四种常绿人工林凋落物和养分循环规律的研究

针叶林(特别有杉木林)长期连栽引起土壤肥力衰退,林地生产力下降,对发展林业造成很大的影响。目前,这问题的严重性正不断地被人们认识和重视,并重视发展混交林。本文通过研究格木(Eryrthrophlocum·fofdii Oiiv)、红荷木(Schima wallichiichoisy)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanccolata(lam)Hook)四种常绿人工林凋落物产量的动态、组成分配、节律及化学元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)归还量,分析并比较针叶树和阔叶树在物质再循环过程中的作用,充分挖掘针阔混交林的潜力,摸索并推广结构合理的混交林类型,以维持或提高土壤肥力,增加木材生长量。     

抚育择伐对马尾松林凋落叶分解速率和养分释放的短期影响

【目的】探讨不同抚育择伐处理对马尾松林凋落叶分解速率和养分释放规律的短期影响,为马尾松生态公益林可持续经营提供科学依据。【方法】以三峡库区马尾松为研究对象,设置未择伐(保持林分现状,无人为干扰)、除灌(清除林内灌木层和阔叶更新层,保留马尾松更新小树)、伐除非马尾松(伐除胸径≥4 cm的非马尾松树种,择伐强度为15%)和伐除优势马尾松(伐除树木平均胸径以上的马尾松个体,择伐强度为70%) 4种抚育择伐处理,采用原位分解法,分析不同抚育择伐处理下马尾松林凋落叶经历12个月后的分解速率和养分释放率差异,并探讨影响凋落叶分解的主要因素。【结果】未择伐、除灌、伐除非马尾松和伐除优势马尾松4种抚育择伐处理的凋落叶年分解速率分别为0. 304、0. 397、0. 311和0. 315 g·g-1a-1;相比未择伐,除灌、伐除非马尾松和伐除优势马尾松抚育择伐处理均可在一定程度上提高马尾松林凋落叶分解速率,分别提高30. 59%、2. 30%和3. 62%;随着分解进程,不同抚育择伐处理下马尾松凋落叶C含量在前6个月显著降低,随后轻微波动,N含量呈先释放后持续固持的趋势,P含量则无规律性变化;处理与分解时间的交互作用对C和N释放速率影响显著,而对P影响不显著;凋落叶分解速率与初始N含量和N/P显著正相关(P0. 05),而与5 cm深处土壤温度和土壤水分含量相关性不显著(P0. 05)。【结论】短期来看,不同抚育择伐处理均能提高马尾松林凋落叶分解速率,减缓养分过度累积,促进养分归还土壤。未来开展马尾松林经营时,应选择林分各层次的轻中度择伐,以调控形成合理林分结构、促进马尾松林养分循环。     

人工林养分循环研究现状与进展

介绍了人工林养分循环的概念、研究现状,从养分元素含量、养分元素积累与分布、林下植被和森林凋落物等方面分析了人工林养分循环研究的主要内容,同时梧进了人工林养分循环研究存在的问题及其发展趋势。     

华北落叶松人工林凋落物短期管理对土壤养分变化的影响

为了解华北落叶松凋落物管理对林地土壤养分变化特征的影响,本文以苏木山林场华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,在林中设置了凋落物不同处理(堆积和平铺),分析不同处理下0～10 cm土层土壤养分含量变化规律.结果表明:凋落物不同处理下土壤呈酸性,与对照相比凋落物管理下土壤pH值显著下降(P<0.05).凋落物平铺处理与对照相比,土...     

间伐对杨树人工林凋落物及养分归还量的影响

为了了解间伐对杨树大径材生长的影响,按人工林不同间伐方式和强度设计了4种间伐处理,分别为对照、30％强度的下层伐(下层30％)、50％强度的下层伐(下层50％)、50％强度的机械伐(机械50％),探讨了不同间伐处理对杨树人工林凋落物及其养分归还量的影响.结果表明,不同间伐强度显著影响林分凋落物及其养分归还量,凋落物及养分归还量均随间伐强度的增大而降低;凋落物中5种营养元素含量及归还量大小为Ca＞K＞N＞Mg＞P;4种处理的凋落物及养分归还月动态变化趋势均为8-11月最多,分别占年归还总量的76.48％ ～79.68％和80.35％～90.46％.该研究结果为杨树人工林的林分结构调控提供参考.     

马尾松林下补植阔叶树后森林凋落物量、养分含量及周转时间的变化

在25年生的马尾松林下分别补植拉氏栲、青栲、闽粤栲、格氏栲和苦槠,形成针阔混交异龄林。补植16年后,对上述5种混交林类型及马尾松纯林的森林凋落物量、养分含量及周转时间进行研究。上述5个混交群落和马尾松纯林的年凋落物量分别为6149·1、7533·2、6741·1、7151·5、8041·7和3442·8kg·hm-2。各混交群落总凋落物量的季节动态呈双峰型,第1次峰值出现在2—4月份,第2次峰值出现在8、9月份。在凋落物组成中,枯叶占绝对优势,占凋落物总量的50%~71%,其余依次为枯枝6%~26%、树皮9%~19%、果实和其他组分5%~17%。各混交群落中来自马尾松的凋落物占50%~58%,来自阔叶树的凋落物占42%~50%,且两者的组成有明显差异。凋落物各组分的养分含量存在较大差异,N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量范围分别为3·25~12·98、0·24~0·97、0·37~6·55、12·77~35·40、2·35~6·10g·kg-1。各林分类型凋落物中养分元素的年归还总量为Ca>N>Mg>K>P。5个混交林群落及马尾松纯林凋落物中的养分年归还总量分别为238·05、213·77、223·93、289·90、304·12和142·01kg·hm-2。6个群落的森林地被物现存量分别为8448·0、15565·8、11993·7、12718·6、6974·2和5020·0kg·hm-2,其中L层在各群落中所占比例分别为47·2%、59·6%、51·3%、61·0%、85·4%及86·3%,平均为61·7%。森林地被物中各养分元素的含量在群落和组分之间存在明显差异,但总的趋势表现为Ca>N>Mg>K>P。最后,通过对年凋落量和林地凋落物积累量的比较分析,上述6个群落的凋落物周转时间预测值依次为0·76、1·42、0·97、1·17、0·84及1·52年,其中枯枝的周转时间明显大于枯叶,且马尾松的枯叶和枯枝的周转时间普遍大于阔叶树。     

中国南部天然常绿阔叶林的地上生物量、净初级生产力、养分分布和养分利用效率

在中国南部的江西九连山自然保护区,观测研究了天然常绿阔叶林的地上生物量、地上NPP(净初级生产力)、养分的积累和分布,以及不同生活型树种的养分利用效率.在两个样地,用相对生长回归法和收获法测定了地上生物量,数值各约为340和270t/hm2,其中叶生物量约为9.6t/hm2.地上NPP约为年9.9t/hm2,其中叶生产力占44％.各种一般养分(N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Na)在森林生态系统中积累的特点是,Na和N在矿质土壤中有高的相对分布,K和Mg属中间地位,Ca和P则高分布于地上生物量中.氮的养分利用效率(NUE)、平均停留时间(MRT)和年生产力(A)表明,针叶树是氮的最高效的利用者,常绿阔叶树次之,落叶树在氮的利用上是最低效的.     

主伐方式对马尾松林地土壤理化性质影响的研究

择伐使土壤容积质量略有增加,而皆伐却有明显增加;土壤毛管孔隙度变化不大,非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度明显下降;土壤持水能力也明显降低。皆伐后有机质、全氮和水解性氮损失严重。因此,在坡度较大的南方山地,主伐方式选择不当,会引起土壤肥力的严重衰退,影响幼林的生长。     

油茶林生物量与养分生物循环的研究

对不同发育期油茶林生物量与养分的生物循环进行了研究。结果表明，从幼龄期至盛果期油茶林生物量逐步积累，盛果期生物量达到１６．１３９ｔ／ｈｍ２，其中经济生物量为１．７９８ｔ／ｈｍ２；不同发育期油茶林分的生产力不同，盛果期油茶林太阳能利用率最高，为０．２％；不同发育期油茶林光合产物在各器官的分配比例不同；不同发育期油茶林系统大量元素（Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ）的吸收量、存留量、归还量及输出量不同。并提出了油茶林系统施肥的监界量。     

整地方式对土壤肥力及菌根化松树幼林生长的影响

对山区3种整地方式的土壤肥力和菌根化松树幼林生长的情况进行了连续4年的对比观察。结果表明:各种不同整地方式的土壤肥力变化不大,炼山不炼山的全垦、穴垦的林木高生长彼此存在差异。对于菌根的生长,以不炼山条垦为好,其次是不炼山全垦,但单位面积以不炼山穴垦用工量最少。所以在坡高为30°左右的山地,土壤肥力一般的山区,应选择不炼山条垦整地方式造林。     

Nutrient cycling and distribution in different-aged plantations of Chinese fir in southern China

The distribution in tree biomass and understorey vegetation and annual biological and geochemical cycling of total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were measured in young, middle-aged and mature plantations (8-, 14- and 24-years old) of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) in southern China. Although >98% of nutrients occurred in the soil, soil nutrient content decreased with plantation age. Nutrient outputs from the soil exceeded inputs in stands of all ages but the net soil nutrient loss increased significantly for N, P and Ca with plantation age. Comparison of nutrient fluxes showed that the smallest (and hence limiting for nutrient cycling) fluxes were litter decomposition in the young plantation in contrast to canopy fluxes (apart from for Mg) in the middle-aged and mature plantations. Nutrient use efficiency, release of nutrients from litter decomposition and nutrient return, particularly in litterfall, increased significantly with plantation age. These results suggest that, as stand age increases, nutrient cycling in Chinese fir plantations is increasingly dominated by biological processes and becomes less dependent on external nutrient sources in rainfall and the soil. It therefore appears that prolonging the rotation length of Chinese fir plantations by approximately 5 years could be beneficial for maintaining the soil nutrient status for successive plantings.     

中国南方天然常绿阔叶林枯叶分解的养分元素变化

中国南部的天然常绿阔叶林中,不同的初始条件下研究了栲树叶的重量损失和养分释放.对构成森林的13个树种的叶子也用枯叶袋法进行了研究.两年后栲树叶的分解率为53％～67％,其他13个种的叶分解率为59％～96％.两年间落叶树种叶子的重量损失大于常绿树种.分解叶的氮磷含有率随实验时间逐渐增加,而钾、钠、钙和镁的含有率却在降低.氮和磷的释放慢于更具活动性的元素,如钾、钠、钙和镁.分解率与最初的氮和磷的含有率成正相关.     

Influences of Mechanized Thinning and Prescribed Fire on Natural Regeneration in an Uneven-Aged Jeffrey Pine Stand

Thinnings using cut-to-length or whole-tree harvesting systems followed by underburning were evaluated for their effects on seedling and sapling demography in a pure, uneven-aged Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) stand containing a minor component of California white fir (Abies concolor var. lowiana [Gord.] Lemm.). Depression of seedling counts due to forest floor disturbance associated with thinning was followed by a recovery largely confined to Jeffrey pine in the whole-tree treatment where final seedling counts exceeded those found initially. The postburn substrate was more favorable for establishment of Jeffrey pine than white fir seedlings, and the largest increase in seedling counts between the initial and final inventories occurred in the burned portion of the whole-tree treatment. Live sapling losses from thinning were greatest in the cut-to-length treatment, while underburning induced complete sapling mortality. Absent treatment, several stand and site variables influenced seedling and sapling abundance, prominent among them a propensity for mahala mat (Ceanothus prostratus Benth.) to elevate counts of white fir within both size classes. These results provide land managers insight into the impacts of six combinations of thinning and burning treatment on natural regeneration in eastern Sierra Nevada Jeffrey pine and similar dry site forest types.     

Modelling impacts of changes in carbon dioxide concentration,climate and nitrogen deposition on carbon sequestration by European forests and forest soils

Changes in the Earth's atmosphere are expected to influence the growth, and therefore, carbon accumulation of European forests. We identify three major changes: (1) a rise in carbon dioxide concentration, (2) climate change, resulting in higher temperatures and changes in precipitation and (3) a decrease in nitrogen deposition. We adjusted and applied the hydrological model Watbal, the soil model SMART2 and the vegetation model SUMO2 to asses the effect of expected changes in the period 1990 up to 2070 on the carbon accumulation in trees and soils of 166 European forest plots. The models were parameterized using measured soil and vegetation parameters and site-specific changes in temperature, precipitation and nitrogen deposition. The carbon dioxide concentration was assumed to rise uniformly across Europe. The results were compared to a reference scenario consisting of a constant CO₂ concentration and deposition scenario. The temperature and precipitation scenario was a repetition of the period between 1960 and 1990. All scenarios were compared to the reference scenario for biomass growth and carbon sequestration for both the soil and the trees.     

我国红松大径级用材林近自然培育探讨

红松是地带性森林植被阔叶红松林的建群种,其木材力学强度适中,纹理通直,花纹美观,材质强韧,不易开裂、变形,耐腐朽力强,为我国珍贵用材树种.通过近自然经营可以达到低成本培育大径材近自然林的目的.文中分析了我国红松大径材林培育现状及存在问题,并从红松的生物和生态学特性、木材利用价值方面阐述了大径级用材林近自然培育的适用性,...