大豆食心虫生物防治研究进展

大豆食心虫是我国大豆的主要害虫之一,随着科学技术的发展和人们生活水平的提高,人们对绿色食品的要求也与日俱增。充分发挥生物防治作用,减少或替代化学农药的使用,是提高大豆品质的主要途径之一。生物防治具有对人畜无毒,环境兼容性好,作物不易产生抗性等优点。本文主要介绍了利用抗性育种、转基因、性信息素、寄生性天敌等方法防治大豆食心虫的研究进展、存在问题及展望。     

大豆食心虫抗性品种鉴定及抗性性状分析

38份大豆品种（系）大豆食心虫抗性鉴定结果表明，供试品种间在着显著差异。筛选出高抗大豆食心虫品种1份和抗性品种17份。抗虫性状分析表明，虫食粒率与百粒重，荚皮内糖分含量呈极显著正相关，而与荚皮内纤维素含量，荚皮硬度，荚皮颜色呈极显著负相关。     

黑龙江省大豆品种对大豆食心虫抗性评价

对120份大豆品种进行大豆食心虫的抗性评价,鉴定筛选出高抗材料8份,分别为黑农40、垦农4、垦农5、合丰25、垦丰8、垦农18、垦鉴豆3和合丰39.并对大豆品种抗虫性与荚皮总糖、纤维含量、籽粒脂肪和蛋白质含量的关系进行研究,结果表明:大豆荚皮的总糖、大豆种子的脂肪和蛋白质含量和大豆品种的抗虫性没有明显相关,而大豆荚皮的纤维素含量与其呈显著正相关.对大豆荚皮结构与抗虫性关系的研究结果表明:抗虫品种(东农8004、黑农40)果皮略厚,表皮角质层明显,皮下厚壁细胞排列紧密,壁加厚明显,细胞较小,东农8004厚壁细胞为1～3层.     

大豆食心虫防治新方法的研究

研究结果证明，熏蒸片剂的研制成功，改过去喷药防治为撒施熏蒸片剂防治，其使用方法简便易行：在大豆食心虫成虫盛发期，将熏蒸片剂50片均匀地撒在667m^2豆田中即可。防治效果可达86．0％－94．4％，不仅提高大豆的产量而且还提高大豆的品质和等级。对人安全，具有较强的实用性和可操作性，为大豆食心虫的防治增添了一个新的农药剂型， 在防治方法上开辟了一条新的防治途径。     

中外早熟大豆对大豆食心虫的抗性研究

对来自中国、俄罗斯、加拿大、匈牙利、奥地利、德国、法国、波兰等20个国家的336份大豆材料进行大豆食心虫的抗性评价,鉴定筛选出高抗材料58份,抗性材料64份,抗虫材料占34.7%,主要来自中国和俄罗斯。大豆品种抗虫性与大豆品种农业性状进行相关分析,及不同地理生态区大豆资源的抗虫性结果表明:大豆品种抗虫性与与节数、单株粒数、单株粒重、百粒重、豆荚茸毛密度、种皮颜色呈显著相关,大豆植株矮小,籽粒小、豆荚荚毛少,种皮黑色的大豆品种抗虫性较好。     

吉林省大豆食心虫分级多元回归预测法

大豆食心虫(Leguminivora glycinivorella Mats.)是吉林省大豆的主要害虫。过去对该虫预测是采用田间各虫态发生量调查数据结合气象条件综合分析,不仅费工,准确性也差。为了提高大豆食心虫测报的科学性和准确性,我们选用吉林省36个测报点的1975—1987年大豆食心虫测报调查数据与气象资料进行了预报要素分级多元回归分析,得到了较好的结果。     

Pod Dehiscence in Relation to Pod Position and Moisture Content in Soybean

Abstract

The relationship between pod dehiscence and the position and moisture content of pods was examined in two soybean cultivars, Fukuyutaka and Keito-daizu. The frequency of pod dehiscence at different parts of the stem was assessed by the strain-gauge method. Pods of the two cultivars were classifi ed into indehiscent, dehiscent (dehisced by the strain-gauge method) and naturally dehiscent pods. The moisture content of pods was measured after drying in a hot-air oven at 105±1°C for 24 hrs. In both Fukuyutaka and Keito-daizu, the pods at maturity were not dehisced at any part of the stem due to the high moisture content of pods. After maturity, the frequency of pod dehiscence at the upper part of the stem increased as the moisture content of pods decreased in both Fukuyutaka and Keito-daizu. A similar tendency was observed in both the fi eld and the pot experiments. The frequency of pod dehiscence was higher at the upper part of the stem and increased as the moisture content of pods decreased.     

高产春大豆豆荚与叶片的光合性能研究

以黑农38等6个不同基因型大豆为材料,在鼓粒期对豆荚和叶片的面积在主茎上垂直分布、荚皮和叶片的叶绿素含量、光合速率等生理参数进行了研究.结果表明:高产春大豆在鼓粒期间荚面积为叶片面积的19.83%～35.44%,荚皮叶绿素含量为叶片的5.67%～8.20%,荚的真光合速率为叶片的13.32%～55.98%.黑农38的荚面积占叶面积百分比值、叶片的真光合速率均最高,分别为34.85%、26.4μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1);豆荚的真光合速率以吉育67最高,为8.48μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),石豆2号最低,为2.24μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1).荚的主要光合生理参数基因型之间的差异大.要进一步提高大豆产量,应发挥鼓粒期荚的光合潜力.     

大豆抗食心虫性的遗传方式及其相关性研究概述

本文总结了大豆抗食心虫性的遗传方式,在一定条件下可能表现为数量性状,也可能表现为质量性状的不连续变异。在适宜的接虫强度下,抗食心虫性的选择可能会比选择其他数量性状更易奏效。同时,对大豆抗食心虫与生育期及其他性状的相关性进行了总结分析。     

Genotypic and Environmental Variation of Lag Period of Pod Growth in Soybean

Abstract

Pod growth in soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) begins several days after flower opening, compared with more immediate growth in other beans. We investigated the relationship between genotype, raceme order of pod set, assimilate supply or photoperiod and the length of lag period of pod growth (LP, days from flower opening to the time when pod length reaches 10 mm). Soybean (five cultivars) plants were grown in a greenhouse and in the field in 2001. The lengths of pods developed from 20 flowers which opened on the same day and set on the same raceme order, were measured every other day. The length of LP varied with the cultivar from 5 to 16 days and it was longer in late cultivars. The LP in the primary raceme (early flowers) was 15 days but that in the secondary raceme (late flowers) was 8 days. Both late sowing and short photoperiod (lOh) after the start of flowering shortened the LP by up to 7 days in Enrei and 5 days in Fukuyutaka. However, neither sink (except the target racemes) removal nor BA application to the target racemes at the start of flowering affected the length of LP, even though these treatments were expected to stimulate pod growth.     

Effect of Synthetic Cytokinin Application on Pod Setting of Individual Florets within Raceme in Soybean

Abstract

The application of synthetic cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine, BA) to racemes of soybean genotype IX93-100 at 7 days after anthesis (DAA) enhanced pod-set percentage of the florets at the 5th position and above (numbered from the base on rachis). The endogenous cytokinin (trans-zeatin riboside) content of individual florets was measured at the 1, 3, 5, 7th position every 3 days after anthesis. Cytokinin was detected only from the florets at 9 DAA, and the content was higher in the more proximal florets while it became negligible in the 7th floret. These results suggest that an increase in the amount of cytokinin in individual florets might enhance the pod setting of the florets positioned at the middle or distal part within the raceme.     

大豆荚数垂直分布的遗传分析与QTL定位

大豆荚数类型和空间分布决定产量的形成。以有一个共同亲本的两个重组自交系群体为遗传材料,按照植株的上、中、下3个部位调查一粒荚、二粒荚、三粒荚和四粒荚的数量,采用完备复合区间作图法进行QTL定位。结果表明:在两个群体中一粒荚、二粒荚、三粒荚、四粒荚在空间分布存在极显著的变异,部位间不同豆荚类型组成有显著差异,并且两个群体不同类型豆荚在不同部位分布的遗传基础不同,共检测到59个控制荚数性状的QTL,解释了0～11.45%的表型变异;两个群体检测到的荚数QTL中有30个QTL是本研究首次发现的。     

Roles of Auxin and Cytokinin in Soybean Pod Setting

Abstract

Soybean plants differentiate abundant floral buds, but most of them fail to grow pods and abort during development. Many studies indicated promotive effects of exogenously applied cytokinin on pod setting, but the effects of auxin application on pod set are ambiguous. In this study, we examined the changes in the concentrations of endogenous auxin and cytokinin in racemes and the effects of application of the two hormones on pod setting to clarify the role of auxin and cytokinin in soybean pod setting. The long-raceme soybean genotype IX93-100 was grown in pots and in the field. The auxin (IAA, indoleacetic acid) concentration in racemes was high for a long period from pre-anthesis to 9 days after anthesis (DAA) of the first flower on a raceme, but the cytokinin concentration was high for a short period, with a peak at 9 DAA. The IAA concentration was higher in distal portions of racemes, but the cytokinin concentration was higher in basal portions of racemes. In pot-grown plants, IAA applied to racemes tended to reduce the number of flowers and pods. In contrast, 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) applied to racemes before anthesis tended to reduce the number of flowers and pods, and that applied around 7 DAA significantly increased the pod-set percentage. However, these effects of IAA and BA application were slight in field-grown plants. These results indicate that the concentration of endogenous auxin and cytokinin in racemes changes in a different manner, and that cytokinins have a positive, and auxin a negative effect on pod setting when respective hormones are applied to racemes after the anthesis stage.     

大豆炸荚特性及调控机制研究进展

为了探究大豆炸荚的形态学特征和调控机制,本文从荚的表观形态、解剖结构和荚壁的形态学,炸荚的物理张力、荚果水分含量和环境中相对湿度的作用,调控炸荚的关键酶和内源激素的生理学以及炸荚基因的定位、标记和克隆等分子生物学的角度,重点综述了有关大豆炸荚特性研究的最新进展,讨论了相关作物的研究成果,并展望了今后大豆炸荚研究需要重视的几个方面,为解析大豆炸荚机制和创制抗炸荚的大豆新种质提供参考。     

Pod Dehiscence in Relation to Chemical Components of Pod Shell in Soybean

Abstract

The relationship between chemical components of pod shell and pod dehiscence was investigated using 25 soybean cultivars; 16 with easily dehiscing pods (susceptible cultivars) and 9 with hardly dehiscing pods (resistant cultivars). After air-drying for about three weeks, the pod shells were ground and analyzed for the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), hemi-cellulose (HCe), cellulose (Ce), uronic acid and calcium. The correlation of the contents of chemical components with the percentage of pod dehiscence (%PD) was examined by principal component analysis. The first principal ingredient score was given by the formula; score = – 0.421[ADF] – 0.038[ADL] + 0.821[HCe] – 0.382[Ce] + 20.556, where, [ADF], [ADL], [HCe] and [Ce] are percentage of each component in dried pod shell. This score gave an eigenvalue of 30.2 and contribution rate of 97.1%, and the score was higher in the susceptible cultivars than in the resistant cultivars on the average. The multiple regression analysis of the relationship between %PD and the content of chemical components also showed that %PD was best predicted by the regression equation with two chemical components, [HCe] and [Ce]. Water retention capacity and cellulose crystallinity of the pod shell were less different between the susceptible and resistant cultivars. The results in this study suggested that the chemical analysis of dry pod shell may provide useful information on breeding and selection of the resistant cultivars.