Review grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice production regions in China

As one of the staple food crops, rice(Oryza sativa L.) is widely cultivated across China, which plays a critical role in guaranteeing national food security. Most previous studies on grain yield or/and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of rice in China often involved site-specific field experiments, or small regions with insufficient data, which limited the representation for the current rice production regions. In this study, a database covering a wide range of climate conditions, soil types and field managements across China, was developed to estimate rice grain yield and NUE in various rice production regions in China and to evaluate the relationships between N rates and grain yield, NUE. According to the database for rice, the values of grain yield, plant N accumulation, N harvest index(HIN), indigenous N supply(INS), internal N efficiency(IE_N), reciprocal internal N efficiency(RIE_N), agronomic N use efficiency(AE_N), partial N factor productivity(PEPN), physiological N efficiency(PE_N), and recover efficiency of applied N(RE_N) averaged 7.69 t ha~(–1), 152 kg ha~(–1), 0.64 kg kg~(–1), 94.1 kg kg~(–1), 53.9 kg kg~(–1), 1.98 kg kg~(–1), 12.6 kg kg~(–1), 48.6 kg kg~(–1), 33.8 kg kg~(–1), and 39.3%, respectively. However, the corresponding values all varied tremendously with large variation. Rice planting regions and N rates had significant influence on grain yield, N uptake and NUE values. Considering all observations, N rates of 200 to 250 kg ha~(–1) commonly achieved higher rice grain yield compared to less than 200 kg N ha~(–1) and more than 250 kg N ha~(–1) at most rice planting regions. At N rates of 200 to 250 kg ha~(–1), significant positive linear relationships were observed between rice grain yield and AE_N, PE_N, RE_N, IE_N, and PFPN, and 46.49, 24.64, 7.94, 17.84, and 88.24% of the variation in AE_N, PE_N, RE_N, IE_N, and PFPN could be explained by grain yield, respectively. In conclusion, in a reasonable range of N application, an increase in grain yield can be achieved accompanying by an acceptable NUE.     

Relationship Between Grain Yield and Yield Components in Super Hybrid Rice

Chinese super hybrid rice breeding project has developed many new varieties with great yield potential.It is controversial which yield component should be emphasized in super hybrid rice production.The present study was conducted to compare super hybrid rice with common hybrid and super inbred rice and analyze contributions of yield components to grain yield of super hybrid rice under experimental conditions,and evaluate relationships between grain yield and yield components of super hybrid rice in farmer's paddy fields.Field experiments were done in Changsha,Guidong,and Nanxian,Hunan Province,China,from 2007 to 2009.Eight super hybrid varieties,one common hybrid variety,and one super inbred variety were grown in each location and year.Rice production investigation was undertaken in high-yielding (Guidong),moderate-yielding (Nanxian),and low-yielding (Ningxiang) regions of Hunan Province,China,in 2009.Grain yield and yield components were measured in both the field experiments and rice production investigation.Super hybrid rice varieties outyielded common hybrid and super inbred varieties across three locations and years.Yield potential has been increased by 11.4％ in super hybrid rice varieties compared with common and super inbred varieties.The higher yield of super hybrid varieties was attributed to improvement in panicle size.Panicles per m2 had the highest positive contribution to grain yield with the exception under yield level of 10.0 to 12.0 t ha-1,and was positively related to grain yield in farmer's field at all of the high-,moderate-,and low-yielding regions.Our study suggests that panicle per m2 ought to be emphasized in super hybrid rice production.     

Comparisons of Yield and Growth Behaviors of Hybrid Rice Under Different Nitrogen Management Methods in Tropical and Subtropical Environments

To compare the grain yield and growth behaviors of hybrid rice, field experiments were conducted in a subtropical environment in Changsha, Hunan Province, China, and in two tropical environments in Gazipur and Habiganj in Bangladesh during 2009 to 2011. Three hybrid rice cultivars were grown under three nitrogen (N) management treatments in each experiment. The results showed that grain yield was significantly affected by locations, N treatments and their interaction but not by cultivars. Changsha produced 8–58% higher grain yields than Bangladesh locations. Sink size (spikelet number per unit land area) was responsible for these yield differences. Larger panicle size (spikelet number per panicle) contributed to greater sink size in Changsha. Aboveground total biomass was greater in Changsha than in Bangladesh locations, whereas harvest index was higher in Bangladesh locations than in Changsha. Crop growth rate (CGR) was greater at Changsha than Bangladesh locations during vegetative phase, while the difference was relatively small and not consistent during the later growth phases. Higher leaf area index and leaf area duration were partly responsible for the greater CGR in Changsha. Real-time N management (RTNM) produced lower grain yields than fixed-time N management in more than half of the experiments. Our study suggested that further improvement in rice yield in the tropical environments similar to those of Bangladesh will depend mainly on the ability to increase panicle size as well as CGR during vegetative phase, and the chlorophyll meter threshold value used in RTNM needs to be modified according to environmental conditions and cultivar characteristics to achieve a desirable grain yield.     

No-tillage effects on grain yield and nitrogen requirements in hybrid rice transplanted with single seedlings: Results of a long-term experiment

This study was conducted to determine whether, and if so how, the grain yield and nitrogen (N) requirements of hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings are affected by no-tillage (NT) practices. A fixed field experiment was done at the Experimental Farm of Hunan Agricultural University in Changsha, Hunan Province, China, from 2004 to 2014. Grain yield and yield attributes (panicle number per m², spikelet number per panicle, spikelet filling percentage, grain weight, total biomass, and harvest index) were evaluated as well as the N-use characteristics (total N uptake, internal N-use efficiency, and N requirements) of hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings comparing NT with conventional tillage (CT). A significant finding was that there were no significant differences in grain yield, yield attributes, and N-use characteristics between CT and NT. Averaged across the 11 years, grain yield and N requirements were 9.51 t ha^–1 and 20.2 kg t^–1 under CT and 9.33 t ha^–1 and 20.0 kg t^–1 under NT, respectively. There were significant yearly variations in grain yield, yield attributes, and N-use characteristics observed under both CT and NT. The yearly variation in grain yield was related to simultaneous changes in spikelet number per panicle, grain weight, total biomass, and harvest index. Also, it was found that grain yield was positively correlated with internal N-use efficiency but negatively correlated with N requirements. It is concluded that grain yield and N requirements in hybrid rice when transplanted as single seedlings are not affected adversely by NT. The results of this study suggest that (1) compatible relationships among yield attributes can be established in hybrid rice that is transplanted as single seedlings, and (2) higher grain yield and higher N-use efficiency can be concurrently achieved in hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings.     

Determination of optimum nitrogen application rates in Zhejiang Province,China, based on rice yields and ecological security

Excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization in intensive agricultural areas such as the plain region of South China has resulted in low nitrogen use efficiency and serious environmental problems. To determine the optimum N application rate, grain yield, apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency(ANRE), apparent N loss, and ammonium(NH_3) volatilization under different N application rates in the three years from 2012 to 2014 were studied. The results showed that the relationship between grain yields and N application rate in the three years were well fitted by quadratic equations. When N application rate reached 197 kg ha~(–1) in 2012, 199 kg ha~(–1) in 2013 and 196 kg ha~(–1) in 2014, the plateau of the grain yields appeared. With the increase of N application rate, the ANRE for rice decreased which could be expressed with sigmoidal equation; when N application rate was 305 kg ha~(–1) in 2012, 275 kg ha~(–1) in 2013 and 312 kg ha~(–1) in 2014, the curves of ANRE appeared turing points. Besides, the relationship between soil Nresidual and N application rate was fitted by the quadratic equation and the maximums of soil Nresidual were reached in the three years with the N application rate of 206, 244 and 170 kg ha~(–1), respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that NH3 volatilization and apparent N loss in three years all increased with the increasing N application rate. When the amount of NH3 volatilization increased to 11.6 kg N ha~(–1) in 2012, 40.5 kg N ha~(–1) in 2013 and 57.0 kg N ha~(–1)in 2014, the apparent N loss in the three years had obvious increase. To determine the optimum N application rate, the average N application on the plateau of the grain yield was considered as the lower limit while the average N application rate at the turning points of ANRE, the residual N in soil and apparent N loss was taken as the upper limit. According to the results in three years, the optimum N application rate for rice in Zhejiang was 197–255 kg ha~(–1).     

Evaluation of nitrogen requirement and efficiency of rice in the region of Yangtze River Valley based on large-scale field experiments

Overestimation of nitrogen(N) uptake requirement is one of the driving forces of the overuse of N fertilization and the low efficiency of N use in China. In this study, we collected data from 1 844 site-years of rice(Oryza sativa L.) under various rotation cropping systems across the Yangtze River Valley. Selected treatments included without(N0 treatment) and with N application(N treatment) which were recommended by local technicians, with a wide grain range of 1.5–11.9 t ha–1. Across the 1 844 site-years, over 96% of the sites showed yield increase(relative yield105%) with N fertilization, and the increase rates decreased from 78.9 to 16.2% within the lowest range 4.0 to the highest 6.5 t ha–1. To produce one ton of grain, the rice absorbed approximately 17.8 kg N in the N0 treatment and 20.4 kg N in the N treatment. The value of partial factor productivity by N(PFP N) reached a range of 35.2–51.4 kg grain kg–1 with N application under the current recommended N rate. Averaged recovery rate of N(RE N) was above 36.0% in yields below 6.0 t ha–1 and lower than 31.7% in those above 6.0 t ha–1. Soil properties only affected yield increments within low rice yield levels(5.5 t ha–1). There is a poor relationship between N application rates and indigenous nitrogen supply(INS). From these observations and considering the local INS, we concluded there was a great potential for improvement in regional grain yield and N efficiency.     

水稻生产目标产量确定的理论与方法探讨

【目的】分析探讨水稻生产目标产量确定的理论与方法。【方法】根据2012-2013年在海南澄迈、广东怀集、广西宾阳、湖南长沙和贵州兴义5个地点进行的不同施氮量（不施氮;中氮：161-176 kg·hm^-2;高氮：225 kg·hm^-2）、不同品种（杂交稻品种两优培九、Y两优1号和常规稻品种黄华占、玉香油占）大田试验的结果,结合国内外相关文献报道进行分析探讨。【结果】大田试验表明,即使同一基因型水稻品种的产量也存在显著或极显著地点间差异。在施氮条件下（中氮和高氮）,各试验地点的平均产量以兴义点最高（两优培九：13.20-13.54 t·hm^-2,Y两优1号：13.50-13.78 t·hm^-2,黄华占：11.26-11.42 t·hm^-2,玉香油占：11.32-11.45 t·hm^-2）,其次为长沙、澄迈、宾阳,而怀集点最低（两优培九：6.66-6.71 t·hm^-2,Y两优1号：6.96-7.20 t·hm^-2,黄华占：6.96-7.11 t·hm^-2,玉香油占：7.35-6.86 t·hm^-2）。同样,各试验地点的平均基础地力产量（不施氮处理）也是以兴义点最高（10.52 t·hm^-2）,其次为长沙、澄迈、宾阳,怀集点最低（4.53 t·hm^-2）。水稻施肥产量（Y_F）极显著地依赖于基础地力产量（Y_S）,中氮和高氮条件下的回归方程分别为Y_F﹦0.814Y_S＋3.337（R²﹦0.824）和Y_F﹦0.864Y_S＋3.094（R²﹦0.839）,5个地点和4个品种基础地力产量贡献率（基础地力产量占施肥产量的百分率）平均为64.8%-85.5%和72.7%-79.3%。对国内外相关文献中数据（n= 315）进行分析也显示,水稻施肥产量与基础地力产量呈显著正相关关系（Y_F﹦1.031Y_S+2.421,R²＝0.523）,基础地力产量贡献率平均达到67.7%。此外,研究结果还显示,施肥增产量与基础地力产量贡献率呈极显著的负相关关系;水稻产量与植株氮素吸收量和施氮量呈显著或极显著的二次曲线关系。【结论】水稻目标产量的制定应因地而异,即“因地定产”。基础地力产量是土壤肥力和气候生产力的综合反映,可作为水稻生产目标产量确定的依据,通过基于基础地力产量的回归方程来确定水稻高产栽培的目标产量。培肥土壤地力是实现水稻目标产量栽培的重要举措。     

杂交稻对产量和氮素利用率影响的荟萃分析

【目的】与常规稻相比,杂交稻具有更高的产量潜力。但是,对杂交稻和常规稻在氮素利用率上的差异尚存争议。本研究采用Meta分析以明确杂交稻对产量和氮素利用率的影响。【方法】以常规稻为对照,杂交稻为处理,筛选出56篇文献,建立了包含367对观测值的数据库。利用Meta分析方法,针对不同杂交稻类型、氮肥施用量及施用次数、土壤全氮、土壤碳氮比和土壤质地,探究了杂交稻对产量和氮素利用率的影响。【结果】与常规稻相比,杂交稻显著提高了产量（+11%）和生物量（+14%）,而对收获指数无显著性影响。在各氮肥施用水平下,与常规稻相比,杂交稻均显著提高了产量;然而,随着氮肥施用量的增加,杂交稻的增产优势显著降低。另外,与常规稻相比,杂交稻显著提高了氮素吸收（+8.1%）、氮素生理利用率（+2.9%）和氮素回收率（+3.6个单位）。【结论】与常规稻相比,杂交稻能够提高产量和氮素利用率。本研究为评估杂交稻的推广应用对我国水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响提供了数据支撑。     

减氮对甬优籼粳杂交稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

于2017—2019年在浙东单季稻区2种类型土壤(象山淡塘泥田和鄞州青紫泥田)上开展定位试验,以4个甬优籼粳杂交稻品种(甬优1540、甬优7850、甬优12、甬优538)和2个常规粳稻品种(宁84和秀水134)为材料,设置HN(农民习惯施氮量,杂交稻折纯N 240 kg·hm-2、常规稻折纯N 200 kg·hm-2)...     

Effects of Different Nitrogen Treatments on N use Efficiency and Grain Yield of Mechanically-transplanted Hybrid Rice

In order to investigate effects of topdressing on grain yield and N use efficiency of mechanically-transplanted hybrid rice,this experiment was conducted with 2-line hybrid rice cultivars,Quanliangyou 1 and Quanliangyou 681 with 3 application levels of N fertilizer,No,N1,N2,respectively.The results showed that there were no significant differences in grain yields of the 2 varieties between treatments N1 and N2.It was indicated that N is not the factor which could limit grain yield within limited application levels of N fertilizer.High N fertilizer treatment could contribute to the formation of effective panicles and spikelets per panicle,but it could also lead to the decline in grain filling rate.It was suggested that lowering the amount of Nfertilizer could facilitate improvement of N-use efficiency.     

不同肥料类型和处理对水稻氮肥农学利用率的影响

选用当前我省大面积种植的5个水稻品种,在7种不同施肥处理下进行裂区试验,探讨不同施肥类型与水稻产量和农学利用率的关系.结果表明:尿素+控失剂+饼肥配合施肥处理可以显著提高水稻的产量,平均较对照增产51.7%;该施肥处理还可以明显提高水稻的氮肥农学利用率,较尿素+饼肥施肥处理平均增加了20.1%;品种K优52和协优52在不同施肥处理下的平均产量和平均氮肥农学利用率均高于其它试验品种,分别为6.06 kg/667m2、10.3kg稻谷/kg N与6.10 kg/667m2、11.8kg稻谷/kg N.因此,控失剂的配合辅助施用可以提高水稻产量和农学利用率;K优52和协优52的平均氮素农学利用效率高于其它品种.     

Yield potential and stability in super hybrid rice and its production strategies

China's Super Hybrid Rice Breeding Program has made significant progress over the past two decades. In this paper, we reviewed our studies on the yield potential and stability in super hybrid rice and discussed the strategies for super hybrid rice production. The results of our studies show that rice yield potential has been increased by 12% in super hybrid cultivars as compared with ordinary hybrid and inbred cultivars. The higher grain yields in super hybrid rice cultivars are attributed to larger panicle size coupled with higher biomass production or higher harvest index. However, grain yields in super hybrid rice cultivars vary widely among locations depending on soil and climatic factors. Therefore, it is important to tailor target yield to local conditions in super hybrid rice production. The target yield for super hybrid rice production can be determined by the average yield method or the regression model method. Improving soil quality is critical to achieving the target yield in super hybrid rice production. Favorable crop rotations such as rice-oilseed rape and novel soil management practices, such as biochar addition, are effective approaches to improve soil quality. It is needed to develop simplified cultivation technologies for super hybrid rice to meet the changes in socioeconomic environments during the period of transition. There are such technologies as no-tillage direct seeding and mechanized transplanting at high hill density with single seedling per hill.     

机插栽培籼杂交稻的日产量及与株型的关系

【目的】探讨日产量作为中籼杂交稻机插栽培品种筛选指标的可行性,系统研究中籼杂交稻品种株型特征及与日产量的关系,筛选出适宜四川地区机插栽培的高产品种,以期为中籼杂交稻机插高产栽培和育种工作提供理论和实践依据。【方法】 以34个中籼杂交稻品种为材料,采用单因素随机区组田间试验收集数据,通过聚类分析、方差分析等方法对机插栽培下中籼杂交稻品种的株型特征及日产量进行研究。【结果】（1）机插栽培不同水稻品种全生育期、日产量及产量差异较大,以2017年为例,供试品种全生育期为141—168 d,以154—164 d的品种为主,占供试品种的82.4%;产量变幅为10 261.05—13 099.34 kg·hm ^-2,天优华占产量最高,宜香3728最低,产量在11 110.90—12 827.15 kg·hm ^-2范围内的品种占供试品种的76.5%;供试品种的日产量主要分布在67—80 kg·hm ^-2·d ^-1,占供试品种的82.4%,天优华占、繁优609和晶两优534日产量较高,均超过80 kg·hm ^-2·d ^-1,但仅占供试品种的8.8%。（2）聚类分析显示,高日产量类型品种占总数的29.4%;中日产量类型占总数的38.2%;低日产量类型占总数的32.4%。（3）与低日产量类型品种相比,高日产量类型品种具有较高的每穗粒数和群体颖花量,且有效穗充足,结实率较高,故其产量较高。（4）不同类型品种株型特征差异较大,相关分析表明株高、秆长、N3节间长、N4节间长、穗长与日产量呈显著或极显著负相关,着粒密度与日产量呈极显著正相关。【结论】 日产量可以作为中籼杂交稻机插栽培品种筛选的重要指标之一,日产量较高的品种,其机插适应性较强。株高、秆长适宜,第三、四节间长较短,着粒密度高是高日产量品种的重要株型特征。此外,适宜四川地区机插的中籼杂交稻品种还具有全生育期适中、穗足粒多、群体颖花量和结实率高的基本特征。综合来看,天优华占、繁优609、晶两优534、Y两优1号、C两优华占及F优498是适宜在四川地区机插种植的品种。     

施肥水平对不同氮效率水稻氮素利用特征及产量的影响

【目的】研究不同施肥水平下不同氮效率杂交水稻产量差异与氮素吸收和利用的关系,以期为水稻品种改良和高产高效栽培技术提供依据。【方法】以氮高效品种(德香4103)和氮低效品种(宜香3724)为材料,通过设置低肥(75 kg N·hm~(-2),37.5 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),75 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),记为N_1P_1K_1)、中肥(150 kg N·hm~(-2),75 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),150 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),记为N_2P_2K_2)、高肥(225 kg N·hm~(-2),112.5 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),225 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),记为N_3P_3K_3)3种施肥水平,并在各施肥水平下均增设一不施氮处理,研究其对不同氮效率水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响及其结实期氮素吸收、转运和分配特性。【结果】品种与施肥水平对杂交稻主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积、转运、分配,以及氮素利用特征和产量均存在显著影响;品种对氮肥回收利用率、千粒重,以及总颖花数的影响均不同程度的高于施肥水平的调控效应;施肥水平对主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积,结实期叶片和茎鞘氮的运转,以及产量调控作用显著。N_2P_2K_2相对于N_1P_1K_1处理能促进不同氮效率水稻主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积,提高氮收获指数,促进结实期叶片和茎鞘中氮素的运转,进而显著提高稻谷产量及氮肥利用效率,且N_2P_2K_2均显著高于同品种下其他的肥料施用处理,为本试验最佳的氮磷钾肥施用模式;N_3P_3K_3处理易造成结实期叶片及茎鞘中氮滞留量增加,氮转运贡献率显著降低,导致产量及氮肥利用效率显著降低。氮高效品种具有总颖花数、结实率高的特征,其主要生育时期氮素累积量,氮素干物质生产效率,氮素稻谷生产效率及氮素收获指数等均显著高于氮低效品种,但千粒重并不是氮高效品种所独有的特征;此外,氮高效品种结实期更有利于叶片与茎鞘氮素的运转及穗部氮素的累积,尤其氮高效品种具有较高的茎鞘氮素转运率,其与氮肥生理利用率、回收利用率及农艺利用率均存在显著正相关性(r=0.699*—0.743*),是导致不同氮效率品种氮肥利用效率、产量差异的重要因子,可作为氮效率及品种鉴选的评价指标,也可以以进一步提高抽穗至成熟期氮高效水稻品种茎鞘氮素运转率,作为实现水稻高产与氮高效利用协调统一的另一重要途径。【结论】本试验条件下,氮高效品种具备的结实期茎鞘高氮素转运、高总颖花数及结实率是优于氮低效品种而形成产量差异的主要因素,N_2P_2K2_为氮高效品种配套的最优氮磷钾肥施用模式。提高抽穗期至成熟期氮累积量,促进叶片与茎鞘氮运转量,尤其应提高茎鞘氮素运转率,可实现高产与氮高效利用的同步提高。     

浙江省水稻产量构成差异调查与合理种植密度分析

对浙江省23个水稻主栽品种、236块稻田产量的实际调查情况表明,水稻的产量差异普遍存在于品种和田块间,从变异系数看,每穗粒数和有效穗数的变异系数均显著大于千粒重,是导致品种间和田块间产量差异的主要因素。相关分析表明,不同类型水稻的产量均与每穗粒数的相关性最大,其中双季晚籼稻和单季常规粳稻分别达极显著和显著正相关,大穗品种的产量相对较高。水稻的产量随种植密度的增加先增加后下降,对单季籼稻,种植密度在（1.00～1.20）万丛/667m²时,出现产量>650 kg/667m²的概率较大,而种植密度在（1.20～1.40）万丛/667m²时,出现产量<500 kg/667m²和>650 kg/667m²的概率均较小,稳产的把握较高;对双季晚稻,种植密度以（1.10～1.40）万丛/667m²为宜。     

Comparative analysis on grain quality and yield of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

Indica-japonica hybrid rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivars showed high yield potential and poor tasting quality when compared with common japonica rice cultivars. Large panicle is a prominent factor of high yield for indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars, and the panicle weight varies greatly among different indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. It is important to research on yield and grain quality of different panicle weight indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars. In this study, two different panicle types indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were used to research on the relation of yield and grain quality. The yields of two heavy panicle weights indica-japonica hybrid cultivars were significantly higher than that of two medium panicle weight rice cultivars. The cooking and eating quality and starch properties of different panicle type cultivars were evaluated. Yongyou 6715(medium panicle) and Yongyou 1852(heavy panicle) got the relatively higher cooking and eating quality. Rice cultivars with medium panicle weight had more large starch granules and higher relative crystallinity than cultivars with heavy panicle weight. Transition temperature and retrogradation enthalpy(ΔHret) of medium panicle type cultivars were significantly higher than that of heavy panicle type cultivars. There was no significant difference in amylose content among different panicle type cultivars. Protein content of heavy panicle type cultivar was higher than that of medium panicle type cultivar, and protein content is the main factor affect cooking and eating quality in this study. The cultivar Yongyou 6715 got the highest taste value with the lowest protein content. Thus, it is suggested that the emphasis on improving rice cooking and eating quality of indica-japonica hybrid rice cultivars is how to reduce the protein content in rice grain. According to the results of this study, medium panicle type with high grain weight is the desired panicle type for high quality indica-japonica hybrid rice breeding.     

甬优系列籼粳杂交稻株高变化对氮素利用率的影响

研究常规施肥条件下,甬优系列籼粳杂交水稻株高变化对产量及氮肥利用效率的影响,以期为甬优系列杂交稻的品种选育和氮素高效管理提供指导。于2016年在浙东沿海单季稻区(象山县泗洲头镇)开展田间小区试验,以高秆型(甬优12和甬优15)、矮秆型(甬优538和甬优1540)和中高秆型(甬优7850和甬优2640)为材料,设置N₀(0 kg·hm^-2)和N₂₇₀(270 kg·hm^-2)2种施氮水平,比较不同株高水稻产量和氮素利用率差异。结果表明:不同施肥水平下,水稻产量均表现为甬优7850>甬优2640>甬优538>甬优1540、甬优12>甬优15,产量与最大分蘖数、有效穗呈显著正相关;施氮能显著提高各品种的株高、最大分蘖数和有效穗。不同品种氮肥当季利用率、氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力趋势不同,甬优12和甬优15的氮肥当季利用率分别达37.4%和36.4%,显著高于其他品种(<30%),而氮肥偏生产力显著低于甬优7850、甬优2640和甬优538,水稻氮收获指数以甬优12最低,植株中有较多的氮素成为奢侈吸收。施氮处理下,所有水稻品种均出现氮素盈余,甬优1540、甬优538、甬优15和甬优7850氮盈余量均大于60 kg·hm^-2,显著高于甬优2640和甬优12。因此,在浙东沿海地区常规栽培条件下,高秆型甬优系列水稻品种氮素当季利用率高于矮秆型和中高秆型,但由于生物量大、秸秆“奢侈”吸氮较多,产量反而低于中高秆型和矮秆型品种。     

超级稻产量构成因素与产量的关系研究

对天优10号、天优122、五丰优128、两优培九和玉香油占等5个超级稻品种(组合)在广州地区早、晚季的产量构成因素与产量的关系进行研究,结果表明:杂交稻与常规稻的产量构成因素存在明显差异,杂交稻有效穗数较多、千粒重较大,常规稻则每穗总粒数较多、结实率较高;此外,超级稻早季每穗总粒数和晚季千粒重对产量有最大的正直接效应,因此早季重点增加每穗粒数、晚季注重提高粒重是增加超级稻产量的有效途径。     

再生稻产量形成特点与关键调控技术研究进展

发展再生稻是充分利用秋季光热资源,提高稻田产出效益的一条重要途经。根据已报道资料,结合笔者20余年的研究结果,综述了再生稻产量形成特点及关键调控技术研究进展。主要内容包括:（1）头季稻中上部节的再生穗抽穗期比下部抽穗早、着生叶片数少、出叶速度快、生育期短、穗子小、成穗率和结实率较高。头季稻抽穗后光合物质主要供给穗部籽粒灌浆结实,分配给再生芽生长利用的光合物质极少,是齐穗后大量再生芽开始死亡的机理所在;改善头季稻抽穗期间植株行间的光照条件对再生芽生长的促进作用,必须在一定光合物质供给基础上才能显现。头季稻齐穗后品种间再生力取决于头季稻的叶粒比,强再生力品种头季稻单位颖花的绿叶面积占有量较大,其光合产物满足头季稻高产之后剩余量较多,对再生稻高产提供了重要的物质基础,杂交组合间再生力与穗粒数呈极显著负相关关系。（2）水稻品种再生力可分为4级,头季稻及再生稻两季高产品种的库源特征：穗粒数160-190粒、叶粒重比0.0737-0.0827 cm²·mg^-1、有效穗232.12-249.40万/hm²、结实率81.54%-85.74%、千粒重28.58-30.07 g、单穗重4.13-4.43 g。（3）促芽肥提高再生力的作用,是通过施氮延缓了头季稻生长后期绿叶衰老速度,提高母茎叶片全氮含量及其净光合速率,增加叶片当时的光合产物向头季稻穗部输入比例,减少先期贮藏于母茎鞘中光合产物向穗部输入量,相对地提高了母茎鞘干物重而增强再生力。促芽肥对再生稻的作用效果在品种间的表现不尽相同,头季稻穗粒数较多的大穗型品种要提早施用促芽肥并增加施用量,才能获得较高的再生稻产量。利用杂交中稻齐穗期剑叶叶绿素计读数（SPAD值）可预测再生稻促芽肥高效施用量;通过防治纹枯病保护头季稻基部叶片和适度烤田提高根系活力,是再生稻高产的重要保证;头季稻收获期的成熟度与再生力呈极显著正相关,以头季稻完熟期再生芽开始破鞘现青时收割头季稻为宜,留桩高度以保留倒2节并高出5-7 cm处割苗即可。（4）针对目前再生稻生产上存在的主要制约因素,即再生稻开花期的低温危害、再生稻大面积产量不平衡和机械收获头季稻对再生稻生产的不利影响,提出了相应的对策与解决途经。（5）提出再生稻理论与技术的研究重点,包括“生态与农艺措施对头季稻后期冠层性状与再生芽生长的多因素互作机制”、“头季稻收割后再生芽停滞于母茎鞘中的原因及其调控途径”、“提高再生稻氮肥利用效率的技术途径”和“适应机械插秧与机械收割的杂交水稻-再生稻配套技术”4个方面。     

两类杂交水稻组合主要数量性状的遗传相关及分蘖动态初探

运用相关分析原理.对生产中大面积使用的两个杂交水稻类型丰要数量性状进行遗传相关分析.结果表明:PI中的每穗实粒数、结实率及有效穗与产量旱正相关,均达到显著水平;P2中有效穗、结实率与产量的相关系数达到显著水准,且表现为正相关;随着种植密度的增加,两类品种单株有效穗数明显降低;大穗型品种适当加大种植密度有利于提高单位面积有效穗,而穗、粒兼顾型的品种要达到理想的有效穗,则应合理稀植.