Effect of Trichoderma viride on activities of polygalacturonase of Rhizoctonia

The pectin is a backbone of the plant cell wall, its network structure will systemicly resolve when the plant cell splits up and forms. The pectinase produced by Rhizoctonia mainly acts on the pectin of cell wall, and causes the maceration of tissue and the death of protoplast. Polygalacturonase (PG) can decompose the galacturonic acid of disease tissue. The research defined the PG activities of extracellular metabolite of the different virulence Rhizoctonia isolates, and testifid the e…     

Efect of Auxinson Rooting of Appleinvitro

苹果（品种“Ｑｕｅｔｔａａｍｒｉ，“Ｋｕｌｕ”，“Ｋａｓｈｍｉｒｉａｍｒｉ”）幼芽（茎）培养在含不同水平（０～２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ）ＩＢＡ，ＮＡＡ或ＩＡＡ的１／２ＭＳ培养基上时，可以分化出根．与其它品种相比，“Ｋａｓｈｍｉｒｉａｍｒｉ”最易生根．各品种在低浓度生长素水平下的生根效果较好．ＩＢＡ比ＮＡＡ和ＩＡＡ对生根的促进作用大，在不含生长素的培养基上幼芽（茎）不能生根     

Advance of Study on Design Methods of Hydraulic System of Radio Remote Control of Construction Machinery

The working principle of radio remote controlling of construction machinery should be that signals of the radio wave from the transmitter obtained in the receiver were controlled and then changed into electronic analog or digital signals which can be used to drive different actuators and mechanisms of the vehicle. The vehicle could be acted by following the controlling instructions sent by the operator. The best operation mode of construction machinery is suitable not only to manual operating but also to remote controlling in the same vehicle. The design methods of the hydraulic system used for the radio remote controlling of construction machinery are discussed. The design methods of hydraulic circuits for the actuators controlled by solenoid on-off type valves ,hydro-electronic multi-way proportional valves,closed loop proportional servo driver or threeway proportional reducing valves are discussed in detail (with real example). The design methods of the power shift transmission of electro-hydraulic controlling,the devices of braking and the directional streering are discussed in this paper.     

Effect of increasing levels of nitrogen on yield of tea in different agro-ecological conditions of Pakistan

Field experiment was conducted on mature tea bushes of Qi-Men variety at two different altitudes from sea level i.e. at National Tea Research Institute Shinkiari （1000 m） and on farmer＇s field in Konsh valley at village Battal （1500 m）. Different levels of nitrogen with constant dose of phosphorus and potassium were applied to observe the optimal dose of nutrients for highest yield under local edaphic conditions. The experiment was repeated for three consecutive years. The highest yield of fresh tea leaves were obtained by the application of 420 kg ha^-1 N followed by the application of 360 kg ha^-1 N at 1000 masl. The highest dose of nitrogen also reduced significantly the soil pH in the upper （0-15cm） layer depth during 1998 and 1999. During the year 2000, the reduction in soil pH was observed by the application of highest dose of nitrogen but was non-significant at 5% level. The lower soil depth （15-30 cm） showed the reduction in pH with the highest dose of nitrogen during the experimental year but was statistically non significant. At the higher altitude of 1500 masl the highest yield of fresh tea leaves was obtained by the application of 420 kg ha^-1 during the experimental years but the increase was significant during the year 1999 and 2000. The yield of the fresh tea leaves was positively correlated with the amount of nitrogen application at both the altitudes. The increasing amount of nitrogen decreased the soil pH at both the depths of 0-15cm and 15-30cm. Unlike the lower altitude （1000 m） there was no any significant reduction in the soil pH during 1998 and 1999. A significant reduction in soil pH was found in the year 2000.     

Studies of the Ripe Characteristics of Pear

The picked pear is often ripened naturally or artificially in ethylene solution to put the pear into market earlier.When Qiuxiang pear are ripened,a great deal of ethylene is produced,the content of soluble solid,total sugar and titrable acidity are increased.The flesh is softened,the skin of fruit turns yellow,and the fruits are of aromatic favor.At differnet harvest time,respiration intensity appears different changing trends;the fruit qualities and the storage period are influenced too.Artificial ripening promotes fruit ripe and has a better effect than natural ripening.And Qiuxiang pear ripened artificially in earlier the middle or late of August can achieve better fruit qualities and higher economic value.     

Determination of Even Degree of Animal Population

The even degree of animal population is generlay measured by the coefficient of variation of major economic characters.Facing the coefficient of variation,a statistic with complex properties,we achieved indirectly the determination of confidence interval for even degree of an animal population by analysing the reciprocal of the statistic.The sample size which is suitable to the determination of the even degree of an animal population was probed into within the extent of permissive estimation error.     

The Special Expression and Comparison of the c-kit Protein in Spermatogenesis of Three Species of Locusts of Arcypteridae

The aim of this study was to elucidate the expression and regulation of the c.kit protein in spermatogenesis of locusts. Immunohistochemistry and biological statistics were used to investigate the expression of the c-kit protein in four representative phases of spermatogenesis of three dominant species of locusts of Arcypteridae （Orthoptera： Acridoidea）, namely, Omocestus viridulus （Linnaeus）, Euchorthippus unicolor （Ikonn.）, and Euchorthippus vittatus Zheng, and so on, in Siping area of Jilin Province, China. The results revealed the following： （1） There was weak positive expression of the c-kit protein in spermatogonia and the positive granules were thinner; （2） there was a strong positive expression of the c-kit protein in primary spermatocyte and the positive granules became the largest than in all developmental stages; （3） the c-kit protein positive expression became stronger in secondary spermatocyte, while the positive granules became thinner; （4） there was strong positive expression of the c-kit protein and the positive granules were thinner in mature sperm, which were distributed on its head and tail; （5） there were strong positive protein granules massing at the end of spermary; （6） the positive intensity of the c-kit protein in spermatogenesis was significantly different among different species of locusts. The data suggested that the c-kit protein may play a crucial role in spermatogenesis as well as maintain the physiological action of sperms and fertilization, regulate the developmental speed of spermatogenesis, and/or maintain species isolation, etc.     

Suitability of Stem Diameter Variations as an Indicator of Water Stress of Cotton

Water stress effects on stem diameter variations （SDV） were studied in a pot experiment on cotton （Gossypium hirustum L. Meimian99B）. Water restriction was imposed at the flowering stage and were compared with a well-watered control treatment. The volumetric soil water content （0v） and SDV were monitored continuously. The objective was to determine the feasibility of using the parameters derived from stem diameter measurements, including maximum daily stem shrinkage （MDS）, maximum daily stem diameter （MXSD）, and minimum daily stem diameter （MNSD） as indicators of plant water stress. The different behavior of SDV was founded at different growth stages. At stem-maturing stage, MDS increased and MNSD decreased in deficit-irrigated plants compared with the control plants, therefore, it appeared that MDS and MNSD ccould be used as available indicators of plant water status. At stem growth stage, there were no significant differences in MDS values between treatments but MXSD and MNSD responded sharply to soil water deficits. Thus, for rapidly growing cotton, the course of MXSD or MNSD with time offered a consistent stress indicator. SDV was also closely related to atmospheric factors, solar radiation （Rs） and vapor pressure deficit （VPD） were found to be the predominant factors affecting MDS, followed by the relative humidity （RH）, while air temperature （Ta） and wind velocity had the least effect. A good linear relationship was founded （r^2 = 0.921） between MDS and environmental variables （Rs, VPD, RH, and θv）, which can be used to establish a reference value for detecting plant water stress based on the MDS patterns.     

Regulation of leptin in involution of mammary gland

Leptin,a protein hormone produced and secreted predominantly by white adipose tissue,has a critical role in the regulation and coordination of energy metabolism.Leptin is produced in the mammary gland by the fat tissue or by the mammary epithelium.In vitro study has shown that leptin triggers apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells.Mammary gland involution is characterized by extensive apoptosis of the epithelial cells.At the onset of involution,STAT3 is specifically activated.Various studies show that leptin act as a paracrine and autocrin factor to influence mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation.This paper reviewed the function of leptin to the involution of mammary gland.     

Effect of Bensulfuron-Methyl on Growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

To study the growth effects of differing concentrations of bensulfuron-methyl on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and to evaluate the ecological risk, the effects of bensulfuron-methyl on the growth and the content change of chlorophyll and protein in Chlorella pyrenoidosa were studied through 96 h acute toxicity tests. Bensulfuron-methyl accelerated the growth of algae at lower concentrations （〈 1 mg L^-1） with content increase of chlorophyll or protein, and it inhibited the growth of algae at higher concentrations （〉 5 mg L^-1）. The content of chlorophyll or protein in algae cells reduced with the increasing concentration of bensulfuron-methyl, exhibiting the good concentration-effect relationship. The 96 h-EC50 of bensulfuronmethyl upon the algae was 15.7 mg L^-1 Bensulfuron-methyl has inhibiting effect on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and is low in toxicity.     

Cry1Ac抗、感棉铃虫碱性磷酸酯酶（ALP1）的表达量比较

【目的】通过比较Cry1Ac抗、感棉铃虫昆虫中肠碱性磷酸酶（ALP1）表达量的差异及抗性棉铃虫取食Cry1Ac蛋白对ALP1表达量的影响,分析ALP1表达量变化与抗性的关系,为进一步明确Bt抗性机制、制定抗性治理策略提供理论依据。【方法】利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,比较敏感棉铃虫、Cry1Ac抗性棉铃虫取食含Cry1Ac蛋白的饲料和正常饲料后ALP1表达量的差异。【结果】ALP1在棉铃虫整个发育期都表达,幼虫的表达量最高,蛹期表达量最低,在成虫体内也有较高的表达;ALP1在幼虫中肠表达量最高,其次是后肠、前肠、马氏管,表皮中的表达量最低;与敏感品系相比,对Cry1Ac具有中等水平抗性的棉铃虫ALP1表达量明显增加,尤其是取食含Cry1Ac蛋白饲料的抗性棉铃虫幼虫的ALP1的表达量显著升高,但抗性棉铃虫取食正常饲料后,2、3龄幼虫的ALP1的表达量与敏感棉铃虫差异不显著;所有的抗性品系4龄棉铃虫幼虫中肠ALP1的表达量都显著高于敏感品系,而且随着棉铃虫抗性倍数的升高,ALP1的表达量呈逐渐降低的趋势。【结论】抗性棉铃虫中肠ALP1表达量的改变可能与Cry1Ac抗性、Cry1Ac代谢有一定的关系。     

Comparative Analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa57 and Vip3Aa62 Insecticidal Activities

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) exhibits strong insecticidal activity and is harmless to non-target organisms such as human and animals. Bt becomes the most commonly used environment-friendly insecticidal microorganism. However, the insecticidal activities of different Bt strains variy significantly. Therefore, it is particularly important to compare the insecticidal activities of different strains and explore their insecticidal effector mechanisms to expand Bt insecticidal spectrum and enrich transgenic resources. Here, the insecticidal activities of Vip3Aa57 and Vip3Aa62 strains, carrying vegetative insecticidal protein-encoding genes that were inserted into the expression vector pET-21b and transformed into Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) strain, expressing 88 ku protein, were compared. Vip3Aa57 protein reportedly displayed body weight inhibition effect on Spodoptera exigua without affecting Heliothis armigera while Vip3Aa62 protein was known to have strong insecticidal activity against S. exigua (LC50=5.124 ng ? mg-1). A low H. armigera activity (LC50=870.1 ng ? mg-1) was observed. The paraffin sectioning results showed that Vip3Aa57 protein affected S. exigua midgut cell morphology. The laser confocal microscopic imaging results showed that Vip3Aa57 bound to receptors in the midgut without damaging the midgut tissue morphology. This study would be conducive for making full use of Bt strains in the soil to compare the insecticidal activities of different Vip insecticidal genes. It could thus provide significant help in revealing the underlying insecticidal mechanisms of Vip3Aa insecticidal genes, developing new insecticidal proteins and delaying pest resistance problems.     

Polycalin is involved in the action mechanism of Cry2Aa toxin in Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)

Receptor proteins on the brush border membrane of the insect midgut epithelium are involved in the mode of action of insecticidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt). Polycalin has been identified as a binding protein of the Bt Cry1 Ac toxin in several Lepidoptera including Helicoverpa armigera, but its role in the action mechanism of Cry2 Aa is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the binding characteristics of polycalin from the midgut of H. armigera with Cry2 Aa and its role in the toxicity of Cry2 Aa. The results demonstrated that heterologously expressed H. armigera polycalin peptide could bind with Cry2 Aa with high affinity(K_d=32 nmol L~(–1)). The toxicity of Cry2 Aa decreased by 27% after H. armigera larvae ingested polycalin antisera. These results suggested that polycalin could be a potential functional receptor for Cry2 Aa, and it plays an important role in the susceptibility of H. armigera to Cry2 Aa.     

棉铃虫中肠特异性结合蛋白ABCC1对Cry1Ac毒力的影响

【目的】 研究棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera）中肠蛋白ABCC1（HaABCC1）与Cry1Ac的结合特性及对Cry1Ac毒力的影响,明确HaABCC1在Cry1Ac杀虫机制中的作用。【方法】 分析HaABCC1基因序列,设计引物,通过原核表达得到HaABCC1两个跨膜区片段的蛋白,与Cry1Ac进行Ligand blot试验,验证其与Cry1Ac的体外结合特性;利用RNAi技术干扰棉铃虫幼虫的HaABCC1,在3龄幼虫腹部注射siABCC1,比较HaABCC1的表达量及Cry1Ac处理后棉铃虫死亡率的变化;通过细胞转染将ABCC1导入Sf9细胞系中,确定pAc-ABCC1重组质粒转入Sf9细胞后,用细胞生物测定的方法比较Cry1Ac处理后细胞死亡率的变化;比较敏感品系（96S）和Cry1Ac抗性品系（BtR）棉铃虫的HaABCC1基因全长序列,并通过荧光定量RT-PCR检测HaABCC1在抗、感棉铃虫中的表达量。【结果】 HaABCC1跨膜区TMD1和TMD2在Escherichia coli BL21（DE3）感受态细胞中成功表达,两个HaABCC1跨膜区片段蛋白均能与活化的Cry1Ac在体外结合;棉铃虫注射siABCC1后,HaABCC1的表达量显著下降,与未注射的棉铃虫、注射DEPC水和siEGFP的棉铃虫相比,用活化的Cry1Ac蛋白处理HaABCC1被干扰的棉铃虫,其幼虫死亡率显著降低,表明棉铃虫幼虫的HaABCC1被干扰后,能显著降低Cry1Ac对棉铃虫的毒力;用活化的Cry1Ac蛋白处理成功转入HaABCC1的Sf9细胞,与对照Sf9细胞相比,细胞的死亡率明显上升,表明将HaABCC1导入Sf9后能显著提高Cry1Ac处理后的细胞死亡率;抗性品系（BtR）与敏感品系（96S）棉铃虫的HaABCC1氨基酸序列没有差别,但抗性品系BtR棉铃虫HaABCC1的表达量显著降低。【结论】 HaABCC1是Cry1Ac的特异性结合蛋白,可能是Cry1Ac的功能受体蛋白,并可能参与对Cry1Ac的抗性机制。     

缺失α1螺旋的Cry1Ac在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化和活性分析(英文)

[目的]对缺失α1螺旋的Cry1Ac在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化和活性进行分析。[方法]以苏云金芽孢杆菌HD-1中的质粒为模板,扩增Cry1Ac基因,并将其与pET28a载体连接,构建重组质粒。重组质粒转化并经IPTG诱导后,用SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白的表达。提取目标蛋白,并涂在棉铃虫饲料表面,检测其杀虫活性。[结果]Cry1Acdelα1基因在大肠杆菌中能正常表达目标蛋白,但该目标蛋白是以包涵体形式存在。生测结果显示,在相同浓度下,活化的Cry1Ac对棉铃虫的致死率达75%以上,而Cry1Acdelα1只有10%左右。[结论]用大肠杆菌表达的Cry1Acdelα1对棉铃虫基本没有杀虫活性。     

Characterization and functional analysis of β-1,3-galactosyltransferase involved in Cry1Ac resistance from Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)

Carbohydrate chains are the principal antigens by which Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) identify receptor proteins. The interaction between the antigen and Bt causes a pore in the membrane of midgut epithelial cells of insects. Receptor proteins, such as aminopeptidase N and alkaline phosphatase, are glycoproteins. Cadherin is another cell surface receptor protein which has potential glycosylation sites. Glycosyltransferase is very important for the synthesis and modification of receptor proteins. It can indirectly influence the function of Bt. The 1 950 bp full-length c DNA encoding β-1,3-galactosyltransferase was cloned from the the midgut of Helicoverpa armigera by degenerative PCR combined with RACE techniques(GAL-Harm, Gen Bank accession no.: GQ904195.1) with two potential N-glycosylation sites(157NNTI160 and 272NKTL275). Protein sequence alignments revealed that H. armigera β-1,3-galactosyltransferase shared high identity with β-1,3-galactosyltransferase in other insect species. The expression level of the β-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in Cry1Ac-resistant H. armigera larvae was 9.2-fold higher than that in susceptible strain. The function of β-1,3-galactosyltransferase was investigated using RNAi technique. The result showed Cry1 Ac enhanced the toxicity against the si RNA-treated larvae compared with non-si RNA-treated ones, which indicated β-1,3-galactosyltransferase played an important role for the insecticidal toxicity of Cry1 Ac in H. armigera.     

基于cry1Ac表达调控元件的苏云金芽孢杆菌表达载体构建

通过克隆cry1Ac基因BtI-BtII启动子、SD序列以及终止子,并引入pET28a的His标签和多克隆位点,在穿梭载体pHT304的基础上构建了一个苏云金芽孢杆菌表达载体pBMB1A。将cry1Ac以及具有非典型BtI-BtII启动子的cry2Ab、cry5Ba、cry6Aa、cry7Ba、cry55Aa 6个基因装载到该表达载体上,转入BMB171构建了重组菌株,通过复红简单染色后的显微镜镜检结果表明,重组菌株BMB1A-1Ac、BMB1A-5Ba、BMB1A-7Ba和BMB1A-55Aa均能形成正常晶体,SDS-PAGE结果也证实这4个重组菌株的重组质粒均能表达出目的蛋白。同时,选取重组菌株BMB1A-1Ac来考察His标签对Cry1Ac杀虫活性的影响,生物活性测定结果显示重组菌株的LC50值与对照菌株相比无明显差异。该载体可用于快速克隆表达不同类别的Cry蛋白。     

cry1Ac基因启动子表达Vip3Aa蛋白特性分析

苏云金芽胞杆菌cry基因启动子常用于构建蛋白表达载体。为探讨苏云金芽胞杆菌cry基因启动子指导Vip3Aa蛋白表达情况及杀虫活性,以p UC19载体为基础,运用重叠引物PCR方法构建Vip3Aa11表达载体,并与由T7启动子指导的Vip3Aa11表达蛋白杀虫活性、抗胰蛋白酶稳定性比较,初步探索发酵条件。结果表明,cry1Ac启动子与T7启动子均在上清液中表达大小为88 ku Vip3Aa11蛋白,对甜菜夜蛾、棉铃虫杀虫活性差异不显著,cry1Ac基因启动子在37℃、48 h更适合Vip3Aa11蛋白的表达,为vip基因表达、功能验证及杀虫机理等研究提供新思路。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Vip3Aa10毒素结合肽的筛选及活性测定

【目的】Vip3A是由苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)在对数生长期产生并分泌到胞外的对鳞翅目昆虫有较广杀虫谱的毒素,其在敏感昆虫中肠上的结合受体尚未得到鉴定。利用噬菌体展示技术,论文试图从肽库中筛选到能与Vip3A毒素特异性结合的多肽,为研究Vip3A毒素的杀虫模式提供线索。【方法】将构建的pET28a-Vip3Aa10表达质粒转化到大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中,经IPTG诱导表达后,用亲和纯化的方法制备Vip3Aa10,并用胰蛋白酶活化和离子交换层析进一步纯化。以活化的Vip3Aa10毒素为诱饵,经“吸附-洗脱-扩繁”4轮条件逐渐严格的淘选,从噬菌体随机肽库中筛选能特异性地与活化的Vip3Aa10结合的噬菌体。以筛选到的噬菌体基因组DNA为模板,经PCR扩增和测序,获得插入到噬菌体上的外源基因的序列,并推导出相应多肽的氨基酸序列。将化学合成的多肽与活化的Vip3Aa10一起与甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)刷状缘膜囊泡共育后,用免疫印迹方法检测多肽对活化的Vip3Aa10与BBMV结合的影响。将合成的多肽与活化的Vip3Aa10一起涂布在饲料表面,晾干后,每孔放1只1龄的甜菜夜蛾幼虫。6 d后统计昆虫死亡情况。【结果】在25℃条件下用IPTG诱导含pET28a-Vip3Aa10质粒的大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）可以表达出可溶性的Vip3Aa10蛋白。经亲和纯化、胰蛋白酶活化以及离子交换层析后,可得到较纯的活化的Vip3Aa10。以活化的Vip3Aa10为诱饵,经过4轮条件逐渐严格的淘选,从十二肽库中筛选出9条多肽,其中3条多肽的丰度较高,分别命名为P12-1、P12-2和P12-3,从七肽库中筛选出5条多肽,其中1条多肽的丰度较高,命名为P7-1。结合试验和杀虫活性测定试验结果表明,P12-2和P7-1多肽能不同程度地抑制Vip3Aa10与甜菜夜蛾刷状缘膜囊泡的结合,以及抑制Vip3Aa10的杀虫活性。【结论】用噬菌体展示技术筛选的多肽P7-1能显著性地抑制Vip3Aa10与刷状缘膜囊泡的结合,可降低35%以上的Vip3Aa10的杀虫活性。     

缺失α1螺旋的Cry1Ac在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化和活性分析

[目的]对缺失α1螺旋的Cry1Ac在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化和活性进行分析。[方法]以苏云金芽孢杆菌HD-1中的质粒为模板,扩增缺乏α螺旋的Cry1Ac基因,并将其与pET28a载体连接,构建重组质粒。重组质粒转化并经IPTG诱导后,用SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白的表达。提取目标蛋白,并涂在棉铃虫饲料表面,检测其杀虫活性。[结果]Cry1Acdelα1基因在大肠杆菌中能正常表达目标蛋白,但该目标蛋白是以包涵体形式存在。生侧结果显示,在相同浓度下,活化的Cry1Ac对棉铃虫的致死率达75%以上,而Cry1Acdelα1只有10%左右。[结论]用大肠杆菌表达的Cry1Acdelα1对棉铃虫基本没有杀虫活性。