大豆抗食心虫性的遗传方式及其相关性研究概述

本文总结了大豆抗食心虫性的遗传方式,在一定条件下可能表现为数量性状,也可能表现为质量性状的不连续变异。在适宜的接虫强度下,抗食心虫性的选择可能会比选择其他数量性状更易奏效。同时,对大豆抗食心虫与生育期及其他性状的相关性进行了总结分析。     

大豆新品种吉育74号特征特性及栽培技术

吉育74号大豆新品种是吉林省农业科学院大豆研究中心育成,该品种蛋白质含量41.00%,脂肪含量18.56%,抗大豆花叶病毒病、大豆灰斑病,高抗大豆食心虫,抗倒伏,为高产、抗病虫型品种。     

大豆新品种九农31号选育及栽培技术

大豆新品种九农31号是由吉林市农业科学院大豆研究所选育而成,该品种脂肪含量19．56％,蛋白质含量42．30％,中抗大豆花叶病毒病、高抗灰斑病、褐斑病、细菌性斑点病、霜霉病及大豆食心虫。适宜吉林省无霜期126d以上地区种植。     

高产、抗虫大豆新品种吉育91号的选育

吉育91号大豆新品种是吉林省农科院大豆研究中心于1996年以抗虫品系公交91144—31为母本，吉丰2为父本进行有性杂交，经系谱法选育而成。主要特点是高产、稳产性强、抗食心虫、抗病、油份含量较高。     

杂交F2代大豆食心虫抗性性状分析

以对大豆食心虫不同抗感材料8004、合丰25、8604、1068、9001、85164、黄宝珠和国育100-4大豆品种(系)为亲本,组配抗×中(8004×合丰25)、中×感(9001×85164)和感×抗(黄宝珠×国育100-4)杂交组合,对F2代性状的相关性[x1]分析结果表明,大豆食心虫虫食率与虫食粒数、节数、单株粒数、单株粒重、百粒重和茎杆强度呈极显著正相关.中×感(9001×85164)、感×抗(黄宝珠×国育100-4)杂交组合中虫食率与荚皮颜色呈极显著的正相关,在感×抗(黄宝珠×国育100-4)杂交组合中发现,虫食率与茸毛密度正相关性极强.由此表明,矮杆主茎节数少、单株粒数少、籽粒小、直立性强不倒伏、荚皮颜色浅、茸毛密度小的大豆品种不利于大豆食心虫的产卵和危害,有降低虫食率的趋势.     

根据温雨系数预测大豆食心虫的危害程度

根据温雨系数预测大豆食心虫的危害程度赵爱莉，李楠，牛建光，高敏（吉林市农业科学院·吉林市，１３２１０１）大豆食心虫是北方大豆生产中主要害虫之一，虫食粒率达１０％～３０％左右，严重影响大豆籽粒品质与产量。大豆食心虫的危害程度与气候、耕作制度以及天敌数量...     

农杆菌介导大豆遗传转化研究进展及转基因作物现状

利用转基因技术将目的基因导人植物受体细胞,使目的基因在植物受体中表达,从而获得优良性状的植株,达到快速培育植物新品种的目的.将植物基因工程技术与常规育种技术相结合,在培育优质、高产和抗逆植物新品种中具有巨大潜力.目前,在各种转基因物种中,大豆仍是难转化的作物之一,建立有效的转化系统是改良大豆品质性状和研究大豆功能基因的先决条件.综述农杆菌介导大豆遗传转化分子机理,影响大豆遗传转化因素,提高大豆转化效率的最新研究进展及转基冈大豆生产现状.     

大豆新品种白农11的选育及栽培技术

大豆新品种白农11是吉林省白城市农业科学院作物所于1994年以白农9号(白交8801-6)为母本,河北大黄豆为父本,配制的杂交组合,原品系代号白交9403-9.该品种特点是高抗大豆孢囊线虫病、灰斑病、霜霉病、褐斑病,抗大豆食心虫,抗旱耐瘠耐盐碱,高产稳产.     

敌敌畏缓释卡防治大豆食心虫试验总结

敌敌畏缓释卡防治大豆食心虫试验总结李连贵，姜家业（辽宁省铁岭大豆科学研究所）吴艳玲（铁岭县农业技术推广中心）大豆食心虫是危害大豆籽粒的主要害虫，严重影响大豆产量和质量。多年采用敌敌畏处理玉米秸或玉米骨防治大豆食心虫，费时费工。为简化方法，便于推广，我...     

大豆品种抗大豆食心虫(Leguminivora glycinivorella(Mats.Obraztsov)研究初报

三年来对主要大豆推广品种和品种资源进行抗大豆食心虫鉴定。共鉴定42份推广品种和3000份品种资源材料,初步明确推广品种高抗食心虫的有吉林16号,其次为吉林1号、吉林3号、黑河3号等。高感的有吉林8号、吉林9号、九农9号,其次是九农6号、黑农23等20个品种。品种资源抗食心虫的有早生、国育100—4、铁荚豆、铁荚青、国育98—4等;感虫的有浙江455、大黑脐、黄宝珠等。兼抗大豆食心虫和大豆蚜的有早生、国育100—4、安东福寿。兼抗大豆花叶病毒和食心虫的有雷电、文丰5号、小白眉(1461)。抗虫原因初步分析,与成虫产卵选择性、荚毛有无、为害期与成熟期早、晚有关系,而以中熟有荚毛的品种为鉴定重点。调查幼虫入荚死亡率,并把虫食率分五级,鉴定不同品种的抗虫性,为培育抗虫品种提供抗源材料。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.