产量.     

Review grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice production regions in China

As one of the staple food crops, rice(Oryza sativa L.) is widely cultivated across China, which plays a critical role in guaranteeing national food security. Most previous studies on grain yield or/and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of rice in China often involved site-specific field experiments, or small regions with insufficient data, which limited the representation for the current rice production regions. In this study, a database covering a wide range of climate conditions, soil types and field managements across China, was developed to estimate rice grain yield and NUE in various rice production regions in China and to evaluate the relationships between N rates and grain yield, NUE. According to the database for rice, the values of grain yield, plant N accumulation, N harvest index(HIN), indigenous N supply(INS), internal N efficiency(IE_N), reciprocal internal N efficiency(RIE_N), agronomic N use efficiency(AE_N), partial N factor productivity(PEPN), physiological N efficiency(PE_N), and recover efficiency of applied N(RE_N) averaged 7.69 t ha~(–1), 152 kg ha~(–1), 0.64 kg kg~(–1), 94.1 kg kg~(–1), 53.9 kg kg~(–1), 1.98 kg kg~(–1), 12.6 kg kg~(–1), 48.6 kg kg~(–1), 33.8 kg kg~(–1), and 39.3%, respectively. However, the corresponding values all varied tremendously with large variation. Rice planting regions and N rates had significant influence on grain yield, N uptake and NUE values. Considering all observations, N rates of 200 to 250 kg ha~(–1) commonly achieved higher rice grain yield compared to less than 200 kg N ha~(–1) and more than 250 kg N ha~(–1) at most rice planting regions. At N rates of 200 to 250 kg ha~(–1), significant positive linear relationships were observed between rice grain yield and AE_N, PE_N, RE_N, IE_N, and PFPN, and 46.49, 24.64, 7.94, 17.84, and 88.24% of the variation in AE_N, PE_N, RE_N, IE_N, and PFPN could be explained by grain yield, respectively. In conclusion, in a reasonable range of N application, an increase in grain yield can be achieved accompanying by an acceptable NUE.     

施用硫肥对关中地区夏玉米硫素吸收及产量的影响

为了解关中地区小麦－玉米轮作条件下玉米硫素吸收及籽粒产量对不同施硫量的响应,于2011年6月—2011年10月进行单因素硫肥大田试验,设置0、37.5、75、112.5 kg S·hm^-2和150 kg S·hm^-25个施硫水平,研究夏玉米硫素吸收利用效率及干物质积累特征。结果表明：大喇叭口期玉米硫吸收强度最高,达到288.4～378.6 g·hm^-2·d^-1,施硫可提高玉米硫吸收强度。112.5～150 kg S·hm^-2处理显著提高玉米群体干物质积累量;75～112.5 kg S·hm^-2处理显著提高玉米籽粒产量,施硫水平达到150 kg S·hm^-2时籽粒产量有下降趋势。玉米硫肥偏生产力和农学利用率随施硫量的增加而下降;玉米硫肥吸收利用率均在5％以下。结论：夏玉米对硫肥的响应明显,112.5 kg S·hm^-2施硫量是当地夏玉米的适宜施硫量。     

不同控释肥对夏玉米源库流特性的影响

在大田条件下,以常规施肥为对照,通过测定群体光合速率(CAP)、叶面积指数(LAI)、果穗叶SPAD值.子粒灌浆速率、产量、基部节间伤流强度及穗柄伤流强度等指标,研究了控释肥对夏玉米源库流特性的影响.结果表明,与常规施肥相比,控释肥显著改善了吐丝期以后群体各项生理指标,各控释肥处理的CAP,LAI和果穗叶SPAD值分别提高了5.45%～37.02%,4.61%～26.42%和1.28%～7.51%;穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重和产量增幅分别为5.56%～20.24%,5.00%～9.50%,3.73%～14.67%和3.38%～13.36%,子粒日增重的平均值增加了14.18%～19.32%;基部节间伤流强度和穗柄伤流强度的增幅分别为2.42%～74.97%和1.41%～116.67%.在本试验条件下,控释肥能明显调节夏玉米源库流特性,其中硫加树脂包膜尿素控释肥的调节效果最好.     

不同栽培模式对华南双季晚稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

为探讨氮肥运筹和栽插规格等栽培管理措施对华南双季稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响,以杂交稻粤杂889为材料,设置6种栽培模式,分别为不施氮肥(N0),前期重施氮肥的农民习惯栽培(FP,N肥 200 kg·hm^-2,栽插规格20.0 cm×23.3 cm),氮肥后移与不同栽插规格组成的4种栽培模式(简称优化模式),即高产高效1(M1,N肥180 kg·hm^-2,氮肥后移,20.0 cm×20.0 cm)、高产高效2(M2,N肥200 kg·hm^-2,氮肥后移,30.0 cm×13.3 cm,宽行窄株)、高产高效3(M3,N肥180 kg·hm^-2,氮肥后移,25.0 cm×13.3 cm,宽行窄株)和高产高效4(M4,N肥220 kg·hm^-2,氮肥后移,30.0 cm×13.3 cm,宽行窄株),比较不同栽培模式下水稻产量形成特点和氮素吸收利用特征。M1、M2、M3和M4栽培模式,2011年较FP分别增产16.7%、20.5%、18.3%和24.1%,2012年较FP模式分别增产6.3%、16.0%、22.9%和12.8%。与M1相比,M2、M3和M4增产1.3%~15.6%。两年中,M1、M2、M3和M4的氮肥吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力平均比FP提高65.2%~82.4%、55.6%~88.1%和7.9%~33.9%,差异显著。优化模式产量的提高主要与单位面积颖花数和结实率的增加密切相关;4种优化管理模式的平均增产量分别与抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量、成熟期干物质积累量、穗分化始期和成熟期氮素积累量、氮素农学利用率和吸收利用率呈显著或极显著的线性正相关。结果表明,在现有技术的基础上通过优化氮肥用量和栽插规格综合措施具有进一步提高产量和氮肥利用效率的潜力。     

长期定位施肥对夏玉米光合性状及产量的影响

基于 30年的长期定位试验, 研究了长期定位施肥对夏玉米光合性状及产量的影响。研究结果表明：随着施肥量的增加,玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量,光合速率,干物质积累量都显著提高。有机肥与氮肥配施的处理与偏施氮肥的处理相比,各项指标提高最为显著。长期不施肥,玉米的穗粒数最低偏施氮肥可以提高穗粒数,但与对照差异不显著,有机肥与氮肥配施可以显著提高小麦的穗粒数,产量较高,高有机肥与高氮肥配施的处理产量最高。     

华北平原不同施氮量与施肥模式对作物产量与氮肥利用率的影响

合理施肥是保证作物高产、减少面源污染的重要措施,以华北平原为研究区域,基于7个长期施肥试验,探讨不同施氮量及施肥模式（不施肥CK、化肥NPK、有机肥M、有机无机配施NPKM）对作物产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,作物产量与施肥量之间整体呈抛物线趋势,作物产量最高值均出现在NPKM处理。不同施肥模式对作物产量有一定影响,NPKM与NPK处理小麦产量无显著差异,且显著高于M、CK处理;NPKM、NPK、M处理玉米产量无显著差异,均显著高于CK处理。氮肥利用率随着施氮量增加呈下降趋势,不同施肥模式对氮肥利用率有一定影响,小麦季NPKM与NPK处理氮肥利用率无显著差异,且高于M处理,玉米季NPKM、NPK、M处理之间氮肥利用率均无显著差异。综合分析施氮量与有机肥替代率两因素对小麦产量的影响,在华北平原,利用有机肥替代化肥潜力可观,且不会显著降低作物产量,甚至增产,但为避免显著减产,在考虑提高有机肥替代率时,需要满足总施氮量的需求。     

生物炭结合氮肥减量对玉米产量和氮效率的影响

为明确施用生物炭条件下氮高效品种玉米的氮效率和适宜减氮量,以氮高效品种郑单958(ZD)和氮低效品种先玉508(XY)为试验材料,以氮肥用量为主区、品种为副区开展裂区试验设计.试验主区共设置5个处理:C0,不施生物炭,施纯N 300 kg·hm-2;C1,施生物炭3000 kg·hm-2和纯N 300 kg·hm-2;...     

Nitrogen management improves lodging resistance and production in maize (Zea mays L.) at a high plant density

Lodging in maize leads to yield losses worldwide. In this study, we determined the effects of traditional and optimized nitrogen management strategies on culm morphological characteristics, culm mechanical strength, lignin content,root growth, lodging percentage and production in maize at a high plant density. We compared a traditional nitrogen(N) application rate of 300 kg ha–1(R) and an optimized N application rate of 225 kg ha^–1(O) under four N application modes: 50% of N applied a...     

氮肥用量与施用时期及分配比例对夏玉米干物质积累的影响

为合理有效施用氮肥提供依据,以郑单958为试验材料,研究了氮肥用量与施用时期及分配比例对夏玉米干物质积累与分配的影响。研究结果表明:施氮量为10 kg/667 m2时,在苗期施肥比大喇叭口期施肥能获得更大的干物质积累量;大喇叭口期和吐丝期施氮肥有利于玉米生育后期干物质积累;施氮量为20 kg/667 m2,施用时期及分配比例为苗肥30%+大喇叭口肥60%+花粒肥10%的处理,群体干物质积累量和籽粒的干物质积累量最大,最大增长速率、平均增长速率都较高。     

Differences of yield and nitrogen use efficiency under different applications of slow release fertilizer in spring maize

Excessive or insufficient application of fertilizer has raised broader concerns regarding soil and environmental degradation. One-time application of slow release fertilizer (SF) has been widely used to reduce yield gap with potential maize yield and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A 2-year field experiment (2018–2019) was conducted to evaluate the effects of SF rates from 0 to 405 kg N ha^–1 (named F0, SF225, SF270, SF315, SF360, and SF405) and 405 kg N ha^–1 of common fertilizer (CF405) on the grain yield, biomass and N accumulation, enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism, NUE and economic analysis. Results indicated that the highest grain yields, NUEs and economic returns were achieved at SF360 in both varieties. The enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism, pre- and post-silking accumulation of biomass and N increased with increasing SF rate, and they were the highest at SF360 and SF405. The grain yield at SF360 had no significant difference with that at SF405. However, the N partial factor productivity, N agronomic efficiency and N recovery efficiency at SF360 were 9.8, 6.6 and 8.9% higher than that at SF405. The results also indicated that the average grain yields, NUE and economic benefit at SF405 were 5.2, 12.3 and 18.1% higher than that at CF405. In conclusion, decreasing N rate from 405 kg ha^–1 (CF) to 360 kg ha^–1 (SF) could effectively reduce the yield gap between realized and potential maize yields. The N decreased by 11.1%, but the yield, NUE and economic benefit increased by 3.2, 22.2 and 17.5%, which created a simple, efficient and business-friendly system for spring maize production in Jiangsu Province, China.     

控释氮肥用量对油菜产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

在氮肥一次性施用条件下,研究控释氮肥对安徽江淮地区油菜产量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用效率的影响,明确控释氮肥的适宜用量,为本区域冬油菜轻简化施肥提供依据。2016—2017年度在安徽省江淮流域油菜主产区布置控释氮肥不同用量施用效果田间试验。试验共设6个控释氮肥用量梯度,分别为 0、60、120、180、240和300 kg·hm^-2和1个常规氮肥180 kg·hm^-2。结果表明,一次性基施氮肥180 kg·hm^-2的条件下,控释氮肥处理（CRU180）油菜籽粒、氮含量、氮积累量均显著高于普通尿素处理;同时,CRU180处理也显著提高了氮肥表观利用率、农学效率和偏生产力。比较控释氮肥不同用量,随着施氮量的增加,油菜各部位生物量和氮素积累量逐渐增加,其中籽粒产量在氮用量180 kg·hm^-2时处于较高水平,显著高于低施氮量各处理（CRU120和CRU60）,继续增加施氮量产量没有显著增加;籽粒、茎秆和角壳的氮素积累量均以CRU300处理最高,CRU240次之,但二者显著降低了氮收获指数和氮肥利用率各指标。综合来看,控释氮肥用量为180 kg·hm^-2时能在维持油菜籽粒产量不降低的的条件下,保持较高的氮肥利用效率。基于油菜产量与控释氮肥用量的线性加平台模型,本区域控释氮肥一次施用的最佳用量为166.4 kg·hm^-2。     

Strip deep rotary tillage combined with controlled-release urea improves the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize in the North China Plain

Inappropriate tillage practices and nitrogen(N) management have become seriously limitations for maize(Zea mays L.) yield and N use efficiency(NUE) in the North China Plain(NCP). In the current study, we examined the effects of strip deep rotary tillage(ST) combined with controlled-release(CR) urea on maize yield and NUE, and determined the physiological factors involved in yield formation and N accumulation during a 2-year field experiment. Compared with conventional rotary tillage(RT) and no-t...     

氮肥施用对直播冬油菜产量及氮肥利用率的影响

为探明安徽省直播冬油菜种植中适宜的氮肥用量、氮肥种类和施氮方式,通过田间小区试验,研究尿素不同用量及等氮量尿素和控释尿素不同施用方式对直播冬油菜产量、氮肥累积量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：施氮水平和施氮方式对直播冬油菜产量具有显著影响,成株率与产量之间呈显著正相关,施氮量180 kg N·hm^-2条件下,尿素分次施用处理（N180）和控释尿素一次性施用处理（CRU180）在生育中后期能有效提高直播冬油菜密度。施氮量240 kg N·hm^-2、尿素分次施用处理（N240）角壳和茎秆氮素累积量分配比例增加,籽粒分配比例减少,氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理效率和氮肥偏生产力显著降低,籽粒产量不增反降,较CRU180和N180分别降低2.87%和9.67%。各施氮处理中,N180处理产量最高,较其他施氮处理显著增产7.53%~82.15%。施氮量180 kg N·hm^-2条件下,相比尿素一次性施用处理（U180）,CRU180和N180显著增产8.53%和16.69%,籽粒氮素累积量显著增加8.80%和16.02%,氮肥表观利用率显著增加11.68%和14.30%,氮素农学效率显著增加12.53%和24.46%,氮素生理效率增加0.74%和9.13%,氮肥偏生产力显著增加8.59%和16.76%。综合本试验直播冬油菜产量、氮素累积量和氮肥利用率结果来看,合理的氮肥用量和氮肥品种可以有效增加直播冬油菜的成株率和氮素累积量,进而增加产量、提高氮肥利用率。安徽省直播冬油菜施氮量180 kg N·hm^-2,尿素分次施用和控释尿素一次性施用,均能达到产量和氮肥利用率的双向提升。考虑到直播冬油菜轻简化发展大趋势,建议采用控释尿素一次性基施。