不同种植制度对土壤质量的影响

[目的]探讨由大田作物转变为大棚蔬菜生产过程中土壤性状变化及其可能对环境产生的不利影响。[方法]于2007～2009年跟踪调查了上海崇明主要种植制度（露地轮作、温室轮作和温室单作）下农户施肥、灌溉及作物生长状况,并分析了土壤质量的变化。[结果]不同种植制度显著影响土壤质量。与露地轮作相比,温室栽培下过量有机肥和无机肥的投入显著提高了土壤中有机碳、矿质氮、有效磷和可交换钾的含量。温室单作和温室轮作分别导致土壤pH下降0.6和0.4,而露地土壤pH变化不大。同时,温室栽培土壤中EC值、NO3-和Cl-含量均显著高于露地轮作土壤,且随种植年限的增加有增加的趋势,而露地土壤盐分变化不明显。[结论]农户缺乏科学的田间管理指导、一味追求短时期内的高产、过量的施肥灌溉及高复种指数是导致温室土壤严重盐渍化的主要原因。     

不同种植制度对土壤质量的影响

[目的]探讨由大田作物转变为大棚蔬菜生产过程中土壤性状变化及其可能对环境产生的不利影响。[方法]于2007～2009年跟踪调查了上海崇明主要种植制度（露地轮作、温室轮作和温室单作）下农户施肥、灌溉及作物生长状况,并分析了土壤质量的变化。[结果]不同种植制度显著影响土壤质量。与露地轮作相比,温室栽培下过量有机肥和无机肥的投入显著提高了土壤中有机碳、矿质氮、有效磷和可交换钾的含量。温室单作和温室轮作分别导致土壤pH下降0.6和0.4,而露地土壤pH变化不大。同时,温室栽培土壤中EC值、NO3-和Cl-含量均显著高于露地轮作土壤,且随种植年限的增加有增加的趋势,而露地土壤盐分变化不明显。[结论]农户缺乏科学的田间管理指导、一味追求短时期内的高产、过量的施肥灌溉及高复种指数是导致温室土壤严重盐渍化的主要原因。     

Soil organic carbon dynamics and crop yield for different crop rotations in a degraded ferruginous tropical soil in a semi-arid region: a simulation approach

In recent years, simulation models have been used as a complementary tool for research and for quantifying soil carbon sequestration under widely varying conditions. This has improved the understanding and prediction of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and crop yield responses to soil and climate conditions and crop management scenarios. The goal of the present study was to estimate the changes in SOC for different cropping systems in West Africa using a simulation model. A crop rotation experiment conducted in Farak?-Ba, Burkina Faso was used to evaluate the performance of the cropping system model (CSM) of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) for simulating yield of different crops. Eight crop rotations that included cotton, sorghum, peanut, maize and fallow, and three different management scenarios, one without N (control), one with chemical fertilizer (N) and one with manure applications, were studied. The CSM was able to simulate the yield trends of various crops, with inconsistencies for a few years. The simulated SOC increased slightly across the years for the sorghum-fallow rotation with manure application. However, SOC decreased for all other rotations except for the continuous fallow (native grassland), in which the SOC remained stable. The model simulated SOC for the continuous fallow system with a high degree of accuracy normalized root mean square error (RMSE)=0·001, while for the other crop rotations the simulated SOC values were generally within the standard deviation (s.d.) range of the observed data. The crop rotations that included a supplemental N-fertilizer or manure application showed an increase in the average simulated aboveground biomass for all crops. The incorporation of this biomass into the soil after harvest reduced the loss of SOC. In the present study, the observed SOC data were used for characterization of production systems with different SOC dynamics. Following careful evaluation of the CSM with observed soil organic matter (SOM) data similar to the study presented here, there are many opportunities for the application of the CSM for carbon sequestration and resource management in Sub-Saharan Africa.     

作物轮作对谷田土壤理化性质及谷子根际土壤细菌群落的影响

采用谷子连作(Si-Si-Si)、马铃薯-玉米-谷子轮作(St-Zm-Si)、玉米-大豆-谷子轮作(Zm-Gm-Si)和大豆-马铃薯-谷子轮作(Gm-St-Si)四种种植模式进行定位试验,研究轮作对土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、谷子产量和根际细菌群落结构的影响。结果显示,与连作相比,Gm-St-Si轮作模式下土壤的pH值升高,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量增加,土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶和蔗糖酶活性提高,谷子产量显著增加;利用Illumina MiSeq测序技术对谷子根际土壤细菌群落结构进行分析,发现三个轮作处理的OTU数目和多样性指数均高于连作,轮作与连作的细菌群落结构与组成存在明显差异,其中Gm-St-Si处理含有丰富的疣微菌门、酸杆菌门和浮霉菌门,高丰度菌包括Planctomyces、Gemmata、Flavisolibacter、Luteolibacter等。综上表明,大豆-马铃薯-谷子轮作能改善谷田生态环境,提高土壤肥力,促进土壤微生物多样性,使谷子产量增加。     

Modeling the Impacts of Soil Organic Carbon Content of Croplands on Crop Yields in China

This study quantified the impacts of soil organic carbon （SOC） content on the grain yield of crops using a biogeochemical model （DNDC, denitrification-decomposition）. Data on climate, soil properties, and farming management regimes of cropping systems were collected from six typical agricultural zones （northeast, north, northwest, mid-south, east and southwest regions of China, respectively） and integrated into a GIS database to support the model runs. According to the model, if the initial SOC content in the cropland was increased by 1 g C kg^-1, the crop yield may be increased by 176 kg ha^-1 for maize in the northeast region, 454 kg ha^-1 for a maize-wheat rotation in the north region, 328 kg ha^-1 for maize in the northwest region, 185 kg ha^-1 for single-rice in the mid-south region, 266 kg ha^-1 for double-rice in east region, and 229 kg ha^-1 for rice and wheat rotation in southwest region. There is a great potential for enhancing the crop yield by improving the SOC content in each region of China.     

农田土壤有机碳含量对作物产量影响的模拟研究

 【目的】探求土壤有机碳含量对作物产量的影响,以期为保障国家粮食安全和耕地持续利用与管理提供决策依据。【方法】利用农田生态系统生物地球化学模型DNDC,针对中国东北、华北、西北、中南、华东和西南6个典型农业区域,每个区域选择各自典型的种植模式和现行的农田管理措施,在各自特定的土壤和气候条件下,输入并运行模型,模拟考察在其它投入条件不变的情况下,改变土壤有机碳本底值对作物产量的影响。【结果】当土壤有机碳含量（SOC）增加1 g C?kg-1,东北地区玉米产量可增加176 kg?hm-2;华北地区夏玉米与冬小麦轮作,产量可增加约454 kg?hm-2;西北地区春玉米产量约可增加328 kg?hm-2;中南地区单季水稻产量可增加约185 kg?hm-2;华东地区双季稻产量可增加约266 kg?hm-2;西南地区水稻与冬小麦轮作产量可增加约229 kg?hm-2。【结论】在其它投入既定的条件下,全国各地区均存在通过提高耕地土壤有机碳含量来增加作物产量的潜力。保持较高水平的土壤有机碳含量对节本增效具有十分明显的作用。     

湖南省不同种植制度农田土壤肥力长期演变特征北大核心CSCD

明确不同种植制度农田肥力长期演变特征可为选择合适种植制度以提升耕地质量提供参考依据。以湖南省12个国家和省级农田长期定位试验点的种植制度试验为研究对象,选择当地习惯施肥条件下的水稻—水稻—黑麦草(RRR)、水稻—水稻—紫云英(RRC)、水稻—水稻—大麦(RRB)、水稻—水稻—冬闲(RRW)和水稻—水稻—油菜(RRO)5种双季稻模式,烤烟—水稻(RT)、水稻—冬闲(RW)、水稻—油菜(RO)和水稻—绿肥(RG)4种一季稻模式,棉花—油菜(CR)、大豆—红薯(SS)和玉米—萝卜(MR)3种旱作模式,研究其土壤基础肥力指标和综合肥力的演变趋势。结果表明,双季稻模式有机质含量高于旱作模式,长期习惯性施肥条件下,除RRO、RT和RW有机质含量下降外,其余均有上升。RRW、RRO、RT和RW全氮含量相对较高但均有下降,其余则均有增加。RRO和RG碱解氮含量下降明显,而旱作模式均呈增加趋势。RRO和RRW速效磷含量下降明显,而旱作模式年均增加约1.23~4.76 mg/kg。双季稻模式速效钾含量均有下降,而一季稻和旱作模式除RT和MR增加外呈下降趋势或无明显变化。双季稻模式综合肥力下降,而一季稻和旱作模式均有上升。研究表明,湖南省不同种植制度农田肥力变化差异较大,双季稻模式应控氮重钾,一季稻模式应减施氮磷,旱作模式应培肥地力和控施磷肥。     

The Possible Effect of Climate Warming on Northern Limits of Cropping System and Crop Yield in China

Significantly increasing temperature since the 1980s in China has become a consensus under the background of global climate change and how climate change affects agriculture or even cropping systems has attracted more and more attention from Chinese government and scientists. In this study, the possible effects of climate warming on the national northern limits of cropping systems, the northern limits of winter wheat and double rice, and the stable-yield northern limits of rainfed winter wheat-summer maize rotation in China from 1981 to 2007 were analyzed. Also, the possible change of crop yield caused by planting limits displacement during the periods 1950s-1981 and 1981-2007 was compared and discussed. The recognized calculation methods of agricultural climatic indices were employed. According to the indices of climatic regionalization for cropping systems, the national northern limits of cropping systems, winter wheat and double rice, and the stable-yield northern limits of rainfed winter wheat-summer maize rotation during two periods, including the 1950s-1980 and 1981-2007, were drawn with AreGIS software. Compared with the situation during the 1950s-1980, the northern limits of double cropping system during 1981-2007 showed significant spatial displacement in Shaanxi,Shanxi, Hebei, and Liaoning provinces and Beijing municipality, China. The northern limits of triple cropping system showed the maximum spatial displacement in Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces, China. Without considering variety change and social economic factors, the per unit area grain yield of main planting patterns would increase about 54-106% if single cropping system was replaced by double cropping system, which turned out to be 27- 58% if double cropping system was replaced by triple cropping system. In Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Qinghai provinces, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia autonomous regions, China, the northern limits of winter wheat during 1981-2007 moved northward and expanded westward in different degrees, compared with those during the 1950s-1980.Taking Hebei Province as an example, the northern limits of winter wheat moved northward, and the per unit area grain yield would averagely increase about 25% in the change region if the spring wheat was replaced by winter wheat. In Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, and Hunan provinces, China, the planting northern limits of double rice moved northward, and the per unit area grain yield would increase in different degrees only from the perspective of heat resource. The stableyield northern limits of rainfed winter wheat-summer maize rotation moved southeastward in most regions, which was caused by the decrease of local precipitation in recent years. During the past 50 yr, climate wanning made the national northern limits of cropping systems move northward in different degrees, the northern limits of winter wheat and double rice both moved northward, and the cropping system change would cause the increase of per unit area grain yield in the change region. However, the stable-yield northern limits of rainfed winter wheat-summer maize rotation moved southeastward due to the decrease of precipitation.     

Increasing soil microbial biomass nitrogen in crop rotation systems by improving nitrogen resources under nitrogen application

Soil microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN) contains the largest proportion of biologically active nitrogen(N) in soil,and is considered as a crucial participant in soil N cycling.Agronomic management practices such as crop rotation and monocropping systems,dramatically affect MBN in agroecosystems.However,the influence of crop rotation and monocropping in agroecosystems on MBN remains unclear.A meta-analysis based on 203 published studies was conducted to quantify the effect of crop rotation and mono-...     

A comprehensive analysis of the response of the fungal community structure to long-term continuous cropping in three typical upland crops

Certain agricultural management practices are known to affect the soil microbial community structure; however, knowledge of the response of the fungal community structure to the long-term continuous cropping and rotation of soybean, maize and wheat in the same agroecosystem is limited. We assessed the fungal abundance, composition and diversity among soybean rotation, maize rotation and wheat rotation systems and among long-term continuous cropping systems of soybean, maize and wheat as the effect of crop types on fungal community structure. We compared these fungal parameters of same crop between long-term crop rotation and continuous cropping systems as the effect of cropping systems on fungal community structure. The fungal abundance and composition were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The results revealed that long-term continuous soybean cropping increased the soil fungal abundance compared with soybean rotation, and the fungal abundance was decreased in long-term continuous maize cropping compared with maize rotation. The long-term continuous soybean cropping also exhibited increased soil fungal diversity. The variation in the fungal community structure among the three crops was greater than that between long-term continuous cropping and rotation cropping. Mortierella, Guehomyces and Alternaria were the most important contributors to the dissimilarity of the fungal communities between the continuous cropping and rotation cropping of soybean, maize and wheat. There were 11 potential pathogen and 11 potential biocontrol fungi identified, and the relative abundance of most of the potential pathogenic fungi increased during the long-term continuous cropping of all three crops. The relative abundance of most biocontrol fungi increased in long-term continuous soybean cropping but decreased in long-term continuous maize and wheat cropping. Our results indicate that the response of the soil fungal community structure to long-term continuous cropping varies based upon crop types.     

丹阳市作物及种植制度气候产量潜力的计算机模拟与分析

运用计算机作物生长模拟模型对江苏省丹阳市的主要粮食作物及种植制度的气候产量潜力进行了分析.结果表明,模拟的作物气候产量潜力以玉米、单季稻为最高.单季稻对当地的光、热、水资源利用较充分,现实产量达到气候潜力的78.2%.模拟的2种种植制度(麦-单季稻,麦/玉米-稻)的气候潜力表明,三熟比二熟高3000kg/hm~2,排水良好,小麦产量可以达到或接近气候潜力,玉米的气候产量潜力则受到生长期内降水量年际变化影响较大.在丹阳市引进春玉米的种植制度,可以充分利用当地的水热资源,提高全年产量及改善单一的种植制度。     

基于降水保证指数的四川省种植制度优化研究

【目的】研究自然降水对四川省农业生态区作物需水的满足程度及其保证指数,为各区域充分合理利用降水资源,选择防旱避灾种植制度提供理论依据。【方法】依据气温、海拔、干燥度、地形地势、地理位置等特点,将四川农业生态区划分为8个不同类型区,采用联合国粮农组织（FAO）推荐的分段单值平均作物系数法,订正各区域主要作物及其主要生育阶段的作物系数（初始生长期作物系数（K_cini）、生育中期作物系数（K_cmid）和成熟期作物系数（K_cend））,计算并比较各区域代表性站点的常见种植模式、主要作物、作物主要生育阶段自然降水对作物需水的满足度及其保证指数,选出各区域防旱避灾最优种植模式。【结果】①各种作物的K_cmid、K_cend值均小于或等于FAO的推荐值;盆地内部各区域作物系数较FAO推荐值偏低更多,攀西地区与FAO推荐值接近;小麦、油菜等夏收作物K_cend值均与FAO推荐值相同,而玉米、水稻等秋收作物K_cend值均低于FAO推荐值。②四川省各种植模式多年平均降水满足度地区之间差异较大。攀枝花、西昌、平武、成都、遂宁、巴中、宜宾、雅安降水满足度依次递增,分别为0.48,0.56,0.63,0.64,0.70,0.72,0.74,0.85。③四川省各种植模式降水保证指数变化范围较大,最低值仅为0.35,而最高值达到0.89。攀枝花各种植模式的降水保证指数普遍偏低,且多数低于0.4;雅安各种植模式的降水保证指数普遍较高,均在0.85以上。【结论】攀枝花等川西南山地干热河谷区、西昌等川西高原安宁河平原半湿润区和平武等川北半湿润山地丘陵过渡区最优种植制度为小麦-玉米-红薯（大豆）旱三熟;雅安等盆西高原盆地过渡湿润气候区和宜宾等川南中低山丘陵湿润气候区最优种植制度为油菜（马铃薯）-水稻水旱轮作两熟制;成都平原湿润气候区最优种植制度为马铃薯-水稻和油菜-玉米-红薯;遂宁等川中丘陵夏伏旱频发区最优种植制度为油菜（小麦）-玉米-红薯旱三熟;巴中等川东北盆周湿润山区防旱避灾最优种植制度为马铃薯（小麦）-玉米-红薯旱三熟。     

Effects of Cropping System Change for Paddy Field with Double Harvest Rice on the Crops Growth and Soil Nutrient

The effects of the cropping system change for paddy field with double harvest rice on crops growth and soil nutrient in red soil were studied. The results indicated that the economic benefit and the ratio of the output to input were all increased in terms of the market price for the crops under various treatments. The greatest economic benefit was obtained in the treatment of paddy-upland rotation, and the corresponding economic benefit was increased by 34.7, 21.4, and 2.2% in comparison with that of control （rice-rice-astragali）, pasture, and upland cropping treatments. The economic benefits in pasture and upland cultivation treatments were increased by I 1.0 and 31.8%, respectively, when compared with that of the control treatment （CK）. The ratio of output to input in pasture, paddy-upland rotation, and upland cropping treatments was enhanced by 0.9, 0.6, and 0.3, respectively, in comparison with that of control. To grow pasture is beneficial for improving soil fertility since the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus are all enhanced significantly. However, the concentrations of the soil available nitrogen, the total potassium, the available potassium were somewhat reduced in all the treatments, suggesting that increasing the input of nitrogen, particularly potassium, was necessary under the present fertilization level. Based on the conditions of fertility, climate, cultivation, and management of paddy field with double harvest rice in red soil regions, it is feasible to alter the cultivation system of paddy field with bad irrigation condition. In particular, cultivation systems such as pasture and paddy-upland rotation can be selected to extend because better economic benefit and improvement of soil fertility in the purpose region were obtained.     

棚室茄子不同栽培方式对土壤微生物多样性的影响

棚室茄子栽培易出现连作障碍,致使土传病害严重,产量下降。试验选取芥菜、油菜两种十字花科作物与茄子轮作,旨在探讨轮作模式对棚室茄子栽培连作土壤微生物多样性及群落结构影响。通过Mi Seq测序分析表明,茄子/油菜轮作处理土壤细菌丰度、茄子/芥菜轮作处理土壤细菌多样性显著高于连作处理。聚类分析表明,茄子/油菜轮作和茄子/芥菜轮作土壤细菌群落结构与茄子连作和农药熏蒸处理不同,两个轮作处理土壤中Flavobacteria等细菌为优势种,可改善根区土壤生态条件,促进作物生长。真菌多样性分析表明,两个轮作处理土壤中真菌多样性和丰度显著降低,Chaetomium等腐生真菌数量增多,有利于提高土壤有机质含量,改善连作土壤质量,研究可为缓解棚室茄子连作障碍提供新思路。     

轮作和休茬对日光温室黄瓜连作土壤的改良效果

通过盆栽试验,研究了大葱、豇豆、番茄、糯玉米4种作物与黄瓜轮作及常规休茬处理对日光温室黄瓜连作土壤的改良效果。结果表明:与连作相比,轮作可以不同程度地降低土壤容重,增加孔隙度,而休茬土壤的容重增大,孔隙度降低;轮作和休茬可提高土壤pH,降低EC,平衡土壤养分,改善土壤理化性状,减轻次生盐渍化。轮作和休茬有利于改善土壤的微生物区系,增强土壤酶活性,细菌和放线菌数量增加,真菌数量减少,氨化细菌和硝化细菌的数量显著增加。大葱、糯玉米与黄瓜轮作对土壤的改良效果较理想。     

甘蓝、菜豆和玉米不同轮作组合对淡褐土细菌群落和作物产量的影响

为研究不同连作、轮作组合对土壤细菌群落和作物产量的影响,选择北方旱地常见种植作物甘蓝(C)、菜豆(B)和玉米(M),以3种作物轮作下甘蓝-玉米-甘蓝(CMC)、菜豆-玉米-甘蓝(BMC)、甘蓝-甘蓝-甘蓝(CCC)、甘蓝-玉米-菜豆(CMB)、菜豆-玉米-菜豆(BMB)、菜豆-菜豆-菜豆(BBB)、甘蓝-甘蓝-玉米(CCM)、甘蓝-菜豆-玉米(CBM)、菜豆-菜豆-玉米(BBM)、菜豆-甘蓝-玉米(BCM)共10种轮作组合为对象,利用IlluminaHiSeq高通量测序平台,基于16S rRNA基因序列扩增子测序,研究10种轮作模式下耕层土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的变化,分析其不同变化对作物产量的影响。结果表明:各处理间细菌OTU数目差异较小,丰富度间没有差异;前茬种植作物为甘蓝时,CCC处理特有OTU数为2,BMC处理特有OTU数为1;前茬种植作物为菜豆时,BBB处理无特有OTU,CMB处理轮作特有OTU数为1;前茬种植作物为玉米时,CCM、CBM、BCM处理均有1个特有OTU。BCM处理的土壤细菌丰富度指数(Ace指数和Chao1指数)显著低于CCC处理,但CCC、BCM处理与其余处理间无显著差异;与CCC处理相比,BCM处理的Ace指数降低了2.6%,Chao1指数降低了2.5%。CMC、BMC、CCC、BMB、CCM、BBM处理的土壤细菌多样性指数(Shannon指数)较CBM处理显著提高了3.3%~3.6%。与连作相比,CBM处理土壤细菌相对丰度和群落结构变化最大,BCM处理次之;与CCC处理相比,轮作能够降低土壤细菌丰富度和土壤细菌多样性。CMB和BMB处理细菌优势门(相对丰度>10%)为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),其余处理细菌优势门为变形菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes);各处理相对丰度最大的门是变形菌门(25.0%~31.1%)。与连作相比,CBM处理显著降低酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、放线菌门相对丰度,显著提高拟杆菌门相对丰度。属水平相对丰度聚类热图显示,CMC、BBB、CCM处理与BMC、BBM、BCM处理土壤细菌群落相似性较高,CCC、CMB、BMB处理与CMC、BMC、BBB、CCM、BBM、BCM处理群落相似性次之,CBM处理与其余9种处理细菌群落差异最大。前茬种植作物相同时,各处理产量均无显著差异,其中CMC、BMB、BBM处理产量最高。综合而言,菜豆-菜豆-玉米为最优轮作组合。     

Amazon basin soils: management for continuous crop production

Technology has been developed which permits continuous production of annual crops in some of the acid, infertile soils of the Amazon Basin. Studies in Yurimaguas, Peru, show that three grain crops can be produced annually with appropriate fertilizer inputs. Twenty-one crops have been harvested during the past 8(1/2) years in the same field, with an average annual production of 7.8 tons of grain per hectare. Soil properties are improving with continuous cultivation. The technology has been validated by local farmers, who normally practice shifting cultivation. Economic interpretations indicate large increases in annual family farm income and a high return on the investment of chemical inputs. Other promising land use alternatives include low-input crop production systems, paddy rice production in fertile alluvial soils, and pastures or agroforestry in rolling areas. Stable, continuous food crop production is an attractive alternative to shifting cultivation in humid tropical regions experiencing severe demographic pressures. For each hectare of land managed in a highly productive manner, there may be less need for clearing additional tropical forests to meet food demands.     

The effect of conservation tillage on crop yield in China

Traditional agricultural practices have resulted in decreased soil fertility, shortage of water resources and deterioration of agricultural ecological environment, which are seriously affecting grain production. Conservation tillage (CT) research has been developed and applied in China since the 1960s and 1970s, and a series of development policies have been issued by the Chinese government. Recent research and application have shown that CT has positive effects on crop yields in China. According to the data from the Conservation Tillage Research Center (CTRC), Chinese Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), the mean crop yield increase can be at least 4% in double cropping systems in the North China Plain and 6% in single cropping systems in the dryland areas of North-east and North-west China. Crop yield increase was particularly significant in dryland areas and drought years. The mechanism for the yield increase in CT system can be attributed to enhanced soil water content and improved soil properties. Development strategies have been implemented to accelerate the adoption of CT in China.     

冀中南多样化种植模式的适水效应分析

为优化冀中南作物种植结构,本研究以河北省典型地下水漏斗区邢台市为例,基于作物需水SIMETAW模型系统量化1965—2018年冬小麦、春棉花、春玉米、夏谷子、夏大豆和春绿豆等10种主要农作物的生育期需水量与灌溉需水量,针对当地不同降水年型和水资源条件以及不同作物的生育期、生长发育特点和前后茬作物的农学特性等构建11种不同的种植模式,分析不同种植模式需水及降水耦合度等参数。结果表明:1)各作物年均生育期需水量表现为春棉花(515.2mm)冬小麦(466.6mm)春玉米(424.9mm)春油葵(420.0mm)春甘薯(362.1mm)春马铃薯(354.2mm)夏大豆(313.9mm)夏玉米(298.7mm)春绿豆(288.1mm)夏谷子(217.5mm)。2)各作物年均生育期灌溉需水量表现为冬播作物春播作物夏播作物。冬小麦年均生育期灌溉需水量最大,为329.2mm;夏谷子最低,为82.8mm。3)传统麦玉一年两熟制周年需水量最大(753.4～780.3mm),相比之下,多样化轮作模式的生育期需水量可显著降低15%～34%,生育期灌溉需水量明显降低9%～32%。春玉米-冬小麦-夏玉米、春玉米-冬小麦-夏谷子、春甘薯-冬小麦-夏玉米和春甘薯-冬小麦-夏谷子等两年三熟制在丰水年、平水年和枯水年下的生育期需水量、灌溉需水量和周年需水量均较低。春绿豆-夏谷子一年两熟模式的年均生育期需水量最低,为504.4mm,年均生育期灌溉需水量为286.8mm。因此,在保证粮食安全的前提下,为减缓河北省地下水位持续下降的趋势,发展适水种植模式是节水农业的重要途径之一。     

Physicochemical properties of chernozem and crop productivity in primary tillage systems in crop rotation

It is shown that, in a nine-course grain-sugar beet crop rotation, a combined tillage system (non-moldboard for cereals and moldboard for row crops)with annual application of 5 tons of manure and N₅₃P₅₆K₅₃ per hectare of rotation area restrains deterioration of the physicochemical properties of chernozem. The yield of all crops in the rotation increases.