长期有机无机配施黑土土壤有机碳对农田基础地力提升的影响

【目的】探讨长期不同施肥方式对提升东北黑土土壤有机碳和农田基础地力的差异。【方法】以国家黑土肥力和肥料效益长期监测试验（1989-2011年）资料为基础,采用 DSSAT ver.4.0作物生长模型模拟：（1） CK（对照,不施肥）;（2）NPK（施氮磷钾肥）;（3）NPKM（有机肥+NPK化肥,M指有机肥）;（4）l.5NPKM（NPKM处理的1.5倍）;（5）NPKS（秸秆+NPK化肥,S指玉米秸秆）5种施肥方式下东北黑土区春玉米20年的农田基础地力产量,在分析长期不同施肥措施下基础地力与土壤有机碳的演变规律的基础上,进一步探讨两者之间的数量化关系。【结果】经过20年施肥管理,NPK、NPKM、1.5NPKM和NPKS施肥处理春玉米农田基础地力产量分别增长了53.4%、78.0%、101.2%和69.4%,而CK处理的基础地力产量随时间延长呈下降趋势。到2008年,1.5NPKM、NPKM、NPKS、NPK 4个处理的土壤有机碳含量分别比CK处理的土壤有机碳含量增加了65.6%、65.1%、26.0%和21.7%,土壤有机碳储量分别提升了69.9%、44.2%、25.2%和16.7%。土壤有机碳含量与春玉米基础地力产量呈显著正相关（P＜0.01）,土壤有机碳含量每增加1 g?kg^-1,春玉米农田基础地力产量大约提高220 kg?hm^-2。【结论】土壤有机碳是黑土区基础地力的主要驱动因素,有机肥或秸秆与化肥配施提升了土壤有机碳,因而能有效提高春玉米农田基础地力产量和基础地力贡献率。增加有机物料投入是黑土区农田基础地力培育的最佳施肥措施。     

不同施肥年限下作物产量及土壤碳氮库容对增施有机物料的响应

【目的】研究不同年限下增施有机肥及秸秆还田对作物产量及剖面土壤碳氮库容的影响,旨在为华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区增强土壤肥力、提高作物产量提供依据。【方法】以农业部昌平潮褐土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站为平台,分别在长达11年和27年的2个不同施肥年限试验区采集4个施肥处理,即氮磷钾（NPK)、氮磷钾+22.5 t·hm ^-2有机肥（NPKM）、氮磷钾+33.75 t·hm ^-2有机肥（NPKM+）、氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPKS）不同土层深度的土壤样品,分析冬小麦-夏玉米产量和土壤碳氮库容剖面分布特征。 【结果】（1）增施有机肥及秸秆还田处理对作物的增产效应随施肥年限的延长而逐渐增强。与NPK处理相比,施肥11年限的NPKM、NPKM+和NPKS处理分别提高小麦和玉米产量为18.6%、15.8%、3.5%和39%、42%、35%;而27年的各施肥处理对小麦和玉米产量的增产幅度分别为41%、51.5%、23%和31%、33%、58%。（2）随着施肥年限的延长,增施有机肥及秸秆还田均能持续提升土壤碳、氮库容。连续施肥11年后,土壤碳、氮库容分别为25—114 Mg·hm ^-2、2.2—9.0 Mg·hm ^-2;而27年后土壤碳、氮库容分别为29—146 Mg·hm ^-2、2.5—12.1 Mg·hm ^-2。随着土壤剖面的加深,不同施肥年限中土壤碳、氮库容均表现为先逐渐增加后逐渐降低的趋势,均在80 cm处达到峰值。在80 cm土层峰值处,27年施肥处理中NPK、NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS土壤碳库和氮库分别为102、128、146、123 Mg·hm ^-2和8.3、9.7、12.1、9.1 Mg·hm ^-2,而11年施肥年限内各处理土壤碳、氮库均表现为差异不显著（P>0.05）。和NPK相比,不同年限中增施有机肥及秸秆还田均降低了不同土层的土壤碳氮比。同时,随着施肥年限的延长,土壤碳氮比越稳定。（3）随着施肥年限的延长,各处理土壤累积碳、氮库均呈现增加趋势。连续施肥11年后,NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS比NPK提升土壤累积碳、氮库容分别为5.2%、11.2%、9.2%和21.2%、26.6%、38.8%;连续施肥27年后NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS比NPK提升土壤累积碳、氮库容分别为26.3%、41.1%、21.8%和26.2%、44.9%、4.0%,且随着施肥年限的延长,施用有机肥对土壤累积碳库容的提升高于秸秆还田的趋势愈加明显,而对土壤累积氮库容的提升效果低于秸秆还田。 【结论】在氮磷钾化肥基础上增施有机肥及秸秆还田会提高作物产量、增强土壤碳氮库容、提升土壤肥力,且随着施肥年限的延长,效果愈加明显。同时,施用有机肥对作物产量、碳库的增强效应强于秸秆还田,而对氮库的提升效果低于秸秆还田。     

长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对土壤氮素淋失风险的影响

【目的】研究长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田对作物产量及土壤氮素淋失风险的影响,旨在为华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区增强土壤肥力、提高作物产量及降低农业面源污染风险提供依据。【方法】以国家褐潮土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料试验为平台,研究长达27年不同施肥处理对冬小麦-夏玉米产量、土壤肥力、氮素淋失风险和土壤氮素剖面分布的影响,试验共设置5个施肥处理,即：对照（CK）;氮磷钾（NPK）;氮磷钾+有机肥（NPKM）;氮磷钾+过量有机肥（NPKM+）;氮磷钾+秸秆还田（NPKS）。【结果】（1）在27年的不同施肥处理中,长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田均能使作物增产,改善土壤肥力。其中,增施有机肥处理尤为显著,与NPK相比,NPKM、NPKM+处理提高小麦和玉米产量分别为41%-50%和30%-32%;增加0-20 cm表层土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）含量分别为62%-121%、107%-187%;但降低小麦、玉米氮肥偏生产力（PFP_N）分别达22%-32%、27%-41%。而NPKS处理对作物增产及提升土壤肥力的作用低于增施有机肥处理,对小麦产量、玉米产量、SOC、TN含量的增幅分别为24%、6%、9%、97%,但提高小麦季PFP_N为216%、降低玉米季PFP_N为40%。（2）长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田处理中,0-20 cm表层土壤SOC、TN、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、可溶性碳氮等养分含量以及氮矿化速率、硝化潜势等微生物学过程显著高于20-200 cm,说明长期增施有机肥/秸秆还田等外源碳的添加对土壤养分及微生物学过程的影响主要发生在表层。（3）与NPK相比,NPKM处理能够显著增加100-200 cm深层土壤中NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为17.8-26.1 mg·kg^-1;而NPKS处理在一定程度上能够增加0-100 cm土层NO₃^--N含量,NO₃^--N平均含量为3.6-13.4 mg·kg^-1,表明增施有机肥会促进土壤NO₃^--N的向下迁移,而秸秆还田对土壤NO₃^--N具有一定的固持作用。此外,由于有机肥和秸秆带入的氮素, NPKM、NPKM+、NPKS处理氮盈余比NPK处理增加312%、1 037%、953%,大大增加了土壤氮素淋失风险。【结论】在氮磷钾化肥基础上增施有机肥/秸秆还田会提高作物产量、增强土壤肥力,但会提高土壤氮盈余量,提高氮素淋失风险,尤其是增施有机肥会大大增加氮素淋失风险。     

长期不同施肥方式对南方黄泥田水稻产量及基础地力贡献率的影响

对连续27年施肥的南方黄泥田水稻产量、基础地力贡献率变化进行了分析,结果表明,连续施用化肥(NPK)、化肥+牛粪(NPKM)、化肥+稻草(NPKS)处理的水稻平均产量比不施肥(CK)分别提高74.9%、96.6%、91.7%,NPKM与NPKS处理产量分别比NPK处理提高12.4%与9.6%,均达到极显著差异,但NPKM与NPKS产量相当。双季稻年份(1983-2004年),NPK、NPKM、NPKS处理的水稻每5～7年年际增产率随试验年份的延长呈递增的趋势。早稻与晚稻的基础地力贡献率均呈波浪式下降趋势,其平均贡献率分别为47.1%与60.0%。不同施肥处理产量与基础地力呈显著或极显著正相关。     

Response of soil Olsen-P to P budget under different long-term fertilization treatments in a fluvo-aquic soil

The concentration of soil Olsen-P is rapidly increasing in many parts of China, where P budget(P input minus P output) is the main factor influencing soil Olsen-P. Understanding the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget is useful in estimating soil Olsen-P content and conducting P management strategies. To address this, a long-term experiment(1991–2011) was performed on a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, China, where seven fertilization treatments were used to study the response of soil Olsen-P to P budget. The results showed that the relationship between the decrease in soil Olsen-P and P deficit could be simulated by a simple linear model. In treatments without P fertilization(CK, N, and NK), soil Olsen-P decreased by 2.4, 1.9, and 1.4 mg kg~(–1) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P deficit, respectively. Under conditions of P addition, the relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be divided into two stages. When P surplus was lower than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P fluctuated over the course of the experimental period with chemical fertilizers(NP and NPK), and increased by 5.0 and 2.0 mg kg~(–1), respectively, when treated with chemical fertilizers combined with manure(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P surplus. When P surplus was higher than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P increased by 49.0 and 37.0 mg kg~(–1) in NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments, respectively, for every 100 kg ha~(–1) P surplus. The relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be simulated by two-segment linear models. The cumulative P budget at the turning point was defined as the "storage threshold" of a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, and the storage thresholds under NPKM and 1.5 NPKM were 729 and 884 kg ha~(–1)P for more adsorption sites. According to the critical soil P values(CPVs) and the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget, the quantity of P fertilizers for winter wheat could be increased and that of summer maize could be decreased based on the results of treatments in chemical fertilization. Additionally, when chemical fertilizers are combined with manures(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM), it could take approximately 9–11 years for soil Olsen-P to decrease to the critical soil P values of crops grown in the absence of P fertilizer.     

Effects of Long-Term Combined Application of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers on Microbial Biomass, Soil Enzyme Activities and Soil Fertility

Soil health is important for the sustainable development of terrestrial ecosystem. In this paper, we studied the relationship between soil quality and soil microbial properties such as soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in order to illustrate the function of soil microbial properties as bio-indicators of soil health. In this study, microbial biomass C and N contents （Cmic ＆ Nmic）, soil enzyme activities, and soil fertility with different fertilizer regimes were carried out based on a 15-year long-term fertilizer experiment in Drab Fluvo-aquic soil in Changping County, Beijing, China. At this site, 7 different treatments were established in 1991. They were in a wheat-maize rotation receiving either no fertilizer （CK）, mineral fertilizers （NPK）, mineral fertilizers with wheat straw incorporated （NPKW）, mineral fertilizers with incremental wheat straw incorporated （NPKW＋）, mineral fertilizers plus swine manure （NPKM）, mineral fertilizers plus incremental swine manure （NPKM＋） or mineral fertilizers with maize straw incorporated （NPKS）. In different fertilization treatments Cmic changed from 96.49 to 500.12 mg kg^-1, and Nmic changed from 35.89 to 101.82 mg kg^-1. Compared with CK, the other treatments increased Cmic ＆ Nmic, Cmic/Corg （organic C） ratios, Cmic/Nmic, urease activity, soil organic matter （SOM）, soil total nitrogen （STN）, and soil total phosphorus （STP）. All these properties in treatment with fertilizers input NPKM＋ were the highest. Meantime, long-term combined application of mineral fertilizers with organic manure or crop straw could significantly decrease the soil pH in Fluvo-aquic soil （the pH around 8.00 in this experimental soil）. Some of soil microbial properties （Cmic/Nmic, urease activity） were positively correlated with soil nutrients. Cmic/Nmic was significantly correlated with SOM and STN contents. The correlation between catalase activity and soil nutrients was not significant. In addition, except of catalase act     

稻麦轮作下紫色土有机碳活性及其对长期不同施肥的响应

【目的】研究稻麦轮作系统中紫色土总有机碳、活性有机碳和活性有机碳不同组分的变化特征及其对长期不同施肥措施的响应,揭示稻麦轮作系统长期不同施肥管理下有机碳质量和内在组成的变化。【方法】采集22年长期定位试验不施肥(CK)、单施化学氮肥(N)、化肥氮磷钾配施(NPK)、化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPKS)、高量化肥氮磷钾+等量秸秆还田(1.5NPKS)和化肥氮磷钾+厩肥(NPKM)处理0—20、20—40、40—60 cm土层的土壤,测定了总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同活性组分的含量,计算土壤碳库管理指数和不同活性组分的分配比例,分析了活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳的关系。【结果】长期不同施肥显著影响了各土层总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,与不施肥相比,所有施肥处理均维持或提高了土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数,其中化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPKS)处理0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层总有机碳含量分别提高32.5%、25.7%和5.3%,活性有机碳含量提高37.0%、44.7%和9.3%,碳库管理指数提高38%、49%和9%,其提升幅度高于其他施肥处理。长期不同施肥显著提高了各土层高、中、低活性有机碳含量,有机无机肥配施处理(NPKS、1.5NPKS、NPKM)提升效果高于单施化肥处理(NPK、N);但施肥对各活性组分占活性有机碳比例的影响较小,并没有改变各活性组分的分布格局。土壤活性有机碳及其高、中、低活性组分的含量与土壤深度有关,0—20 cm耕层土壤活性有机碳及高、中、低活性组分的含量均高于20—40和40—60 cm土层。不同土层高、中、低组分占活性有机碳的比例也存在较大差异,0—20 cm土层高、中、低活性组分占活性有机碳的比例平均为23.6%、35.6%和40.7%;下层土壤各活性组分的含量均下降,其中20—40 cm土层低活性组分下降程度较大,导致其占活性有机碳的比例下降至24.7%,而高活性和中活性组分的比例增加至30.5%和44.8%。土壤活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳含量呈显著线性正相关,表明土壤活性有机碳可以较好地反映总有机碳变化。【结论】稻麦轮作条件下,长期不同施肥可维持或提高土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同组分的含量,提高土壤碳库管理指数,氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田总体提升效果较好,是促进土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳累积、改善土壤有机碳质量的推荐施肥措施。     

Carbon and nitrogen allocations in corn grown in Central and Northeast China: different responses to fertilization treatments

In order to reveal the impact of various fertilization strategies on carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) accumulation and allocation in corn(Zea mays L.), corn was grown in the fields where continuous fertilization management had been lasted about 18 years at two sites located in Central and Northeast China(Zhengzhou and Gongzhuling), and biomass C and N contents in different organs of corn at harvest were analyzed. The fertilization treatments included non-fertilizer(control), chemical fertilizers of either nitrogen(N), or nitrogen and phosphorus(NP), or phosphorus and potassium(PK), or nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium(NPK), NPK plus manure(NPKM), 150% of the NPKM(1.5NPKM), and NPK plus straw(NPKS). The results showed that accumulated C in aboveground ranged from 2 550–5 630 kg ha–1 in the control treatment to 9 300–9 610 kg ha–1 in the NPKM treatment, of which 57–67% and 43–50% were allocated in the non-grain organs, respectively. Accumulated N in aboveground ranged from 44.8–55.2 kg ha–1 in the control treatment to 211–222 kg ha–1 in the NPKM treatment, of which 35–48% and 33–44% were allocated in the non-grain parts, respectively. C allocated to stem and leaf for the PK treatment was 65 and 49% higher than that for the NPKM treatment at the both sites, respectively, while N allocated to the organs for the PK treatment was 18 and 6% higher than that for the NPKM treatment, respectively. This study demonstrated that responses of C and N allocation in corn to fertilization strategies were different, and C allocation was more sensitive to fertilization treatments than N allocation in the area.     

长期不同施肥红壤磷素变化及其对产量的影响

目的 定量长期不同施肥红壤磷素的演变特征,研究红壤磷素变化对生产力的影响,为红壤地区磷素管理提供理论依据。方法 利用持续26年的红壤旱地长期定位试验平台（1991—2016年）,比较长期不施磷肥（CK、N、NK）、施用化学磷肥（PK、NP、NPK）、化肥配合秸秆还田（NPKS）和化肥配施有机肥及有机肥（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）土壤Olsen-P和全磷含量变化,分析土壤磷素对磷盈亏量的响应,采用不同模型拟合作物产量对有效磷的响应曲线,计算土壤有效磷农学阈值。结果 长期施用磷肥显著提高了土壤全磷和有效磷含量,提升了土壤磷素活化系数（PAC）。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）的PAC高于化肥配合秸秆还田（NPKS）和施用化学磷肥（PK、NP、NPK）。红壤地区土壤全磷和有效磷变化量与土壤磷盈亏量呈正相关关系（P＜0.01）,土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm ^-2,土壤Olsen-P含量上升3.00—5.22 mg·kg ^-1,全磷上升0.02—0.06 g·kg ^-1。土壤每累积亏缺磷100 kg P·hm ^-2,不施磷肥处理（CK、N、NK）土壤Olsen-P分别下降1.85、0.40、1.76 mg·kg ^-1。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）的小麦和玉米产量显著高于化肥配合秸秆还田（NPKS）以及施用化学磷肥（PK、NP、NPK）,显著高于不施磷肥（CK、NK、N）。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）的产量可持续指数也高于其他处理。3种模型（线性-线性模型、线性-平台模型和米切里西方程）均能较好地拟合作物产量与红壤有效磷含量的响应关系（P＜0.01）。在红壤地区推荐使用拟合度较好的线性-线性模型,其计算出小麦和玉米的土壤Olsen-P农学阈值分别为13.5和23.4 mg·kg ^-1。 结论 在南方红壤地区,化肥配施有机肥更有利于磷素累积和提升磷素有效性。化肥配施有机肥作物产量显著高于其他处理,且稳产性好。线性-线性模型可用于计算红壤地区有效磷的农学阈值。生产上应该根据土壤有效磷含量及其农学阈值调整磷肥施用量。     

不同施肥方式对农田有机碳含量的影响

[目的]研究不同施肥方式对农田有机碳（SOC）含量的影响,为制定农田管理措施以减少碳排放提供科学依据。[方法]收集我国37个试验站资料,分析不同施肥处理下SOC变化。[结果]对照（CK）、有机肥（M）、无机肥（NPK）、无机肥＋秸秆（NPKS）和无机肥＋厩肥施肥（NPKM）处理方式下,SOC含量上升的样本比例分别为37.86%、89.96%、72.24%、97.87%和94.43%。不同施肥处理下SOC的增长量与施肥时间呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）。SOC初始值与不同施肥方式下的SOC含量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,但与SOC年增长率呈明显或极显著负相关（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。[结论]有机肥和无机肥配施,有助于提高SOC含量,增强土壤养分供贮能力,有利于维持土壤有机质的平衡。     

Dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep soil profile and crop yields under long-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are two of the most important indicators for agricultural productivity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile (up to 100 cm) and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term (since 1990) fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping system. Treatments included CK (control), NP (inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertilizers), NPK (inorganic N, P and potassium fertilizers), NPKM (NPK plus manure), and M (manure). Crop yield and the properties of topsoil were measured yearly from 2001 to 2009. C and N contents were measured at five different depths in 2001 and 2009. The results showed that wheat and maize yields decreased between 2001 and 2009 under the inorganic fertilizer (NP and NPK) treatments. The average yield between 2001 and 2009 under the NP, NPK, NPKM, and M treatments (compared with the CK treatment) increased by 38, 115, 383, and 381%, respectively, for wheat and 348, 891, 2 738, and 1 845%, respectively, for maize. Different long-term fertilization treatments significantly changed coarse free particulate (cfPOC), fine free particulate (ffPOC), intramicroaggregate particulate (iPOC), and mineral-associated (mSOC) organic carbon fractions. In the experimental years of 2001 and 2009, soil fractions occurred in the following order for all treatments: mSOC>cfPOC>iPOC>ffPOC. All fractions were higher under the manure application treatments than under the inorganic fertilization treatments. Compared to the inorganic fertilization treatments, manure input enhanced the stocks of SOC and total N in the surface layer (0–20 cm) but decreased SOC and N in the deep soil layer (80–100 cm). This reveals the efficiency of manure in increasing yield productivity and decreasing risk of vertical loss of nutrients, especially N, compared to inorganic fertilization treatments. The findings provide opportunities for understanding deep soil C and N dynamics, which could help mitigate climate change impact on agricultural production and maintain soil health.     

潮土区小麦、玉米残体对土壤有机碳的贡献——基于改进的RothC模型

【目的】为进一步了解秸秆还田对土壤有机碳(SOC)的提升效果,探究作物残体(根系与秸秆)对潮土区SOC的贡献,为华北冬小麦-夏玉米区SOC提升提供理论依据。【方法】基于腐解试验的有机物料碳残留率数据,获得4种有机物料在RothC-26.3模型最优时对应的DPM/RPM参数值(易分解植物残体和难分解植物残体的比值)。利用修订的DPM/RPM参数,获得了改进的RothC-26.3模型,并用郑州潮土区短期腐解试验(2012年11月至2013年11月)和长期定位试验数据(1990—2008年)进行验证,模拟出郑州潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中小麦、玉米残体在3种不同施肥处理下(不施肥CK,平衡施肥NPK和秸秆还田NPKS)对新形成SOC的贡献。【结果】在模型达到最优时,小麦根系(wheat root,WR)、小麦秸秆(wheat straw,WS)、玉米根系(corn root,CR)和玉米秸秆(corn straw,CS)的DPM/RPM值分别为0.89、3.04、4.35和3.25。模型结果显示,CK处理小麦根系、玉米根系的碳投入占碳投入的比例均为50%,而来源于小麦根系、玉米根系的SOC(0—20 cm)占新形成的SOC比例分别为60%、40%;小麦根和玉米根固碳效率分别为15.5%、10.8%;NPK处理小麦根系、玉米根系的碳投入占碳投入的比例分别为60%、40%,而来源于小麦根系、玉米根系的SOC(0—20 cm)占新形成SOC的比例分别为71%、29%;小麦根和玉米根固碳效率分别为17.5%、11.4%;NPKS处理小麦根系、玉米根系、玉米秸秆的碳投入的比例分别为47%、21%、32%,而小麦根系、玉米根系、玉米秸秆对新形成的SOC(0—20 cm)贡献分别为50%、22%、28%;小麦根系、玉米根系、玉米秸秆的固碳效率分别为16.9%、11.2%、11.4%。总之,冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中无论是不施肥、平衡施肥还是秸秆还田处理,小麦根系对新形成SOC的贡献率(50%—71%)大于玉米根系和玉米秸秆对新形成SOC贡献率(22%—40%)。源自小麦的SOC占新形成SOC的比例均分别大于源自小麦的碳投入占总碳投入的比例,而源自玉米的投入及其对新形成SOC的贡献则反之。小麦根系的固碳效率(15.5%—17.5%)大于玉米根系和玉米秸秆的固碳效率(10.8%—11.4%)。【结论】改进后的RothC模型可用来探究潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中小麦、玉米残体对新形成SOC的贡献。郑州潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中小麦根系对新形成SOC的贡献率均大于玉米根系和玉米秸秆的贡献率。根茬还田(尤其是小麦根茬还田)更有利于提升土壤有机碳含量。     

Microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity are associated with organic carbon availability in an agricultural soil

Exploration of soil environmental characteristics governing soil microbial community structure and activity may improve our understanding of biogeochemical processes and soil quality. The impact of soil environmental characteristics especially organic carbon availability after 15-yr different organic and inorganic fertilizer inputs on soil bacterial community structure and functional metabolic diversity of soil microbial communities were evaluated in a 15-yr fertilizer experiment in Changping County, Beijing, China. The experiment was a wheat-maize rotation system which was established in 1991 including four different fertilizer treatments. These treatments included: a non-amended control(CK), a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer treatment(NPK); a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer with swine manure incorporated treatment(NPKM), and a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer with maize straw incorporated treatment(NPKS). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) of the 16 S r RNA gene was used to determine the bacterial community structure and single carbon source utilization profiles were determined to characterize the microbial community functional metabolic diversity of different fertilizer treatments using Biolog Eco plates. The results indicated that long-term fertilized treatments significantly increased soil bacterial community structure compared to CK. The use of inorganic fertilizer with organic amendments incorporated for long term(NPKM, NPKS) significantly promoted soil bacterial structure than the application of inorganic fertilizer only(NPK), and NPKM treatment was the most important driver for increases in the soil microbial community richness(S) and structural diversity(H). Overall utilization of carbon sources by soil microbial communities(average well color development, AWCD) and microbial substrate utilization diversity and evenness indices(H' and E) indicated that long-term inorganic fertilizer with organic amendments incorporated(NPKM, NPKS) could significantly stimulate soil microbial metabolic activity and functional diversity relative to CK, while no differences of them were found between NPKS and NPK treatments. Principal component analysis(PCA) based on carbon source utilization profiles also showed significant separation of soil microbial community under long-term fertilization regimes and NPKM treatment was significantly separated from the other three treatments primarily according to the higher microbial utilization of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, polymers, phenolic compounds, and amino acid, while higher utilization of amines/amides differed soil microbial community in NPKS treatment from those in the other three treatments. Redundancy analysis(RDA) indicated that soil organic carbon(SOC) availability, especially soil microbial biomass carbon(Cmic) and Cmic/SOC ratio are the key factors of soil environmental characteristics contributing to the increase of both soil microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity in the long-term fertilization trial. Our results showed that long-term inorganic fertilizer and swine manure application could significantly improve soil bacterial community structure and soil microbial metabolic activity through the increases in SOC availability, which could provide insights into the sustainable management of China's soil resource.     

长期施肥旱地土壤易分解与耐分解氮的矿化特性

【目的】土壤易分解氮库和耐分解氮库是土壤有机质的重要组分,其矿化能力的大小可反映土壤有机氮的周转性能。论文旨在研究长期不同施肥制度下土壤易分解氮库与耐分解氮库的矿化特性,为了解不同培肥措施及其氮素供应提供依据。【方法】以中国长期不同施肥处理的2种旱地土壤（黑土和潮土）为例,选取不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥配施秸秆(NPKS)和化肥配施有机肥(NPKM)4个处理,采用颗粒密度法,将土壤有机氮分为易分解氮和耐分解氮2个组分,室内培养分析不同组分氮的矿化特性。【结果】筛分及培养结果显示,黑土和潮土的平均质量回收率和氮回收率均超过97%,易分解和耐分解氮组分矿化量之和占原土矿化量的平均比例为99.91%（99.89%-99.93%）,是一种研究土壤易分解和耐分解氮组分矿化特性的可行方法。2种旱地土壤NPK、NPKS和NPKM处理易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势（除黑土NPK处理差异不显著）较CK处理显著提高26.82%-137.10%;不同施肥处理对旱地黑土、潮土易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势影响显著,其中,黑土NPKM处理易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势为1.48 mg?kg^-1?d^-1,显著优于NPKS（1.02 mg?kg^-1?d^-1）与NPK（0.75 mg?kg^-1?d^-1）处理;潮土NPKM处理易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势为1.17 mg?kg^-1?d^-1,显著优于NPKS（0.89 mg?kg^-1?d^-1）与NPK（0.76 mg?kg^-1?d^-1）处理;旱地土壤各处理耐分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势之间差异不显著,其中,黑土各处理耐分解氮组分平均净氮矿化潜势为0.58 mg?kg^-1?d^-1（0.52-0.63 mg?kg^-1?d^-1）,潮土为0.51 mg?kg^-1?d^-1（0.40-0.62 mg?kg^-1?d^-1）。不同施肥处理旱地黑土、潮土易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势均显著大于同处理耐分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势,NPKM处理两者显现出最大差异,其中,黑土易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势是同处理（按CK、NPK、NPKS、NPKM顺序）耐分解氮组分的1.41、1.39、1.75和2.35倍,潮土易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势是同处理（按CK、NPK、NPKS、NPKM顺序）耐分解氮组分的1.22、1.33、1.56和1.87倍。土壤矿化过程中易分解组分对原土矿化贡献率受施肥措施显著影响,其大小按CK、NPK相似文献   

Chemical fertilizers could be completely replaced by manure to maintain high maize yield and soil organic carbon(SOC)when SOC reaches a threshold in the Northeast China Plain

The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers is considered a good method to sustain high crop yield and enhance soil organic carbon(SOC),but it is still unclear when and to what extent chemical fertilizers could be replaced by organic fertilizers.We selected a long-term soil fertility experiment in Gongzhuling,Northeast China Plain to examine the temporal dynamics of crop yield and SOC in response to chemical nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium(NPK) fertilizers and manure,applied both individually and in combination,over the course of three decades(1980-2010).We aimed to test 1) which fertilizer application is the best for increasing both maize yield and SOC in this region,and 2) whether chemical fertilizers can be replaced by manure to maintain high maize yield and enhance SOC,and if so,when this replacement should be implemented.We observed that NPK fertilizers induced a considerable increase in maize yield in the first 12 years after the initiation of the experiment,but manure addition did not.In the following years,the addition of both NPK fertilizers and manure led to an increase in maize yield.SOC increased considerably in treatments with manure but remained the same or even declined with NPK treatments.The increase in maize yield induced by NPK fertilizers alone declined greatly with increasing SOC,whereas the combination of NPK and manure resulted in high maize yield and a remarkable improvement in SOC stock.Based on these results we suggested that NPK fertilizers could be at least partially replaced by manure to sustain high maize yield after SOC stock has reached 41.96 Mg C ha~(-1) in the Northeast China Plain and highly recommend the combined application of chemical fertilizers and manure(i.e.,60 Mg ha~(-1)).     

Soil carbon sequestration under long-term rice-based cropping systems of purple soil in Southwest China

Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils is a complex process controlled by farming practices, climate and some other environment factors. Since purple soils are unique in China and used as the main cropland in Sichuan Basin of China, it is of great importance to study and understand the impacts of different fertilizer amendments on soil organic carbon(SOC) changes with time. A research was carried out to investigate the relationship between soil carbon sequestration and organic carbon input as affected by different fertilizer treatments at two long-term rice-based cropping system experiments set up in early 1980 s. Each experiment consisted of six identical treatments, including(1) no fertilizer(CK),(2) nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers(NP),(3) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers(NPK),(4) fresh pig manure(M),(5) nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers plus manure(MNP), and(6) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers plus manure(MNPK). The results showed that annual harvestable carbon biomass was the highest in the treatment of MNPK, followed by MNP and NPK, then M and NP, and the lowest in CK. Most of fertilizer treatments resulted in a significant gain in SOC ranging from 6.48 to 2 9.13% compared with the CK, and raised soil carbon sequestration rate to 0.10–0.53 t ha–1 yr-1. Especially, addition of manure on the basis of mineral fertilizers was very conducive to SOC maintenance in this soil. SOC content and soil carbon sequestration rate under balanced fertilizer treatments(NPK and MNPK) in the calcareous purple soil(Suining) were higher than that in the acid purple soil(Leshan). But carbon conversion rate at Leshan was 11.00%, almost 1.5 times of that(7.80%) at Suining. Significant linear correlations between soil carbon sequestration and carbon input were observed at both sites, signifying that the purple soil was not carbon-saturated and still had considerable potential to se questrate more carbon.     

不同施肥制度下中国东部典型土壤易分解与耐分解氮的组分特征

【目的】土壤易分解氮（labile nitrogen,Lab-N）和耐分解氮（recalcitrant nitrogen,Rec-N）是土壤氮库的两个重要组分,其组分含量与比例可反映土壤有机氮周转与固存特性。因此,研究土壤长期不同施肥制度下易分解氮与耐分解氮的含量及比例特性,是土壤氮库管理与土壤肥力质量建设的重要研究内容。【方法】利用中国东部3种旱作土样（吉林公主岭黑土、河南郑州潮土、湖南祁阳红壤）和1种水稻土土样（湖南望城）,运用颗粒密度分组法,研究长期不施肥（CK）、施化肥（NPK）、化肥配施秸秆（NPKS）和化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）4种不同施肥制度下易分解氮和耐分解氮的含量及比例变化特征。【结果】旱作土壤易分解氮的平均含量为0.15 g·kg^-1（0.10-0.29 g·kg^-1）低于水田的0.22 g·kg^-1（0.20-0.23 g·kg^-1）,而其占全氮的比例高于水田。经23年处理后,旱作土壤CK处理全氮含量较试验初期氮含量显著下降,下降的比例为7.5%-9.7%,水稻土则显著上升,升高的比例为11.5%;长期NPK处理,旱作土壤和水田全氮含量较CK显著增加,红壤易分解氮含量较CK易分解氮显著下降,其他地点无显著变化;长期NPKS处理,旱作和水田土壤全氮含量显著增加,黑土和水稻土易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例较CK无显著变化,红壤易分解氮含量显著下降,而潮土易分解氮含量显著增加;长期NPKM处理,显著提高了旱作土壤全氮含量、易分解氮含量及易分解氮占全氮的比例,其中黑土增加的比例最大分别为85.0%、106.0%和4.2%,水稻土易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例无显著差异性。4种土壤耐分解氮的含量与全氮含量的变化趋势一致,均表现为NPKM＞NPKS＞NPK＞CK,其中NPKM处理降低了耐分解氮占全氮的比例。【结论】旱作土壤易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例对不同施肥处理的响应比水田更加敏感。化肥配施有机肥处理显著提高了旱作土壤全氮含量、易分解氮含量及其占全氮的比例,效果优于秸秆还田,更优于化肥处理。     

有机肥和化学肥料配合施用对红壤肥力的影响

通过对红壤旱地长期不同施肥处理的土壤研究,发现不同的施肥处理对红壤旱地性质影响极为明显:长期施用化肥,耕作13年后,土壤活性有机质下降39.6%,在NPKS处理中,活性有机质上升16.9%,M中上升11%。长期施用有机物的处理中,土壤的微生物的数量和土壤酶的活性显著高于长期施用化学肥料的处理,由以长期单度施用化学氮肥为最低。在红壤旱地上长期施用化学肥料,使土壤严重酸化,不利于玉米的生长,肥料的长期效果为:氮肥仅增产24.9%,化学肥料配合施用的NPK处理增产率267%,NPKS处理增产率319%,M处理增产率267%,NPKM处理增产率高达367%。施用有质物还可防止土壤酸化,提高土壤的养分的有效性和肥料的利用率。     

秸秆生物炭和秸秆对麦玉轮作系统土壤养分及作物产量的影响

为探讨生物炭和秸秆在石灰性潮土区对麦玉轮作系统的影响,采用冬小麦季玉米秸秆还田-夏玉米季小麦秸秆不还田的单季还田模式,按照观测小区内实际平均玉米秸秆干物质量进行倍数施用,设置玉米秸秆0.5(S0.5)、1.0(S1.0)、1.5(S1.5)和2.0倍（S2.0）还田,以及将等量玉米秸秆全部转化为生物炭进行施用（B0.5、B1.0、B1.5、B2.0）,以无生物炭和秸秆的处理为对照（CK）,测定不同处理下的土壤养分及作物产量。结果表明,生物炭和秸秆还田处理对冬小麦、夏玉米两季的土壤全效以及速效养分具有一定的促进作用,整体上在冬小麦季对土壤养分的改善及碳氮比的提升效果优于夏玉米季。在冬小麦季,生物炭和秸秆还田处理的小麦籽粒产量较对照分别显著增加9.04%～21.76%和15.31%～22.96%;在夏玉米季,B0.5、S1.0、S1.5、S2.0处理的玉米籽粒产量较对照分别显著增产10.86%、8.72%、10.89%、12.22%。整体上施用生物炭和秸秆对冬小麦的增产效果高于夏玉米,且以秸秆还田处理的增产效果更优。因此,在鲁西平原石灰性潮土区正常施肥的基础上,在冬小麦季施加0.5倍玉米秸...     

长期施肥对稻田土壤可溶性有机氮和游离氨基酸剖面分异的影响

为探讨长期不同施肥对稻田土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)和游离氨基酸(FAA)剖面分异的影响,阐明长期施肥稻田土壤SON和FAA的剖面迁移特性。以不施肥(CK)、单施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、氮磷钾配施牛粪(NPKM)和氮磷钾结合秸秆还田(NPKS)4种处理的稻田长期(33年)施肥定位试验小区为研究对象,采用带总氮检测器的总有机碳分析仪(TOC-TN)、连续流动注射和氨基酸自动分析仪测定不同深度(0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm)土层SON、FAA及其组分的含量。结果表明:长期不同施肥水稻土SON含量剖面分异较明显,0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm土壤SON含量分别为24.14～49.80、11.30～13.86 mg·kg~(-1)和6.35～9.38 mg·kg~(-1);不同处理0～20 cm土壤SON含量表现为NPKSNPKMNPK=CK,NPKS处理较NPK和CK分别提高67.1%和106.3%,NPKM处理较NPK和CK分别提高了28.5%和58.7%;不同土层SON与可溶性总氮(TSN)的比值为40.0%～69.3%。长期不同施肥水稻土FAA含量也存在较明显剖面差异,0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm土壤FAA含量分别为8.15～15.91、0.83～2.13 mg·kg~(-1)和0.69～0.99 mg·kg~(-1),FAA/SON比例的均值分别为35.3%、12.6%和11.2%;NPKM和NPKS处理0～20 cm土壤均包含20种FAA,较CK和NPK处理增加了3种易分解的碱性氨基酸(鸟氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸);NPK、NPKM和NPKS处理20～40 cm土壤均包含10种FAA,较CK处理增加了3种中性氨基酸(缬氨酸、胱氨酸和苯丙氨酸),而40～60 cm土壤则均包含7种FAA,较CK处理增加了2种中性氨基酸(异亮氨酸和胱氨酸);不同处理不同深度土壤FAA组成均以中性氨基酸占优势。研究表明:土壤SON、FAA含量与组分及其剖面分异和施肥模式密切相关,长期化肥配施牛粪和秸秆能增加0～20 cm土壤SON、FAA含量且丰富FAA种类。