Functional and numerical responses of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis to eggs of Nilaparvata lugens are not affected by genetically modified herbicide-tolerant rice

To safely and sustainably utilize genetic breeding techniques for crop production, greater understanding of the potential effects of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops on the ecological functions of predators is required. In the laboratory, we examined the functional and numerical responses of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter to eggs of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), which were reared on GMHT rice Bar68-1; the untransformed parental cultivar, D68; or a BPH-susceptive rice variety, Taichung Native 1. All stages of nymphs and female adult of C. lividipennis, either on GMHT rice or control plants, exhibited typical type II functional responses when fed on BPH eggs; the attacking rate and handling time of C. lividipennis on GMHT rice Bar68-1 was not significantly different from that on D68. The numerical responses of C. lividipennis on GMHT rice or controls fit Beddington’s model; there were no significant differences in the parameters of numerical responses between GMHT rice Bar68-1 and D68. The results indicated that the functional and numerical responses of C. lividipennis to BPH eggs are not affected by GMHT rice Bar68-1.     

Impact Assessments of Transgenic cry1Ab Rice on the Population Dynamics of Five Non-Target Thrips Species and Their General Predatory Flower Bug in Bt and Non-Bt Rice Fields Using Color Sticky Card Traps

A 2-yr field study was conducted to assess the effects of transgenic japonica rice(KMD1 and KMD2) with a synthetic cry1 Ab gene from Bacillus thuingiensis Berliner on population dynamics and seasonal average densities of five thrips species including Stenchaetothrips biformis(Bagnall),Frankliniella intonsa(Trybom),F.tenuicornis(Uzel),Haplothrips aculeatus(Fabricius),Haplothrips tritici(Kurd) and their general predatory flower bug,Orius similis Zheng as compared to the parental control rice line using the white,blue and yellow sticky card traps.Population dynamics and seasonal average densities of these five thrips species and their general predatory flower bug were not significantly affected by rice type.Additionally,the white sticky card trap was suggested to be the most suitable for monitoring the population of these five thrips species and their general predator.These results show that our tested Bt rice lines do not interrupt the population of non-target thrips species and their general predatory flower bug in the field,and also cannot result in more occurrence of these thrips species in the rice ecosystem.     

不同Bt蛋白对捕食性天敌大草蛉的生态安全性评价

【目的】明确转基因棉花中表达Cry1Ac、Cry1F和Cry2Ab蛋白对我国Bt棉田中主要捕食性天敌大草蛉（Chrysopa pallens）的潜在影响。【方法】通过在大草蛉人工饲料中添加高剂量Bt蛋白的方法,评价Cry1Ac、Cry1F和Cry2Ab蛋白对大草蛉重要生命表参数（4龄幼虫体重、幼虫发育历期、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹发育历期、羽化率、成虫体重和产卵量）的影响,以不添加杀虫物质的大草蛉纯人工饲料作为阴性对照,以添加PA（砷酸二氢钾,KH₂AsO₄）的大草蛉人工饲料作为阳性对照;同时,利用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法（DAS-ELISA）测定取食Bt蛋白处理饲料后,大草蛉幼虫、蛹以及成虫体内的Bt蛋白浓度;利用ELISA法和敏感昆虫生物测定法,检测新鲜饲料和在试验环境条件下暴露2 d的处理饲料中Bt蛋白的稳定性和生物活性;此外,利用酶活性测定的方法,比较取食空白对照饲料、Bt蛋白处理饲料或PA处理饲料后大草蛉体内主要消化酶（总蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、类凝乳蛋白酶和氨肽酶）、解毒酶（α-乙酸萘酯酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶）和保护酶（超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶）的活性。【结果】生命表评价结果表明,在大草蛉人工饲料中添加高浓度单独Bt蛋白或Bt蛋白混合物,对大草蛉4龄幼虫体重、幼虫发育历期、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹发育历期、羽化率、成虫体重和产卵量无显著性不利影响,但饲料中添加PA却能够使大草蛉幼虫和蛹发育历期极显著延长,4龄幼虫体重、化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率、成虫体重和产卵量极显著降低;大草蛉体内Bt蛋白浓度测定结果显示,大草蛉取食Bt蛋白处理饲料后,其幼虫、蛹及成虫体内均含有一定量的Bt蛋白;ELISA和敏感昆虫生物测定结果表明,新鲜准备和在试验环境条件下暴露2 d的Bt蛋白处理饲料,均含有高剂量且具有生物活性的Bt蛋白,因此,大草蛉在整个生物测定过程中接触到的均为高浓度的、具有生物活性的Bt蛋白;此外,取食Bt蛋白处理饲料,对大草蛉幼虫和成虫体内主要消化酶、解毒酶和保护酶活性无显著性影响,但取食PA处理饲料能使大草蛉幼虫和成虫体内氨肽酶活性极显著降低,其他所测消化酶、解毒酶和保护酶活性显著升高。【结论】大草蛉对3种供试Bt蛋白（Cry1Ac、Cry1F和Cry2Ab）不敏感,取食这3种Bt蛋白对大草蛉生长发育及其体内主要消化酶、解毒酶和保护酶活性没有显著不良影响,本研究所建立的生物评价体系还可用于评价其他新型转基因抗虫植物中表达杀虫蛋白对大草蛉的生态安全性。     

水稻螟虫种群组分和三化螟卵寄生性天敌调查

通过对广东不同稻区钻蛀性螟虫和三化螟卵寄生性天敌资源的调查,结果表明:三化螟仍是稻区钻蛀性螟虫的优势种群,二化螟在个别地区比例较大;三化螟卵寄生性天敌以稻螟赤眼蜂为主,卵寄生率较低。     

No detrimental effect of Bt maize pollen containing Cry1Ab/2Aj or Cry1Ac on adult green lacewings Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder

Adult Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder is a common pollen feeder in maize fields. They are thus directly exposed to insecticidal proteins by consumption of genetically engineered maize pollen containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins. Here we assessed the potential effects of Cry1Ab/2Aj- or Cry1Ac-containing Bt maize pollen on the fitness of adult C. sinica via a dietary-exposure assay under laboratory conditions. Survival, pre-oviposition, fecundity and adult dry weight did not differ between adult C. sinica consuming Bt or the corresponding non-Bt maize pollen. The stability of the Cry protein in the food sources and uptake of the Cry protein by adult C. sinica during the feeding experiment were confirmed by ELISA. These results demonstrate that adult C. sinica are not affected by the consumption of Cry1Ab/2Aj- or Cry1Ac-containing maize pollen, suggesting that production of Bt maize expressing cry1Ab/2Aj or cry1Ac genes will pose a negligible risk to adult C. sinica.     

几种杀虫剂对水稻主要害虫及天敌的影响

研究了5%锐劲特悬浮剂、8 000 IU/mg千胜可湿性粉剂、58%稻虫杀净可湿性粉剂、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油、20%三唑磷乳油对水稻主要害虫及天敌的影响。结果表明,5%锐劲特悬浮剂对稻纵卷叶螟具有较好的防治效果,58%稻虫杀净可湿性粉剂可兼治稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱,而4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油和20%三唑磷乳油则会在后期引起稻飞虱再猖獗。     

影响Bt稻离体叶中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白降解的环境因子研究

 【目的】研究转Bt基因水稻表达的外源Bt杀虫蛋白在土壤中的环境去向，以便进行转BT基因水稻的生态风险性评价。【方法】室内采用ELISA法，研究了转Bt基因水稻克螟稻2号（KMD2）粉碎叶片中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在3种水稻土，即青紫泥田、黄筋泥田和黄松田土中不同土壤含水量、土壤pH值和温度条件下的降解动态。【结果】供试叶片粉中Cry1Ab蛋白在3种水稻土中的降解动态均可用一级化学反应动力学指数方程来拟合，降解半消减期t0.5为1.8～4.0 d。【结论】土壤含水量、pH和温度对Cry1Ab蛋白降解速率均有一定影响，但pH和温度的影响更为明显。通常pH较低的酸性土壤和低温不利于土壤中Cry1Ab蛋白的降解,特别是在酸性黄松田中降解最慢。     

Impacts of Environmental Factors on Degradation of CrylAb Insecticidal Protein in Leaf-Blade Powders of Transgenic Bt Rice

The determination of the environmental fate of Bt insecticidal protein released by Bt rice plants in paddy soils is a key issue in its ecological risk assessment. In this study, the impacts of soil water content, pH, and temperature on the degradation of CrylAb protein expressed in the leaves of Bt rice KMD2 were studied in the laboratory. Three types of paddy soils were used, i.e., blue clayey paddy soil, pale paddy soil on quaternary red soil, and marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil. Ground powders of KMD2 leaf blades were mixed with each type of soil, and degradation dynamics of Cry lAb were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The degradation rate of CrylAb was high at the early experimental stage, but slowed down steadily at middle and later stages, which could be described by exponential equations, with the half-life period of degradation determined as 1.8-4.0 d. The soil water content, pH, and temperature could affect the degradation of CrylAb, but the effects of soil pH and temperature were relatively greater. In general, CrylAb degradations were slower under lower soil pH and temperature conditions, especially for marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil.     

Impacts of Environmental Factors on Degradation of Cry1Ab Insecticidal Protein in Leaf-Blade Powders of Transgenic Bt Rice

The determination of the environmental fate of Bt insecticidal protein released by Bt rice plants in paddy soils is a key issue in its ecological risk assessment. In this study, the impacts of soil water content, pH, and temperature on the degradation of Cry1Ab protein expressed in the leaves of Bt rice KMD2 were studied in the laboratory. Three types of paddy soils were used, i.e., blue clayey paddy soil, pale paddy soil on quaternary red soil, and marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil. Ground powders of KMD2 leaf blades were mixed with each type of soil, and degradation dynamics of Cry1Ab were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The degradation rate of Cry1Ab was high at the early experimental stage, but slowed down steadily at middle and later stages, which could be described by exponential equations, with the half-life period of degradation determined as 1.8-4.0 d. The soil water content, pH, and temperature could affect the degradation of Cry1Ab, but the effects of soil pH and temperature were relatively greater. In general,Cry 1 Ab degradations were slower under lower soil pH and temperature conditions, especially for marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil.     

异丙甲草胺对水稻生物性状及产量的影响

【目的】研究异丙甲草胺对水稻各生物性状及产量的影响,找出造成水稻减产的关键因子,为针对性选育高耐受水稻品种及异丙甲草胺水田安全应用提供依据。【方法】采取室内琼脂培养与室外田间试验相结合的方法,测定不同异丙甲草胺浓度下水稻T优227的发芽率、苗高、种根长、鲜重、分蘖数、谷粒数、结实率、千粒重等生物经济性状。【结果】异丙甲草胺对水稻种子发芽率、谷粒数和结实率有明显影响,对苗高、种根长、鲜重、分蘖数及产量等有一定影响。其中,发芽率随着药液浓度的上升呈逐步下降趋势,以2.0000 g/L处理的发芽率最低,仅为清水对照的45.6%;低浓度的异丙甲草胺（0.025 mg/L）抑制水稻幼苗生长,但对种根长、鲜重有促进作用,与对照相比苗高降低了5.7%,种根长增长了4.1%、鲜重增加了9.5%;随着药液浓度的提高,促进作用转为抑制作用,药液浓度为2.000 mg/L时,苗高、种根长和鲜重分别为对照组的9.6%、28.1%和30.9%。异丙甲草胺315 g/ha处理的谷粒数、结实率和产量均最低,产量为7723 kg/ha,减产17.8%。【结论】异丙甲草胺对水稻各个生长期均有一定影响,结实率与分蘖谷粒数受影响是导致水稻减产的主要原因。     

转Bt(Cry1Ab)基因对水稻光合特性及光合产物积累的影响

 【目的】明确外源Bt基因插入对水稻倒1叶光合速率及光合作用相关生理特性的影响。【方法】以转Bt基因水稻及亲本水稻为试材,研究盆栽及田间条件下转Bt基因及亲本水稻苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期倒1叶光合特性及其相关光合酶活性、光合产物积累的动态变化。【结果】转Bt基因及亲本水稻生理活动峰值均出现在拔节期。与亲本水稻相比,转Bt基因水稻苗期叶片净光合速率显著低于亲本;而拔节期和抽穗期,转Bt基因水稻倒1叶净光合速率、叶绿素含量和乙醇酸氧化酶活性显著高于亲本水稻（P＜0.05）,且拔节期转Bt水稻倒1叶气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度也显著高于亲本水稻（P＜0.05）;成熟期,转Bt基因与亲本水稻倒1叶光合特性无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。【结论】与亲本水稻相比,外源Bt基因的插入对水稻叶片光合特性产生短暂影响,但这种影响不具有持续性。     

Bt稻Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在水体中的残留和Bt稻田三类水生昆虫数量调查

以转Btcry1Ab基因水稻克螟稻1号(KMD1)和克螟稻2号(KMD2)黄熟期的茎叶为材料,室内测定了其经浸水处理后(28℃,L16∶D8)残体和水体中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的含量;测定了KMD1与早籼稻嘉早935培育成的Bt稻华池B6分蘖期稻田水体中Cry1Ab蛋白的含量,同时调查了该Bt稻和对照稻嘉早935在分蘖初期、盛期和末期稻田3类水生昆虫的数量。结果表明,KMD1和KMD2茎叶经浸水100d后,水体中残留有Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。华池B6分蘖期稻田水体中没有检测到Cry1Ab蛋白;除分蘖末期华池B6稻田中的蜉蝣目昆虫个体数量显著高于对照田嘉早935外,其他2类水生昆虫摇蚊(spp.)和鞘翅目甲虫(sp.)在两类稻田间均无显著差异。     

70%噻虫嗪WS对水稻壮苗及稻飞虱的防治效果

[目的]研究70%噻虫嗪WS不同处理方式对水稻的壮苗效果及对稻飞虱的防治效果,以期获得该药剂对水稻种子的最佳处理剂量和处理方法,为水稻安全生产提供科学依据.[方法]70%噻虫嗪WS:水稻种子按照20 g:100kg、40 g:100 kg和80 g:100 kg分别采用先包衣后浸种和先浸种后包衣的处理方式,以空白为对照,测定不同处理方式水稻种子发芽率、稻根长、叶片宽度、根数及对稻飞虱的防治效果.[结果]70%噻虫嗪WS按照药剂/种子为40 g/100kg,采用先包衣后浸种处理方式的综合效果最佳,处理后4d室内发芽率稳定为96.00%,30 d平均根长为4.93 cm,40 d水稻1~5叶位叶片宽度明显较对照宽,45 d的平均根数为54.0条,处理后15、30、45 d对稻飞虱的防治效果均高于96.00%.[结论]采用70%噻虫嗪WS按照药剂/种子为40 g/100 kg先包衣后浸种的处理方式对水稻秧苗及稻飞虱的综合效果最好,可以在生产中推广应用.     

19%三氟苯嘧啶·氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂对水稻主要害虫的田间防治效果及对两种天敌的影响

【目的】明确19%三氟苯嘧啶·氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂对水稻主要害虫稻飞虱、水稻螟虫和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果及对稻田蜘蛛和黑肩绿盲蝽两种天敌的影响,为其推广应用提供科学依据。【方法】设19%三氟苯嘧啶·氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂有效成分34.20(低剂量)、42.75(中剂量)和57.00 g/ha(高剂量)3个剂量处理,设25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂90g/ha、200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂30 g/ha和10%三氟苯嘧啶悬浮剂25 g/ha为对照药剂处理,以清水处理为空白对照,每处理4次重复。于水稻分蘖期采用整株喷雾施药。【结果】2015~2016年两年试验结果表明,19%三氟苯嘧啶·氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂低、中、高剂量处理药后21 d对稻飞虱的平均防治效果分别为84.53%、89.95%和91.89%;防治螟虫药后32 d平均保苗效果分别为87.13%、89.47%和92.63%;药后25 d对稻纵卷叶螟的平均防治效果分别为94.34%、96.60%和98.09%,药后32 d平均保叶效果分别为95.74%、96.56%和97.37%。试验药剂对稻田蜘蛛有一定影响,药后1~7 d田间蜘蛛数量有所下降,随后开始回升并超过药前水平;对田间黑肩绿盲蝽的影响不明显,对黑肩绿盲蝽的安全性优于对照药剂吡呀酮。【结论】19%三氟苯嘧啶·氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂对稻飞虱、水稻螟虫和稻纵卷叶螟均有良好的防治效果,并表现出较长的持效期,对天敌蜘蛛和黑肩绿盲蝽的影响较小,可在水稻生产上推广应用。     

不同肥料对水稻生长和土壤微生物量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了有机栽培方式下3种肥料与常规化肥对水稻产量以及全生育期的土壤微生物量的影响。结果表明,生态肥与有机肥混施可以使水稻的产量构成更加优化,增产效果更显著,其产量较单施有机肥增加10.5％;常规施肥的产量较有机肥对照提高8.1％,矿粉与有机肥混施与单施有机肥产量相近。常规种植条件下施用化肥水稻叶片叶绿素SPAD峰值出现在移栽后15 d;而有机栽培水稻多出现在移栽后80 d。水稻全生育期以生态肥和有机肥混合的土壤微生物C量较大,有机肥处理次之,常规施用化肥较有机栽培的微生物生物量C有减少的趋势且变异系数较高。     

稻型、生育期及防治措施对害虫和天敌群落的复合效应

通过对不同稻型、水稻生育期及防治措施29个群落的田间系统调查,运用极点排序法和模糊聚类法进行群落分析。结果表明,对稻田害虫和天敌群落的影响,总体上防治措施>稻型>生育期,不同稻型和水稻生育期害虫和天敌自身的特点,对不同防治措施对群落作用的效果有重要影响;早稻分蘖期和中稻分蘖期节肢动物群落具备自我调节能力,中稻乳熟期群落稳定性极差,需要人为防治措施,晚稻田群落稳定性较高。试验结果对群落生态学的研究与指导生产具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

水稻感性和抗性品种甲醇提取物对褐飞虱的影响

以水稻2个品种(IR36和TN1)为材料，研究其分蘖期的甲醇提取物对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(stal)2个生物型成虫单向选择性和若虫死亡率的影响．结果表明，IR36提取物对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ成虫的单向选择性有驱避作用，对若虫表现为负作用(即导致其死亡率增加)；而TN1提取物对其成虫有吸引作用，对若虫无不良影响．对孟加拉型成虫和若虫影响差异均不显著．     

Bt玉米杀虫蛋白含量的时空表达及对亚洲玉米螟的杀虫效果

 利用ELISA方法对2个转Cry1Ab基因抗虫玉米品种MON810和Bt11在不同生育期、不同组织器官中杀虫蛋白的表达量进行了分析,利用室内生测方法研究了不同组织器官对亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫杀虫效果,并分析了杀虫蛋白表达量与杀虫效果的相关性。结果表明,Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在Bt玉米MON810和Bt11的不同生育期和组织中的表达量呈明显的时空动态变化,以营养生长阶段的心叶组织表达最高,分别为1880.6和1473.1ng·g-1,生殖生长阶段的花粉含量最低,分别为52.3和73.3ng·g-1。随着叶片的生长,