中国冬播麦区小麦品种籽粒硬度的变异分析

为了明确小麦新品种(系)籽粒硬度在不同环境下的变异,对65份品种(系)的籽粒硬度在北部冬麦区11个试点,以及43份品种(系)在南方冬麦区4个试点的变异进行了分析。结果表明,不同硬度类型品种所占比例不同,北片硬质品种的比例大于南片,软质和混合品种比例小于南片。北片各点参试品种籽粒硬度均高于南片,其中北片硬质品种的硬度大于南片硬质品种,软质和混合品种的硬度值与南片接近;硬度值最高的是西农8925-13,达99;最低的是WG6,为18。同一小麦品种在不同环境下籽粒硬度存在差异,北片47份硬质品种的硬度在不同地点间变异程度最小,变异系数平均值为7.5%,南片22份软质品种的硬度在不同地点间变异程度最大,变异系数平均值为26.3%;各品种的变异系数以周麦12号最小为2.6%,扬97-65最大为72.7%,各地点变异系数表现出南片各点均大于北片,其中南片江苏白马湖最高达49.7%,北片周口最低为26.7%,因此,品种间硬度在北片各地点较南片稳定。对北片品种(品系)籽粒硬度的基因型、环境及其互作分析表明,硬度主要由品种固定效应决定,基因型×环境互作效应较小,环境影响最小。     

用Richards方程模拟三个典型小麦品种的灌浆过程

Richards方程能较好地模拟小麦子粒的灌浆过程.大粒饱满品种鄂恩1号子粒灌浆活跃期长,灌浆后期子粒增重势头旺盛;大粒不饱满品系“95A-10“子粒灌浆活跃期短,光合产物供应不足,“流“不通畅是限制子粒增重的主要因素;小粒饱满品种华麦8号的灌浆特性介于二者之间.鄂恩1号、“95A-10“为强、弱势子粒灌浆同步型品种;鄂恩1号的灌浆曲线偏左,“95A-10“的灌浆曲线偏右.华麦8号为强、弱势子粒灌浆异步型品种.     

不同类型小麦品种品质性状的生态变异

在江苏省6个小麦生态区，选用大面积推广的7个不同品质类型的专用小麦品种，研究了小麦籽粒品质性状的生态变异特点。结果表明：除籽粒淀粉含量不受环境主效应的影响外，其余各品质性状均受基因型和环境主效应以及二者互作效应的显著影响；籽粒蛋白质含量和面粉降落值受基因型和环境主效应的影响相近，而其余品质指标的基因型主效应明显大于环境效应。表明在江苏省优质小麦生产中，品质的遗传改良和深入的品质生态区划非常重要。不同品种在各生态点品质性状的表现趋势不同，可能导致品质区划结果不同，在品质生态区划研究中需引起重视。     

小麦戊聚糖研究进展

戊聚糖是小麦籽粒中非淀粉多糖的主要成分.戊聚糖在小麦籽粒中的含量较低,但它对小麦的营养品质和加工品质都有重要的影响.本文综述了近年来国内外关于小麦戊聚糖的最新研究进展,包括小麦品种间戊聚糖含量的变异、戊聚糖的影响因素和遗传特性、戊聚糖与农艺性状关系及戊聚糖对小麦品质的影响等,旨在为中国小麦品质改良提供依据.     

高产冬小麦旗叶光合产物供应能力的研究

对冬小麦旗叶光合产物供应能力在供应速率（包括光合作用和蔗糖合成的速率）和供应持续期两个方面进行了研究,结果表明：与鲁麦14相比,鲁麦22旗叶光合速率,灌浆中后期旗叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）活性高,表明鲁麦22旗叶光合产物供应速率高;鲁麦22旗叶叶绿素含量高于鲁麦14,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性高,而丙二醛（MDA）含量低于鲁麦14,即光合产物供应持续期长。因而鲁麦22形成更高的生物产量和籽粒产量。     

玉米花粉诱导小麦单倍体的研究

利用玉米花粉诱导小麦单倍体研究表明,此方法可以得到13 1%～14 8%单倍体幼胚,在改良的B5培养基上进行胚抢救,单倍体幼胚成苗率达到96%以上。通过染色体加倍得到双倍体植株。     

弱光对冬小麦茎中果聚糖代谢的影响

以耐弱光性不同的冬小麦品种‘扬麦158’(耐弱光品种)和‘扬麦11’(不耐弱光品种)为材料,研究了拔节至成熟期遮光对小麦籽粒淀粉积累量、茎中花前贮存果聚糖转运以及果聚糖代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明:拔节至成熟期遮光降低了小麦茎中花前贮存果聚糖的转运量,提高了贮存果聚糖对小麦淀粉产量的贡献率。遮光降低了小麦灌浆前中期茎中蔗糖∶蔗糖果糖基转移酶(SST)和果聚糖∶果聚糖果糖基转移酶(FFT)活性,不利于果聚糖积累,从而导致茎中可溶性碳水化合物积累量下降。遮光条件下灌浆中后期小麦茎中果聚糖外水解酶(FEH)活性下降,分解果聚糖向外转运的能力降低,故向籽粒中转运的量下降,最终导致小麦籽粒淀粉积累量显著降低。遮光33%时小麦籽粒淀粉积累量的下降幅度大于遮光22%,且‘扬麦11’的下降幅度大于‘扬麦158’。     

花前渍水对长江中下游主推小麦品种产量的影响

为了研究花前渍水对小麦(Triticum aestivum Linn.)产量的影响,对长江中下游主推小麦品种进行花前渍水试验,在拔节期测量SPAD值(叶绿素相对含量),和黄绿叶面积比,孕穗期测量SPAD值和黄绿叶面积比,并对产量及产量构成因素进行分析。结果表明,渍水导致旗叶SPAD值下降,黄绿叶面积比上升,收获指数下降。产量的构成因素中,千粒重、穗粒数、有效分蘖数下降。综合各个品种来看,不同品种的指标参数下降幅度不同,通过分析不同品种指标参数下降幅度,寻找到优势品种襄麦25和皖麦56。     

Photosynthetic Characteristics and Antioxidative Metabolism of Flag Leaves in Responses to Nitrogen Application During Grain Filling of Field-Grown Wheat

A two-factorial experiment was conducted with two wheat cultivars, SN1391 （large spike and large grain） and GC8901 （multiple spike and medium grain）, and two nitrogen （N） application rates （12 and 24 g N m^-2）, to investigate the responses of photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative metabolism to nitrogen rates in flag leaves of field-grown wheat during grain filling. The results showed that the content of N and chlorophyll （Chl） in wheat flag leaves decreased after anthesis and the net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, effective quantum yield of PS Ⅱ （Фps n）, efficiency of excitation capture by open PS Ⅱ reaction centers （Fv′/Fm′）, and photochemical quenching coefficient （qp） began to decrease at 14 days after anthesis. However, the maximal efficiency of PS Ⅱ photochemistry （Fv/Fm） decreased slightly until the late period of senescence and the nonphotochemical quenching coefficient （NPQ） increased during flag leaves＇ senescence, As a result, a conflict came into being between absorption and utilization to light energy in flag leaves during senescence, which might accelerate the senescence of flag leaves. Compared with GC8901, the lower plant population of SN1391 during grain filling was helpful to maintain the higher content of photosynthetic pigment, activity of PS II, and Pn in flag leaves during senescence, The delayed decrease in antioxidative enzyme activity and the lower degree of membrane lipid peroxidation in the senescing leaves of SN1391 were beneficial to protect the photosynthetic apparatus, which lead to the prolonged duration of CO2 assimilation. With the increase of N application, the Chl content of SN1391 flag leaves and the efficiency of excitation captured by open PS Ⅱ centers increased. At the same time, the thermal dissipation in SN1391 flag leaves at high N （HN） treatment decreased and Фps Ⅱ improved greatly, which were favorable to the increase of Pn. The SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities in the flag leaves of SN1391 increased     

不同穗型冬小麦品种灌浆期籽粒中与淀粉合成有关的酶活性变化

 在池栽条件下 ,对豫麦 6 6和豫麦 4 9的籽粒灌浆过程中几个与淀粉合成有关的酶活性变化研究表明 ,开花后 2 5d内 ,大穗型品种豫麦 6 6籽粒中淀粉积累速度比多穗型品种豫麦 4 9慢 ,但开花 2 5d之后情况则相反。豫麦 6 6籽粒中淀粉积累速率的变化呈单峰曲线 ,峰值出现在花后 2 0～ 2 5d ,而豫麦 4 9则呈双峰曲线 ,花后 15～ 2 0d和 2 5～ 30d分别达到峰值 ,且第 1个峰值显著高于第 2个。灌浆期豫麦 6 6和豫麦 4 9籽粒中蔗糖含量与SS(蔗糖合成酶 )活性变化均呈单峰曲线 ,峰值分别出现在花后 2 0和 15d ,整个灌浆期内豫麦 6 6籽粒中蔗糖含量与SS活性均高于豫麦 4 9;豫麦 6 6籽粒中AGPP(腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 )和SBE(淀粉分支酶 )活性变化均呈单峰曲线 ,峰值出现在花后 2 0d ,而SSS(可溶性淀粉合成酶 )活性变化则呈双峰曲线 ,峰值分别出现在花后 10和 2 0d ,且第 2个峰值显著高于第 1个     

渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片中亚精胺与抗氧化酶的关系

为了探讨多胺提高作物抗旱性的机理,在渗透胁迫下,研究小麦品种豫麦18(抗旱性较强)和扬麦9号(抗旱性较弱)幼苗叶中亚精胺(Spd)含量与三种抗氧化酶——超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的变化。结果表明:渗透胁迫2 d,扬麦9号幼苗叶片的丙二醛(MDA)的上升幅度明显高于豫麦18,豫麦18幼苗叶片Spd含量以及SOD、CAT和APX活性的上升幅度明显大于扬麦9号;外源Spd处理,明显提高了扬麦9号幼苗叶片的Spd含量以及SOD、CAT和APX活性,也明显抑制其MDA含量的上升。Spd的生物合成专一性抑制剂——甲基乙二醛-双(鸟嘌呤腙)(MGBG)预处理豫麦18,再进行渗透胁迫,则明显抑制其渗透胁迫下叶片中SOD、CAT和APX活性以及Spd含量的上升,也明显促进了MDA含量的上升。从而表明,渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片的Spd可能通过促进抗氧化酶活性,从而减轻活性氧对幼苗的伤害。     

西北地区不同小麦品种氮营养效率差异及其机理研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了西北地区20世纪50年代以来,15个耐肥性不同的主要小麦品种的氮营养效率差异及其机理。结果表明,供试的15个小麦品种中,丰产3号、周麦9号和长武134在低氮和高氮下均可获得高产,是适应性较广的品种类型;西农1376、西农6028和陕229对氮素累积量大,但体内氮的利用效率低,对土壤氮利用能力也差,需肥量大,氮肥利用率高,比较耐肥,适用于高肥土壤种植;低氮条件下,周麦9号、小偃6号属高产-氮高效型品种,而在高氮条件下,丰产3号、周麦9号和偃师9号属高产-氮高效型品种;低氮条件下耐瘠品种主要靠发达的根系和对NO-3的有效利用获得高产,高氮条件下耐肥品种主要靠对肥料氮的吸收及在体内的有效利用而获得高产。     

不同种植密度对江汉平原三个主推小麦品种产量的影响

以江汉平原主推小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种漯麦6010、郑麦9023、鄂麦580为试验材料,设置了每公顷225万、300万、375万3个密度处理,分析了密度对不同品种小麦产量、直链淀粉与支链淀粉含量比值、孕穗及开花期旗叶叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,同一品种不同密度处理间,3个品种在密度为300万/hm~2时,子粒产量和旗叶叶绿素SPAD值均达最高,旗叶MDA含量最低;郑麦9023和鄂麦580在密度为375万/hm~2时直链淀粉与支链淀粉含量比值最高,密度为225万/hm~2时最低,而漯麦6010则在密度为225万/hm~2时比值最高,300万/hm~2时比值最低。同一密度不同品种间,漯麦6010子粒产量和旗叶叶绿素SPAD值最高,鄂麦580最低,郑麦9023居中;而旗叶MDA含量以漯麦6010最低,鄂麦580的最高,郑麦9023居中;鄂麦580的直链淀粉与支链淀粉含量比值最高,其次是漯麦6010,郑麦9023最低。     

冬小麦生育后期的群体光合作用与物质生产能力

适期播种条件下,鲁麦5号每亩8、16和24万基本苗处理间后期群体光合作用和籽粒产量均存在显著差异。低密度条件下花后群体光合速率高,物质净积累强度大,LAD值高,有效灌浆期长。籽粒生长速率随密度增加而降低,灌浆中后期表现尤为明显。文中从群体结构和物质生产方面探讨了精播高产栽培的理论基础。     

小麦磷转运蛋白基因TaPT4的克隆和表达分析

在富集低磷响应基因的小麦根系cDNA差减杂交文库中,测序后获得1个与大麦磷转运蛋白基因HvPT4高度同源的表达序列标签TaPT4-EST。经BLAST分析获得该EST对应的全长cDNA,将其命名为TaPT4。TaPT4的cDNA全长为1 927bp,编码537个氨基酸残基,编码蛋白含有12个跨膜保守域。系统进化分析表明,TaPT4除与HvPT4具有较高的相似性外,还与呈高亲和特征的黑麦磷转运蛋白基因PT和小麦磷转运蛋白基因PT1高度同源。TaPT4在叶中的表达为组成型,在根中的表达受到低磷诱导;此外,无论在低磷处理还是正常供磷条件下,TaPT4在根中的表达均表现明显的昼夜节律特征,表现为随照光时间延长而表达增高,进入暗期后表达减弱。上述结果表明TaPT4可能是归属于高亲和特征的小麦磷转运蛋白,在增强小麦在低磷逆境下的磷素吸收中发挥着重要作用。     

基因枪转化小麦愈伤组织的影响因素研究

以小麦愈伤组织为受体材料,用基因枪法将报告基因GUS和目的基因Psag12-IPT导入小麦中。GUS基因表达检测表明,金粉用量越高,转化频率越高;质粒DNA用量以2.0μg/枪最佳;随着愈伤组织培养时间的延长,GUS基因瞬时表达呈明显下降趋势,至第28天以后趋于稳定。另外,GUS基因瞬时表达检测应在24h内进行。     

小麦颖果韧皮部细胞ATPase活性及其与籽粒光合同化物积累关系

 【目的】探明韧皮部细胞ATPase分布规律,分析韧皮部细胞ATPase活性与籽粒光合同化物量之间的关系。【方法】在小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）灌浆不同阶段,采用蒽酮法测定籽粒光合同化物积累量;运用显微细胞化学技术对颖果韧皮部和胚乳细胞的多糖进行定位,同时对韧皮部细胞ATPase进行超微细胞化学定位。对籽粒光合同化物积累量与韧皮部细胞ATPase活性产物量进行相关分析和线性回归分析。【结果】(1)在灌浆渐增期,籽粒积累的光合同化物主要是可溶性糖。约在花后14 d,籽粒可溶性糖和淀粉积累量含量相等。以后,籽粒以积累淀粉为主。在整个灌浆期,籽粒可溶性糖和淀粉量的变化呈现彼此消长,但籽粒总糖含量一直呈“S”型增长。在灌浆渐增期和快增期,韧皮部筛分子（Sieve element,SE）的细胞壁和胚乳细胞的淀粉粒均被锡夫试剂染成鲜红色;但在灌浆缓增期,上述细胞染色明显变浅。（2）在SE、中间细胞（Intermediary Cell,IC）、伴胞（Companion Cell,CC）和韧皮薄壁细胞（Phloem Parenchyma Cell,PPC）中,ATPase活性产物主要分布于质膜、细胞内壁和靠近质膜的囊泡上。在SE内的P型-质体和线粒体的双层膜上、SE和IC之间分枝状的胞间连丝上也有较强ATPase活性。在灌浆渐增期和快增期,SE的ATPase活性高,而在缓增期,IC的ATPase活性较SE高。（3）SE中ATPase酶活性产物与籽粒可溶糖呈显著负相关;与籽粒淀粉含量呈极显著正相关;与籽粒总糖呈显著正相关,且ATPase活性产物与光合同化物积累量之间有明显的线性关系。IC中ATPase活性产物只与籽粒可溶糖呈极显著正相关。【结论】在灌浆过程中,籽粒中可溶性糖和淀粉量的增加彼此消长,但总糖含量一直增加。籽粒光合同化物积累量与SE和IC中ATPase活性产物量之间有显著或极显著的相关关系。韧皮部细胞ATPase活性产物呈现出动态的时空变化。SE在灌浆前2个阶段起主要的同化物运输作用,而IC主要在灌浆第3阶段起主导作用。上述结果为小麦籽粒灌浆生理研究提供了细胞学基础。     

Effect of Soil Texture on Starch Accumulation and Activities of Key Enzymes of Starch Synthesis in the Kernel of ZM 9023

Three kinds of soil texture （clay-loam, mid-loam, and sand-loam soil） were used to study the effects of soil texture on starch accumulating rate and the changes in activities of the key enzymes of starch synthesis in the kernel during grain filling in high gluten content wheat ZM 9023, under conditions of pond culture. The content of starch and its components were measured according to the method of double-wave length described by Bao （1996）. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase （AGPP） activity was tested according to the method described by Doehlert et al. （1988）. Soluble starch synthase （SSS） and starch branching enzyme （SBE） activities were tested according to the method described by Nakamura et al. （1989）. The amylose, amylopectin, and total starch accumulating rate in the kernel of ZM 9023 were found to be a single-peak curve in three different soil textures during grain filling, and peaked 20, 15, and 15 d after anthesis, respectively. The activities of the enzymes, AGPP, SSS, and SBE, in the kernel of ZM 9023 had a single-peaked curve, which peaked 20, 15, and 15 d after anthesis, respectively. The activities of the above three enzymes of ZM 9023 were higher in the sand-loam soil. The accumulating peak of amylose formed later compared to that of amylopectin. The sand-loam soil could help high gluten content cultivars to synthesize starch.     

QTL for grain yield and yield parameters in winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Field trials with a set of 108 doubled haploid lines(DHs) derived from a cross between the Chinese winter wheat cvs.CA9613 and H1488 were run at Beijing(China).Phenotypic data were recorded for major agronomic yield traits,i.e.grain weight per ear,grain number per ear and thousand grain weight(Tgw) in two field trials at Beijing.Based on the phenotypic data and a genetic map comprising 168 SSR markers,an analysis of quantitative trait loci(QTL) was carried out for yield and yield parameters using the composite interval mapping(CIM) approach.A total of 14 QTL were detected for these traits across two environments.Four of these QTL located on chromosomes 1A and 2B,respectively,exhibited pleiotropic effects.Loci showing pleiotropic effects will be very useful for understanding the homeologous relationships of QTL and designing an appropriate marker-assisted selection programme by multi-trait selection in order to accumulate("pyramide") favorable alleles at different loci.     

Allelic Variation in Loci for Adaptive Response and Its Effect on Agronomical Traits in Chinese Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Heading date was an important trait that decided the adaptation of wheat to environments. It was modified by genes involved in vernalization response, photoperiod response and development rate. In this study, four loci Xgwm261, Xgwm219, Xbarc23 and Ppd-D1 which were previously reported related to heading time were analyzed based on three groups of wheat including landraces (L), varieties bred before 1983 (B82) and after 1983 (A83) collected from Chinese wheat growing areas. Generally, heading date of landrace was longer than that of varieties. Significant differences in the heading time existed within the groups, which implied that diversification selection was much helpful for adaptation in each wheat zone. Photoperiod insensitive allele Ppd-D1a was the first choice for both landrace and modern varieties, which promoted the heading date about four days earlier than that of sensitive allele Ppd-D1b. The three SSR loci had different characters in the three groups. Predominant allele combination for each zone was predicted for wheat group L and A83, which made great contribution to advantageous traits. Xgwm219 was found to be significantly associated with heading date in Yellow and Huai River Winter Wheat Zone (Zone II) and spike length in Middle and lower Yangtze Valley Winter Wheat Zone (Zone III), which implied functional diversification for adaption. Variation for earliness genes provided here will be helpful for whet breeding in future climatic change.