Secondary metabolites of rice sheath blight pathogenRhizoctonia solaniKühn and their biological activities

Eight compounds were isolated from the fermentation cultures of rice sheath blight pathogenRhizoctonia solaniKühn. They were identiifed as ergosterol (1), 6β-hydroxysitostenone (2), sitostenone (3),m-h...     

Effects of Jinggangmycin on the growth and development of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn causal agent of rice sheath blight

以水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)强致病菌株GD-118为供试菌株,在室内观察了井冈霉素(Jinggangmycin)对其生长发育的影响.结果表明:井冈霉素对水稻纹枯病菌的毒力回归方程为y=3.3603+1.3204x,相关系数r=0.9626,理论抑制菌丝生长的EC5o为70.2μg/mL,EC95为6341.5μg/mL.与不加井冈霉素的空白对照相比,用井冈霉素处理后水稻纹枯病菌的菌落边缘明显凹凸不平,边缘菌丝更密集、颜色加深,并且随着井冈霉素处理浓度的增加,菌丝的干质量逐渐降低,但菌落表面菌丝的密集程度有所增加、颜色更深;空白对照的菌核呈颗粒状、褐色,散生于菌落表面,边缘较多而中间较少;用井冈霉素处理后的菌核多数为粉状、浅褐色,部分菌核会连在一起呈块状,分布在菌落外围呈明显的双环形,具不规则的凹凸型菌落边缘,并且随着井冈霉素处理浓度的增加,菌核的干质量有所增加,菌核出现时间比空白对照提前约24 h.另外,随着井冈霉素处理浓度的增加,水稻纹枯病菌的菌丝细胞核平均数目和分布范围均有不正常增多的趋势.     

云南烟草靶斑病(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)病原鉴定及其融合群研究

2016年云南省普洱市和临沧市烟草种植区大面积发生叶部病害,经鉴定为烟草靶斑病(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn),此病为云南烟区首次发现。广泛采集2个市的烟草靶斑病病叶标本59份,采用常规组织分离法获得58个菌株,将所获菌株分别与立枯丝核菌标准融合群菌株AG-1-IA、AG-2-1、AG-3、AG-4-HGⅡ、AG-5、AG-6GV、AG-8和AG-9进行载玻片对峙培养,并进行菌丝融合观察,结果表明:58个菌株均属于立枯丝核菌AG-3标准融合群,且不与其他标准融合群发生融合反应。随机选取云南省6个地区各1个代表性菌株,以待测菌株的基因组DNA为模板,利用真菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS)通用引物ITS1和ITS4对病菌rDNA ITS序列进行PCR扩增,扩增产物序列在Gen Bank中进行BLAST同源性检索比对。应用MEGA 6.06软件和NeighborJoining法,分别计算遗传距离及构建系统发育进化树分析亲缘关系。基于5.8S rDNA-ITS区序列的系统发育树进一步分析,结果表明,Rhizoctonia solani菌株的ITS序列可明显的分为2个支系,同一菌株的不同ITS序列可分别存在不同的分支中,但所有菌株的序列均隶属相同的融合群即AG-3,且隶属相同融合群的不同菌株之间其序列的一致性可高达99%~100%。     

Assessment and selection of fungal antagonists against Rhizoctonia solani

The soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (teleomorph, Thanatephorus cucumeris [A.B. Frank] Donk) is worldwide responsible for serious damage of many economically important agricultural and horticultural crops. Control of Rhizoctonia diseases is difficult because this pathogen survives for many years as sclerotia in soil or as mycelium in organic matter under numerous environmental conditions. Furthermore, the pathogen has an extremely wide host range. To date, no effective con…     

新疆南疆棉花立枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)菌丝融合群及其营养体亲和群研究

从采自南疆主要植棉区的4地(州)18县(市)的棉花立枯病病株上分离得到455个病原分离物,从中鉴定出345个立枯丝核菌(Rhizotonia solani Kühn)菌株。采用菌丝融合性判定方法判明345个立枯丝核菌菌株分属于AG-1,AG-4和AG-5三个菌丝融合群,其出现频率分别为3.76%,91.88%,4.35%。其中AG-4在所有立枯丝核菌菌株中出现频率最高(91.88%),是南疆棉花立枯丝核菌的优势菌群。营养体亲和性判别结果表明,各菌丝融合群均有营养体亲和群分化,其中判定为AG-4的317个菌株分属于3个营养体亲和群,判定为AG-1的13个菌株和判定为AG-5的15个菌株各自分属于2个营养体亲和群。     

木霉菌(Trichoderma sp.)对棉立枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani kühn)抑制作用的初步研究

木霉菌(Trichodermasp.)对棉立枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani kuhn)具有较强的抑制作用。施用木霉菌不仅能压低棉立枯病的发病率,而且对减轻棉立枯病的严重程度有显著作用。此外,尚有促进棉苗生长发育的良好效果。     

Untargeted UHPLC–Q-Exactive-MS-based metabolomics reveals associations between pre- and post-cooked metabolites and the taste quality of geographical indication rice and regular rice

Geographical indication (GI) rice refers to the rice of specific geographical origin, which tends to have a good taste quality and a high commodity price. Rice is favored for its soft texture and chewiness after cooking. However, GI rice is also plagued by rice fraud. Understanding the reasons for the excellent taste quality of GI rice and identifying its geographical origin can help maintain the stability of the rice market and promote the development of the rice industry. In this study, we determined the taste quality of rice. Untargeted metabolomics based on UHPLC–Q-Exactive-MS was used to identify metabolites in GI and regular rice before and after cooking. Our findings suggested that GI rice showed lower protein and amylose content, resulting in higher starch gelatinization properties and taste quality. This study identified 520 metabolites, among which 142 and 175 were significantly different between GI and regular rice, before and after cooking, respectively. The increased variety of metabolites after cooking was significantly negatively correlated with the taste quality of rice. GI rice was lower in amino acids and lipid metabolite content before and after cooking, which may be the reason for the excellent taste quality. Through linear discriminant analysis, we found that the differential metabolites of rice after cooking were more accurate in discriminating rice from different geographic origins, up to 100%. This work gained new insights into the metabolites of GI rice, which explains its excellent taste quality. The rice metabolites after cooking could be used for more accurate geographical identification of rice.     

Analyses of the Temporal Development and Yield Losses due to Sheath Blight of Rice （Rhizoctonia solani AG 1.1 a）

Sheath blight of rice, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 1. 1a, has become the most important disease and caused serious yield losses in some major rice-growing regions in China in recent years. In the present study, field plot experiment was conducted to examine the relationships between disease intensity and inoculum density （ID）, the seasonal disease epidemic dynamics, and yield reductions due to disease damages. Results from the experiment demonstrated that the areas under progress curves of disease severity and those of percent rice tillers diseased were positively and closely related to the relative initial ID of the pathogen. The inoculum density-disease （IDD） relationships were simulated and the impractical linear models were obtained. Both logistic and Gompertz functions could be used to simulate the disease progress dynamics in time, but the progress curves of the disease severity were modeled better by the Gompertz than by logistic function. However, the Richards function was found to be the best in simulating the disease progress curves when a most appropriate value was chosen for the shape parameter m by using the computer software Epitimulator. Sheath blight infection decreased rice yield very significantly and a yield reduction of 40% was recorded in rice crop with the highest inoculum density. Rice yield was linearly and negatively correlated with the disease severity and the percent tillers affected. The simulated models for all these relationships were computed through executing Epitimulator software and were presented in this paper.     

Construction of biological control strain of Trichoderma viride and study of their ability to induce plant disease resistance

Plant diseases heavily affct plant growth and crop yield even in modern agriculture. Control its difficult because pathogens mutate frequently, and this leads in frequent breaking of disease resistance in commercial cultivars. The excessive application of chemical pesticides is not only producing pesticide-resistant pathogens, but it is harming the environment threatening the health of human beings. Therefore, the use of biological control agents (BCA) may provide an environmental friendly al…     

黑龙江省水稻纹枯病菌菌丝融合群判定及遗传多样性分析

从黑龙江省27个县市采集分离到77个水稻纹枯病菌菌株,经显微镜观察全部为多核菌株。利用载玻片定位融合法,将分离纯化得到的77个菌株分别与AG1-1A、AG1-1C、AG3、AG5、AG-6和AG-8等6个标准菌株作对峙试验。结果表明,黑龙江省水稻纹枯病菌主要菌丝融合群为AG1-1A、AG1-1C和AG-5,出现频率分别是80.51%、12.99%、2.60%。营养亲合群判别结果表明,77个待测菌株分为23个营养亲和群,其中有11个亲和群由单个菌株独立组成,出现频率为47.83%。遗传变异分析中,当遗传距离为0.6667时,从不同菌丝融合群中选取的15个代表菌株可划分为5个类群,与菌丝融合群判定结果基本一致。     

水稻纹枯病组织病理学的研究进展

简要综述了水稻纹枯病的组织病理学 ,包括侵入前菌丝体在寄主表面的生长、侵染结构的形成、病原菌的侵入、扩展及症状表现等 另外 ,也论述了组织病理学研究中的常用技术 ,并提出了进一步研究寄主与病原物互作的必要性     

水稻离体叶片抗纹枯病接种方法的研究

水稻纹枯病是影响水稻生产的重要病害之一。水稻纹枯病抗性属于数量遗传性状,目前尚未发现高抗或免疫的水稻种质材料。为了提高水稻抗纹枯病种质的筛选和研究效率,对水稻离体叶片抗纹枯病接种的实验条件进行了更精确的控制,并采用了量化的病情调查方法。取纹枯菌接种离体水稻叶片组织进行qRT-PCR分析,水稻病程相关基因呈诱导表达,验证了纹枯病菌对水稻的侵染。采用离体叶片接种、大田成株期接种、苗期“微室”接种法,对抗纹枯病水稻品种和敏感品种进行测试。抗性品种和敏感品种纹枯病病级的统计检验呈显著差异,3种方法的结果表现一致。改进的离体叶片接种方法具有易于操作和重复性好的优点,适用于大规模筛选抗纹枯病水稻种质材料。     

水稻纹枯病菌遗传差异的初步研究

水稻纹枯病菌的遗传分化给病害的防治特别是抗病育种工作带来了很大的困难.为了确定水稻纹枯病菌的致病力分化与其遗传差异的相关性,对25个分离菌的致病力、可溶性蛋白电泳及由RAPD得到的DNA指纹图谱进行了分析.研究结果表明,不同菌株间存在明显的致病力分化.基于菌体的可溶性蛋白电泳及其聚类分析表明菌株的致病力分化与蛋白质谱带的多样性具有一定的相关性,但未达到显著相关水平; RAPD分析结果表明菌株间相似系数最高的达99%,最低的却只有47%,反映出该病原菌存在许多不同的遗传位点,蕴藏着很强的遗传变异潜能;此外,菌株在DNA水平上的差异与其可溶性蛋白分析反映的遗传差异具有一定程度的一致性.由此可见,水稻纹枯病菌的致病力分化与其遗传差异具有一定的相关性,反映出该病原菌的致病力分化是有遗传背景的.     

水稻离体叶片纹枯病接种样品菌量检测方法研究

利用qPCR方法对水稻离体叶片纹枯病接种材料进行纹枯病菌含量的检测,从而对水稻发病程度进行定量分析。各水稻品种接种样品的纹枯病菌DNA含量,从低到高的顺序为:YSBR1、徐稻3号、台北309、泰粳394和Lemont。通过对接种实验条件的精确控制,离体叶片的病斑扫描,以及相对病斑面积的统计分析,验证了关于病害严重程度的qPCR检测结果。大田接种试验中,YSBR1、Lemont和泰粳394的平均病级呈显著差异;这进一步证明,通过纹枯病菌DNA的qPCR方法,能够快速有效地定量检测不同水稻品种的纹枯病抗性差异。该研究可为量化纹枯病发病程度、评价水稻品种的抗性水平及进行纹枯病的早期预报,提供有效的检测手段。     

哈尔滨地区甘蓝黑根病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

利用症状观察、形态学鉴定和ITS序列分析等方法鉴定哈尔滨地区甘蓝黑根病病原菌。分离得到菌株RH,经分子鉴定属于AG-4融合群。结果表明,哈尔滨地区甘蓝黑根病致病菌为立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)。菌株生长最适条件:温度30℃,连续黑暗,pH 8.0,致死温度46℃,可溶性淀粉、蔗糖、蛋白胨、硝酸钠有利于菌丝生长。     

申嗪霉素对水稻纹枯病的田间防效分析

田间药效试验表明:1%申嗪霉素SC对水稻纹枯病具有较好的防治效果,其药效随着用药量的增加而明显上升;当增加到15.0mL/hm2时对水稻纹枯病的防效高达89.53%,与对照药剂井冈霉素的防效相当;进一步试验显示,发病初期连续2次用药的防效显著高于1次用药。     

培养基对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长和菌核形成的影响

研究了12种培养基对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长、菌核形成数量和质量的影响。结果表明：在菌丝生长方面，水稻纹枯病菌在稻草煎液琼脂、水琼脂、马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂和麦芽糖琼脂培养基上的生长速率最快，而在牛肉胨琼脂培养基上的生长最差；在菌核形成方面，理查琼脂培养基最有利于菌核的形成，表现为菌核数量最多，质量最大。     

水稻纹枯病生物防治研究进展

通过介绍水稻纹枯病菌生物学特性及危害情况,并综述水稻纹枯病生物防治及利用研究进展,指出水稻纹枯病生物防治中存在拮抗微生物筛选困难、防治效果不稳定、转基因食品安全性及稻鸭共养模式抑制水稻纹枯病发生的作用机理不明等问题;提出利用计算机辅助设计提高拮抗微生物筛选效率,加强对影响水稻纹枯病生物防治稳定性的因素、基因工程安全评价体系、稻鸭共养生态系统抑制水稻纹枯病发生的因素及机理方面的研究等策略.