Role of live microbial feed supplements with reference to anaerobic fungi in ruminant productivity:A review

To keep the concept of a safe food supply to the consumers, animal feed industries world over are showing an increasing interest in the direct-fed microbials (DFM) for improved animal performance in te...     

Prospective use of bacteriocinogenic Pediococcus pentosaceus as direct-fed microbial having methane reducing potential

Direct-fed microbials(DFM), generally regarded as safe status, are successfully used in improving rumen ecology, gastro-intestinal health, feed efficiency, milk production and growth rate in ruminants. On the other hand, methanogenesis in rumen, which accounts for a significant loss of ruminant energy and increased greenhouse gas in environment, is of great concern, therefore, use of DFM for improving productivity without compromising the animal health and ecological sustainability is encouraged. The present study was conducted to investigate the methane reducing potential of bacteriocinogenic strain Pediococcus pentosaceus-34. Since, the culture showed no hemolysis on blood agar and DNase activity, hence, it was considered to be avirulent in nature, a prerequisite for any DFM. The culture also showed tolerance to pH 5.0 for 24 h with 0.5% organic acid mixture, whereas when given a shock for 2 h at different p H and organic acids concentrations, it showed growth at pH 3.0 and 4.0 with 0.1 and 1.0% organic acids, respectively, as having good animal probiotics attributes. The total gas production was significantly(P<0.05) higher in live pedicoccal culture(LPC) and dead pedicoccal culture(DPC) both with wheat straw, when compared to the control. In sugarcane bagasse, gas production was significantly lower(P<0.05) with LPC compared to the control and DPC both. Methane was reduced by the inclusion of LPC in sugarcane bagasse(0.07 mL CH4 mg–1 dry matter digestibility) with no effect on other rumen fermentation parameters. However, with wheat straw and LPC total gas, in vitro dry matter digestibility, total volatile fatty acids increased significantly but no reduction in methane production was observed in comparison to the control. Therefore, further research is warranted in this direction, if the bacteriocinogenic strains can be used as DFM for ruminants to improve the ruminant productivity.     

去除瘤胃厌氧真菌对山羊瘤胃消化代谢的影响

在青干草日粮条件下，以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的本地山羊为试验动物，研究去除瘤胃厌氧真菌对山羊瘤胃消代谢的影响，结果表明，去除瘤胃厌氧真菌后，瘤胃中的氨氮浓度显下降（P＜0．05），微生物蛋白浓度显上升（P＜0．05）。瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显下降（P＜0．05），脂肪酸组成中，乙酸比例显下降（P＜0．05），丙酸比例显上（P＜0．05），丁酸比例无显变化（P＞0．10）。酶活性测定结果表明，瘤胃内羧甲基纤维素酶活力显下降（P＜0．05）。稻草片段的消失也显下降（P＜0．05）。在此基础上，1＃，2＃羊引入瘤胃厌氧真菌后，氨氮浓度，稻草片段的消失率，总发挥性脂肪酸浓度及羧甲基纤维素酶活力皆有所回升，但均低于正常水平。     

厌氧真菌体外发酵筛选技术的研究

分离自不同地区、不同动物的 30株厌氧真菌菌株分两次进行发酵降解试验。发酵底物为麦秸 ,其干物质含量为 5g·L-1,利用气压转换技术测定菌株发酵的产气量。试验Ⅰ 10个菌株降解麦秸所得的表观干物质消失率为 46 6～ 5 79mg·g-1,总产气量为 110～ 15 0mL。试验Ⅱ 2 0个菌株的表观干物质消失率为 386～ 5 94mg·g-1,总产气量为 99～ 144mL。两次试验中共有 2 4个菌株的总产气量与表观干物质消失率成正相关 ,相关系数 (R2 )分别为 0 917和 0 90 3。除菌株W 6外 ,2 9个菌株在 1/ 2气体总量时的生长速率相似 ,为 0 0 32～ 0 0 42h-1。菌株W 6的生长速率为 0 0 2 5h-1。 30个菌株的延滞期为 15 4～ 30 2h。结果说明 ,利用气压转化技术测定发酵产气量能方便有效地用于厌氧真菌生长动力学的比较和菌株的筛选 ,而且测定时无需干扰发酵过程     

Direct-fed microbes:A tool for improving the utilization of low quality roughages in ruminants

For many years, ruminant nutritionists and microbiologists have been interested in manipulating the microbial ecosystem of the rumen to improve production efficiency of different ruminant species. Removal and restriction of antibiotics subtherapeutic uses from ruminant diets has amplified interest in improving nutrient utilization and animal performance and search for more safe alternatives. Some bacterial and fungal microorganisms as a direct-fed microbial(DFM) can be the most suitable solutions. Microorganisms that are commonly used in DFM for ruminants may be classified mainly as lactic acid producing bacteria(LAB), lactic acid utilizing bacteria(LUB), or other microorganism’s species like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Propionibacterium, Megasphaera elsdenii and Prevotellabryantii, in addition to some fungal species of yeast such as Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. A definitive mode of action for bacterial or fungal DFM has not been established; although a variety of mechanisms have been suggested. Bacterial DFM potentially moderate rumen conditions, and improve weight gain and feed efficiency. Fungal DFM may reduce harmful oxygen from the rumen, prevent excess lactate production, increase feed digestibility, and alter rumen fermentation patterns. DFM may also compete with and inhibit the growth of pathogens, immune system modulation, and modulate microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract. Improved dry matter intake, milk yield, fat corrected milk yield and milk fat content were obtained with DFM administration. However, the response to DFM is not constant; depending on dosages, feeding times and frequencies, and strains of DFM. Nonetheless, recent studies have supported the positive effects of DFM on ruminant performance.     

体内驱除厌氧真菌对绵羊瘤胃微生物种群及发酵参数的影响

选用6只体况良好、体重35 kg左右,年龄1.5岁左右的蒙古绵羊,研究体内驱除厌氧真菌对瘤胃微生物和发酵参数的影响.结果表明,驱除真菌导致绵羊瘤胃细菌总数和纤维分解细菌数量显著升高(P<0.05),毛口目原虫数量和原虫总数也明显增加(P<0.05),而内毛目原虫的数量没有变化.瘤胃内羧甲基纤维素酶的活力随厌氧真菌的消失而显著降低(P<0.05),但滤纸酶、木聚糖酶和果胶酶的活力并不受影响.驱除厌氧真菌后,瘤胃pH值和NH3-N浓度没有显著的变化(P>0.05);乙酸、丁酸和TVFA的浓度均出现下降,其中,乙酸浓度降低极为显著(P<0.01),其余两者表现为显著降低(P<0.05);丙酸浓度并没有受到驱除真菌的影响(P>0.05).对乙酸与丙酸摩尔比例的比较显示,驱除厌氧真菌显著降低了乙酸/丙酸的值(P<0.05),说明驱除厌氧真菌改变了瘤胃内的发酵模式,使之更趋向于乙酸减少的方向进行.     

Direct-fed microbes: A tool for improving the utilization of low quality roughages in ruminants

For many years, ruminant nutritionists and microbiologists have been interested in manipulating the microbial ecosystem of the rumen to improve production efficiency of different ruminant species. Removal and restriction of antibiotics subtherapeutic uses from ruminant diets has amplified interest in improving nutrient utilization and animal performance and search for more safe alternatives. Some bacterial and fungal microorganisms as a direct-fed microbial(DFM) can be the most suitable solutions. Microorganisms that are commonly used in DFM for ruminants may be classified mainly as lactic acid producing bacteria(LAB), lactic acid utilizing bacteria(LUB), or other microorganism's species like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Propionibacterium, Megasphaera elsdenii and Prevotellabryantii, in addition to some fungal species of yeast such as Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. A definitive mode of action for bacterial or fungal DFM has not been established; although a variety of mechanisms have been suggested. Bacterial DFM potentially moderate rumen conditions, and improve weight gain and feed efficiency. Fungal DFM may reduce harmful oxygen from the rumen, prevent excess lactate production, increase feed digestibility, and alter rumen fermentation patterns. DFM may also compete with and inhibit the growth of pathogens, immune system modulation, and modulate microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract. Improved dry matter intake, milk yield, fat corrected milk yield and milk fat content were obtained with DFM administration. However, the response to DFM is not constant; depending on dosages, feeding times and frequencies, and strains of DFM. Nonetheless, recent studies have supported the positive effects of DFM on ruminant performance.     

PCR-DGGE法解析牛粪厌氧发酵稳定期微生物多样性

为了研究牛粪两相厌氧溢流发酵系统装置稳定产气阶段的生物菌群的生长状态及特性,使用了PCR-DGGE技术对牛粪厌氧发酵中的微生物稳定期细菌种群结构进行了研究。在发酵稳定期不同时间进行了取样,试验结果表明厌氧发酵系统细菌种群丰富,优势种群明显,群落结构较稳定。菌群具有交替生长特性,有利于系统的持续稳定产气。     

猪粪厌氧发酵消化液回流体系微生物群落结构特征与产气关系研究

为明确厌氧发酵消化液回流体系中微生物群落结构的特征,采用Miseq高通量测序技术,研究回流过程中微生物的多样性和群落结构变化,并分析其与产气性能的关系。结果表明:消化液回流体系中,细菌的丰富度、多样性均高于产甲烷古菌,并随回流时间的延长明显增加,而产甲烷古菌无明显变化;细菌群落主要分为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)等8个不同的门类,厚壁菌门、梭菌纲(Clostridia)、梭菌属(Clostridium)是不同水平上的优势细菌,相对丰度分别从初期的62.79%、58.62%、35.44%上升到81.46%、68.19%、39.10%;产甲烷古菌中,广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)占绝对优势,在接种物中,第68 d和第219 d相对丰度分别为94.76%、99.89%、99.59%,属分类上主要有7种,其中甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)的相对丰度由23.99%升高到72.28%,而甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)和甲烷球菌属(Methanosphaera)分别由16.34%、21.71%降低至3.70%、12.93%;日平均产气率由初期的409 m L·g~(-1)升高至477 m L·g~(-1),在219 d的试验中,氨氮和有机酸浓度均呈升高趋势,但并未对厌氧发酵产生抑制作用。研究表明:厌氧发酵回流体系中微生物以梭菌属和甲烷八叠球菌属为优势菌属,产气率随其相对丰度的增大而升高,而与甲烷短杆菌属和甲烷球菌属呈负相关。     

茶皂素和丝兰皂苷对山羊人工瘤胃发酵和瘤胃微生物的影响

 【目的】研究利用茶皂素和丝兰皂苷混合物对瘤胃发酵和瘤胃内纤维降解菌变化的影响。【方法】采用2×4因子体外培养试验设计,因子一为对照组（不添加皂苷）和添加皂苷组（添加0.3%茶皂素和0.03%丝兰皂苷的混合物）,因子二为不同精粗比水平（20﹕80、40﹕60、50﹕50及60﹕40）,研究不同精粗比以及皂苷条件下对瘤胃发酵和瘤胃微生物的影响。【结果】茶皂素和丝兰皂苷的混合物能降低瘤胃pH,且精粗比为20﹕80时差异极显著（P＜0.01）;能够增加乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及TVFA的浓度,但从各成分所占比例来看,茶皂素和丝兰皂苷混合物的添加降低了乙酸和丁酸的摩尔百分比例,增加了丙酸的摩尔百分比例,因此降低了乙酸/丙酸;能够降低原虫真蛋白产量而细菌真蛋白产量提高,细菌与原虫的比值提高且差异极显著（P＜0.01）。同一精粗比条件下,添加皂苷组产琥珀酸拟杆菌的相对数量均比非添加组高,除精粗比为20﹕80时差异不显著外（P＞0.05）,其它精粗比状态下差异极显著（P＜0.01）;除精粗比为40﹕60时外,其它精粗比状态下添加皂苷组白色瘤胃球菌和黄化瘤胃球菌的相对数量均比非添加组高。【结论】添加皂苷有降低瘤胃液中原虫总数和pH的趋势,并能够降低原虫真蛋白产量而提高细菌真蛋白产量。茶皂素和丝兰皂苷混合物对瘤胃发酵模式和瘤胃内纤维降解菌变化有一定影响,其作用效果受培养底物精粗比的显著影响。     

The rhizosphere microbial complex in plant health: A review of interaction dynamics

Climate change, urbanization, and population increase limit food availability. To sustain human existence, there is the need to increase food and agricultural production to mitigate the impact of these factors. Scientists have been working for years on ways to increase food production. From plant breeding techniques to soil science, scientists have made tremendous progress. The rhizobiome has been proven to be important to crop production, and the impact of the rhizobiome on plant health cannot be overemphasized. Being rich in diverse complex microbial interactions, the rhizosphere has become a major force in recent plant growth promotion studies. The upsurge in next-generation sequencing applications with the various “omics” technologies is helping to unearth information relating to rhizosphere impact on plant growth. Explaining the complex interactions between and across microbial species present in the rhizosphere is important to further enhance our understanding of their mechanistic and mutualistic functions. Knowledge from this can be used in rhizosphere biome engineering for improved plant growth and yield in the face of the various biotic and abiotic challenges.     

利用廉价蛋白源代替鱼饲料中鱼粉的研究进展

饲料费用占鱼类养殖成本的50％左右。饲料费用取决于饲料的价格和饲料系数,饲料价格往往取决于饲料中蛋白原料的价格,其中鱼粉是最昂贵的蛋白原料之一。利用廉价蛋白原料代替鱼饲料中的鱼粉可降低鱼类养殖的饲料成本,20世纪70年代以来国内外对此进行了大量研究,本文综述了针对鱼饲料中常见的几种廉价蛋白原料的利用方面取得的研究进展。     

利用廉价蛋白源代替鱼饲料中鱼粉的研究进展

饲料费用占鱼类养殖成本的50％左右。饲料费用取决于饲料的价格和饲料系数，饲料价格往往取决于饲料中蛋白原料的价格，其中鱼粉是最昂贵的蛋白原料之一。利用廉价蛋白原料代替鱼饲料中的鱼粉可降低鱼类养殖的饲料成本，20世纪70年代以来国内外对此进行了大量研究，本文综述了针对鱼饲料中常见的几种廉价蛋白原料的利用方面取得的研究进展。     

我国复合污染土壤修复研究进展

重金属、有机污染物造成的土壤复合污染是我国亟待解决的环境问题之一。当前,我国对复合污染土壤修复的研究主要集中于单一的生物、物理、化学等修复方法,而对于不同修复方法联合修复复合污染土壤的研究较少。从土壤重金属复合污染修复、有机污染物复合污染修复、重金属-有机污染物复合污染修复三方面全面综述了我国复合污染土壤修复的研究进展,并在此基础上提出了复合污染土壤修复研究的发展方向。     

延边投资韩资企业的区域根植性特征研究——以经营惯行为例

从海外直接投资企业区域根植性(regional embeddedness)理论的角度出发,立足于实际考察、问卷调查和大量中外统计资料分析的基础上,以延边地区韩资企业为例,研究了海外直接投资企业经营惯行的区域根植性特征.具体从韩资企业与投资区域的社会经济主体和网络内在联系出发,重点分析了企业组织、决策体系,雇佣及劳动惯行,政府和协会等支援机关的关系,指出了韩国企业在延边区域根植化过程中存在的问题和政策性建议.     

内蒙古荒漠草原植被NPP时空变化及气候因子分析：以四子王旗为例

基于遥感数据和气象数据,利用光能利用率模型(CASA),对典型荒漠草原四子王旗1987—2016年植被NPP进行测算,分析NPP时空变化及其与年均气温和年降水量等气候因子的相关性。结果表明:1)1987—2016年四子王旗植被NPP值为144.52g/(m2·年)(C),植被类型地带性分布差异明显,空间上表现出南高北低的分布特征;2)1987—2016年四子王旗植被NPP总体呈现出增长趋势,年际波动为3.09～3.69Tg(C);3)研究区植被NPP与年均气温和年降水量呈显著正相关关系,且与年降水量相关系数更高,表明年降水量是影响荒漠草原区植被NPP的主要气候因子。通过研究荒漠草地植被NPP时空分布及其与气候因子的关系,有助于认识荒漠草原陆地生态系统对气候变化的响应。     

Population Improvement of Resistance to Late Blight in Tetraploid Potato: A Case Study in Combination with AFLP Marker Assisted Background Selection

Cultivated potato with high level of horizontal resistance against late blight is one of the most important goals of potato breeding.The recurrent selection has been adopted to increase the level of potato horizontal resistance and a B3C1 population without R1-R11 dominant genes has been released by the International Potato Center at the short-day condition of Peru.The present research was carried out to further improve the resistance and the agronomic traits of B3C1 population under long-day condition of Hubei,China,with maximized retention of its genetic diversity.Twenty-seven individual clones of B3C1 were used to generate population B3C2 by in-population crossing with the bulk pollens aiming to elevate the frequency of late blight resistance genotypes and to improve the adaptation to local long-day conditions.The late blight resistance and the main agronomic traits including the maturity,the plant characters and the tuber traits were evaluated for the foreground selection in three years,by which 130 pedigrees were maintained as the basic population of B3C2 for further selection.A total of 312 polymorphic loci detected by 9 AFLP marker combinations were used to monitor the genetic diversity of the populations for the background selection.The B3C2 population of 51 clones was finally selected,of which the frequency of resistant genotypes increased by 23.8％ points and the genetic diversity was maintained by about 96％ as referred to B3C1.Our results strongly suggested that combination of the foreground selection for target traits and the background selection for the genetic diversity is an efficient strategy in the recurrent selection of tetraploid potato to improve quantitative traits.     

海洋硅藻应对低铁胁迫的研究综述

硅藻在海洋中分布广泛,适应于多种生长环境。本文对海洋硅藻应对低铁胁迫的策略进行综述,以期为研究海洋藻类在低铁环境下的生理代谢状态提供参考。